... 12a. Inner Belt . ... The inner radiation belt, discovered by Explorers 1 and 3, owes its existence to the extraordinary stability of trapped orbits near the Earth. ... If these are electrically charged, e.g. electrons or ions, they will often end up trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. ... The energetic protons which then materialize are grabbed by the Earth's magnetic field, often on trapped orbits which do not return to the atmosphere, in which the proton can stay trapped for a rather long time...

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• FAQ: "Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere"
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... 12a. Inner Belt . ... The inner radiation belt, discovered by Explorers 1 and 3, owes its existence to the extraordinary stability of trapped orbits near the Earth. ... If these are electrically charged, e.g. electrons or ions, they will often end up trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. ... The energetic protons which then materialize are grabbed by the Earth's magnetic field, often on trapped orbits which do not return to the atmosphere, in which the proton can stay trapped for a rather long time...

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• Trapped Radiation
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... Magnetic fields, subatomic particles, etc., traveling in different directions fill the universe. Do they deflect or otherwise affect one another? If so, isnт??t the information we get from them distorted? ... Neutrino astronomy, which is still in its infancy, is attractive because neutrinos interact so weakly with matter that few of these distorting effects occur. Get instant access to subscriber content on Astronomy.com! ...

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The space between the planets is far from empty. It contains: electromagnetic radiation (photons); hot plasma (electrons, protons and other ions) a.k.a. the solar wind ; cosmic rays; microscopic dust particles; and magnetic fields (primarily the Sun's). While the Sun 's radiation is obvious, the other components of the interplanetary medium were not discovered until very recently. ... Except near some of the planets, interplanetary space is filled with the Sun's magnetic field. ... Sun .. ...

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• APOD: 2015 November 24 - Aurora over Clouds

... Aurora over Clouds . ... It is a direction in space that is rich with impressive nebulas. ... Recycling NGC 5291 . ... Following an ancient galaxy-galaxy collision 200 million light-years from Earth, debris from a gas-rich galaxy, NGC 5291, was flung far into intergalactic space. ... Leonids and Friends . ... Leonid meteors rained down on planet Earth this week, the annual shower of dusty debris from the orbit of Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle. ... What's the closest active galaxy to planet Earth? ...

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SPACE WEATHER . The response of our space environment to the constantly changing Sun is known as space weather. ... Some of the most dramatic space weather effects occur in association with eruptions of material from the solar atmosphere into interplanetary space. ... Space weather disturbances are generally caused by solar storms. ... the Sun. ... Every object in the solar system experiences the equivalent of Earth's space weather, although its detailed characteristics differ from place to place. ...

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... The Sun is the closest star to us, and a regular object in our Galaxy. Solar activity manifests itself, primarily, in solar flares - episodic explosive energy release in the form of electromagnetic radiation and high energy particles (electrons and protons). The nature of the flares is related to cyclic variations of global and local magnetic fields in the atmosphere of the Sun. ... Such formations are called active regions. ...

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Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... One of the rarest but most interesting effects which can be observed with the Irkutsk IS radar is anomal high power signal registraion(coherent echo) due to strong magnetic storms. ... These signals are formed at E-layer heights in the presence of a strong electric field which causes particles to drift. ...

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• East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research. Ionospheric parameter
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... The polarimetry group at the Arcetri Observatory has been working for several years, mainly from the theoretical-interpretative side, on the polarization of the radiation emitted by objects of astrophysical interest. ... E. Landi Degl'Innocenti "The physics of polarization" in "Astrophysical Spectropolarimetry", J. Trujillo Bueno, F. Moreno Insertis, F. Sanchez (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 1. ... E. Landi Degl'Innocenti "The Zeeman effect: applications to solar physics" Astron. ...

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Next: Polarization efficiency: size/shape/orientation effects Up: Optical properties of cosmic Previous: The 2175? feature . To model the interstellar polarization one needs to calculate the forward-transmitted radiation for an ensemble of non-spherical aligned dust grains. ... Let non-polarized stellar radiation passes through a dusty cloud with a homogeneous magnetic field. ... The angle between the line of sight and the magnetic field is ( ). ... where the angle is connected with and ( ). ...

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... GCR and SCR are primary cosmic rays. 10-15 years after the discovery of cosmic radiation (1919) there emerged two main avenues of investigation in the physics of cosmic rays (CR): 1) nuclear - elucidation of the origin of elementary particles and nuclear interactions; and 2) astrophysical (space physics) - solution of the problem related to the origin and variations (changes in intensity) of CR. ... Besides, the CR flux in interplanetary space is, strictly speaking, not isotropic. ...

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The radiation belts around the planets are the interrnal regions of planets' magnetospheres where the own magnetic field of a planet keeps the charged particles (protons and electrons) having the great kinetic energy. ... They usually distinguish the Earth's internal and external radiation belts. the internal radiation belt of the Earth has the maximum particles density (mainly protones) over the equator in the height of 22 thousand km. ... Jupiter and Saturn have the powerful radiation belts. ...

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... Bad Astronomy . Misconceptions . ... Bad Astronomy : The sky is blue because it reflects light from the oceans. Good astronomy : The sky is blue because it is scattering blue light from the sun. ... So everywhere you look you see blue photons, except directly from the Sun, where you'll see all colors. ... The sky does not look blue near the horizon because more yellow photons (and even orange ones right at sunset) are coming from that direction as they get scattered away from the Sun. ...

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... Geomagnetic Indices . ... Minute Values of Geomagnetic Field Components . ... Hourly Values of Geomagnetic Field Components . ... The Earth's magnetic field is described by seven parameters.To measure the Earth's magnetism in any place, we must measure the direction and intensity of the field. ... K indices isolate solar particle effects on the earth's magnetic field; over a 3-hour period, they classify into disturbance levels the range of variation of the more unsettled horizontal field component. ...

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... B.V. Somov . head of the department . ... room 80 . ... senior research felow . ... research felow . ... research fellow . ... Our department performes the following most perspective studies: . Special analytical and numerical experimental investigations of the solar plasma involved in the magnetic reconnection process at the Sun. ... Head of the seminar: Prof. B.V. Somov. ... 27 September 2013 The Solar Physics Department was visited by journalists of the leading Russian TV channel "Vesti-1". ...

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... part 1 | ... The Basic Stages in Earth's Pre-geological Development . ... After fragments of the Vortex sleeves separated, whirlwinds of second and third orders ("NC" - new micro-vortex) were generated- future planet cores and their satellites - all of them developing independently, governed by the common laws of development of cosmogenic vortexes. ... Our planet's core today is comprised of considerably deteriorated cosmogenic vortex; consequently, the Earth has a moderated magnetic field. ...

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... Special Reports Giant space cloud may be powered by black holes 17:57 23 April 2007 NewScientist.com news service David Shiga An enormous cloud of roiling plasma in space may be drawing its energy from black holes, new observations suggest. Such clouds might be sources for the mysterious particles that occasionally crash into Earth's atmosphere at ultra - high speed. ... But higher energy particles in the cloud may be able to escape, he says. ...

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• http://www.naic.edu/~phil/hardware/weatherstation/parameterDefinitions.ps
• http://www.naic.edu/~astro/chicago2/talks/Bastian-Solar_Radiophysics_of_the_Future.pdf
• http://www.naic.edu/~phil/hardware/weatherstation/parameterDefinitions.pdf

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

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• University Satellites and Space Science Education '2006

A limit on the ultra-high-energy neutrino flux from Centaurus A Justin Bray For the LUNASKA collaboration Clancy James, Ron Ekers, Chris Phillips, Paul Roberts, John Reynolds, Rebecca McFadden, Ray Protheroe, Jaime Alvarez-MuЯiz, Justin Bray Outline: · Ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays neutrinos · Detecting UHE neutrinos · The lunar Cherenkov technique · Observations with the ATCA · Observations with Parkes · ASKAP and the future ... Detection Geometry Neutrinos are penetrating.. ...

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... Primordial theory review : Dick Bond . Defects and the CMB review : Andy Albrecht . ... Gravitational wave contribution to CMB anisotropies : V.B. Lukash and E.V. Mikheeva . C_l from cosmic strings : Lloyd Knox . Some aspects of CMB anisotropies induced from topological defects : Mairi Sakellariadou . ... CMB anisotropies from scaling sources : Ruth Durrer . ... SZ observations I : Sarah Church . ... Holes in the microwave sky? ... Detecting cosmic strings in the CMB : James Robinson . ...

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• Abstract
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