Astronotes Armagh Planetarium's Stellar Blog! ... Question:What do you need to protect an expensive state-of-the-art robotic vehicle that is far from human reach and about to crash at high speed on a rocky alien surface?Answer:Retrograde rockets, parachutes, airbags, and an aeroshell.These are found in the makeup of a lander module that was used to bring rovers Spirit and Opportunity described by the missionтАЩs director as тАЬrobotic field geologistsтАЭ safely to the Martian surface in 2004. ...

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• Curiosity on Mars: How did NASA do it? | Astronotes
• Apollo 17 | Astronotes
• Moon | Astronotes - Part 6

... The Surveyor probes were the first U.S. spacecraft to land safely on the Moon . The main objectives of the Surveyors were to obtain close-up images of the lunar surface and to determine if the terrain was safe for manned landings. ... The successful missions and landing dates are: Surveyor 1 on June 2, 1966; Surveyor 3 on April 19, 1967; Surveyor 5 on September 10, 1967; Surveyor 6 on November 9, 1967; and Surveyor 7 on January 9, 1968. ... Surveyor 7 Panorama of Tycho Crater . ...

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• Lunar Orbiter 1
• Lunar Orbiter 4
• Lunar Orbiter 2

... Saturn's Moon Dione . ... Apollo 12 Visits Surveyor 3 . ... A few months after Apollo 11's historic Moon landing, Apollo 12 with commander Charles Conrad Jr., ... Dark Bok Globules in IC 2944 . ... The dark spots in the above picture are not photographic defects but an unusual type of interstellar cloud known as a Bok globule. ... Deimos: Small Martian Moon . ... Mars has two tiny moons, Phobos and Deimos. Pictured above is Deimos, the smallest moon of Mars. ... An Energetic Radio Galaxy . ...

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... Launch Date: 1966-08-10 . ... The Lunar Orbiter 1 spacecraft was designed primarily to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface for selection and verification of safe landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo missions. ... The spacecraft was placed in a cislunar trajectory and injected into an elliptical lunar orbit for data acquisition. ... An 80-millimeter lens system was used to obtain Medium-Resolution (MR) photos, and a 610-millimeter lens system was used for High-Resolution (HR) photos. ...

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• History of Space Exploration
• Lunar Orbiter 4
• Lunar Orbiter 2

... Eugene A. Cernan (Captain, USN, Ret.) NASA Astronaut (former) . ... Cernan subsequently served as backup pilot for Gemini 12 and as backup lunar module pilot for Apollo 7. On his second space flight, he was lunar module pilot of Apollo 10, May 18-26, 1969, the first comprehensive lunar-orbital qualification and verification flight test of an Apollo lunar module. ... Captain Cernan has logged 566 hours and 15 minutes in space-of which more than 73 hours were spent on the surface of the moon. ...

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• Astronaut Bio: David Scott
• Astronaut Bio: Richard F. Gordon
• Astronaut Bio: Alfred Merrill Worden

... Ж.Ф. Родионова, А.А.Карлов, Т.П. Скобелева и др. ... Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, 119899, Moscow, Russia; jeanna@sai.msu ru. ... Moscow State University, Vorobjovy Gory, 119899, Moscow, Russia. Brown University - Vernadsky Institute Microsymposium 34, October 8-9, 2001, Moscow, Russia . ... Rodionova J1., ... Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow University, jeanna@sai.msu.ru . ... 1 Sternberg State Astronomical Institute Lomonosov Moscow University, Russia; marss8@mail.ru . ...

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• Zhanna F. Rodionova

... Bad Astronomy . ... On Thursday, February 15th 2001 (and replayed on March 19), the Fox TV network aired a program called ``Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?'', hosted by X-Files actor Mitch Pileggi. ... Dust around the lander . ... However, it appeals to our common sense: when the sky is black here on Earth, we see stars. ... Bad: The program claims that when the top half of the lander took off from the Moon to bring the astronauts back into orbit, there was no flame from the rocket. ...

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• Are Apollo Moon Photos Fake?
• Phil Plait's Bad Astronomy: Bitesize Astronomy

433 Eros is an S-type asteroid orbiting the Sun mostly between the orbits of Earth and Mars. orbit: 172,800,000 km from the Sun (average) size: 33x13x13 km . ... Eros has a giant gouge which was of interest. Here's a close-up image. ... NEAR, then renamed NEAR-Shoemaker (after Gene Shoemaker) On Monday, 12 February 2001, the NEAR spacecraft touched down (yes, landed) on asteroid Eros, after transmitting 69 close-up images of the surface during its final descent. ... Eros images from NEAR . ...

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• APOD: October 15, 1999 - Moon Crashers
• APOD: July 4, 1997 - A Landing On Mars
• APOD: 2001 January 22 - A Two Toned Crater on Asteroid Eros

... In this final issue of the year, we consider the Moon's alien surface features, (so different from those we're used to on Earth) and review the golden age of lunar exploration. ... From 1959 (when the Luna 1 probe made the first flyby of the Moon) until 1976 (when Luna 24 returned the last lunar sample to Earth), 32 unmanned probes and 9 manned missions to the Moon or near-Moon space were successfully carried out. ... Luna 1 . ... First flyby of Moon . ... Flyby; first photographs of Moon's farside ...

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• ASP: Miranda: A Jigsaw Puzzle World
• ASP: The Magellan Spacecraft at Venus
• ASP: Astronomy Behind the Headlines

... Engineering experiments aimed at testing and developing engineering solutions for a future interplanetary vehicle were a prominent activity during missions of Salyut and Mir space stations. ... In October 1998, cosmonauts placed on the outside surface of Mir space station some samples of film-type solar array, which constitutes a key element of the Martian vehicle, in order to study how they are affected by actual space environments. ... Official WEB-site of S.P.Korolev RSC Energia . ...

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• RSC "Energia" - History
• S.P. Korolev RSC Energia - News

... Spacecraft . ... To space by cannon? Finally, the deep space explorers --spacecraft which break away from the Earth's gravity . ... The "Luna" series of the USSR conducted 7 soft landing of unmanned probes, two of them with wheeled robotic "Lunokhods," and two of those missions returned samples to Earth. Others spacecraft have visited the major planets of the Solar system. ... The Mariner series have explored Venus and Mars--and Mariner 10 even reached Mercury, for three separate encounters! ...

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• Polar Orbiting Satellites
• VEGA Mission
• Current missions and experiments

... NASA SPACECRAFT FINDS NEW EVIDENCE FOR WATER ICE ON MERCURY . ... The new data indicate the water ice in Mercury's polar regions, if spread over an area the size of Washington, D.C., would be more than 2 miles thick," said David Lawrence, a MESSENGER participating scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Md., and lead author of one of three papers describing the findings. ... Water ice concentrations are derived from the hydrogen measurements. ...

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• accomplishments

... STScI Astrophysics 2020 November 13, 2007 Ou t l i n e o f T a l k · · · · · · · · Large Focal Plane Arrays Cryo systems for cool optics and FPAs Large optics in small fairings LaserCom for high data rates Flash Lidar Multiple spacecraft operations Robotic servicing in space Small landers for solar system studies Large Focal Plane Arrays - Kepler · FOV 100 deg2 · 42 1K x 2K CCDs · Curved Schmidt focal Does the technology have to apply only to very large telescopes? ...

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• http://www.stsci.edu/~mutchler/documents/Ceres_Vesta_Spaceflight.pdf
• http://www.stsci.edu/~mutchler/documents/Top_Stories_2005_NASA.pdf
• http://www.stsci.edu/~mutchler/documents/Ceres_Vesta_Spaceflight2.pdf

... Product Reviews . ... Opportunityт??s devilish view from on high . ... Imaging Basics . ... NASA spacecraft images offer sharper views of Apollo landing sites . ... NASAт??s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) captured the sharpest images ever taken from space of the Apollo 12, 14 and 17 landing sites. ... At each site, trails also run to the west of the landers, where the astronauts placed the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) to monitor the Moonт??s environment and interior. ...

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• Phoenix mission ready to land on Mars | Astronomy.com
• GRAIL mission solves mystery of Moonт??s surface gravity | Astronomy.com
• Huygens begins its mission to Saturn moon surface | Astronomy.com

GRANAT is the Russian x-ray sattelite launched to the high apogee orbit (200,000 km) and operated almost for 10 years (1989 -1999) , carrying out four major instruments: French SIGMA coded-mask hard x-ray telescope (30-1000 keV), Soviet ART-P coded-mask telescope (2??-60?? keV), all-sky monitor WATCH (6-150 keV), and a gamma-burst detector PHEBUS . ... Since September 1994, GRANAT is in the survey mode. ... Explore pages devoted to individual GRANAT instruments (including main scientific results): . ...

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Электронная библиотека астронома-любителя. ... библиотека . архив RSN . ... Ru.Space.News: . Февраль 1998 . ... Дата: 10 февраля 1998 (1998-02-10) От: Alexander Bondugin Тема: NASA Says Lunar Ice Rumors Wrong Привет всем! ... Дата: 10 февраля 1998 (1998-02-10) От: Alexander Bondugin Тема: Lectures at JPL on Near-Earth Asteroids Привет всем! ... Дата: 10 февраля 1998 (1998-02-10) От: Alexander Bondugin Тема: Images Of Mars '98 Landing Zone Reveal Strange New Terrain Привет всем! ...

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• Электронная библиотека астронома-любителя. RU.SPACE.NEWS - архив за 03 марта
• Электронная библиотека астронома-любителя. RU.SPACE.NEWS - архив за 10 апреля
• Электронная библиотека астронома-любителя. RU.SPACE.NEWS - архив за 27 января

Four NASA spacecraft and spacecraft from Japan and Europe are planned to be in operation at Mars in early 2004. In addition to the three tracking stations of NASA's Deep Space Network, located in Australia (which CSIRO oversees on behalf of NASA), Spain, and the USA, NASA has enlisted the 64-m Parkes dish of the ATNF to help track these spacecraft during the busy period, November 2003 to February 2004. NASA's Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey probes are already orbiting the planet. ...

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• ATNF Colloquium
• ATNF Media Release - July 16, 1999

... The software systems are described following the forward and backward data flow to/from the satellite: starting from the Observation Proposal reception and archiving, the long term observation scheduling up to the detailed weekly planning and telecommands sequence uplinking, and vice versa the scientific and housekeeping raw telemetry acquisition and archiving, quick look data analysis, data reformatting and distribution as a Final Observation Tape to the Observation Proposal PI. ...

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• A Graphical Planning and Scheduling Toolkit for Astronomical Spacecraft
• An Optimal Data Loss Compression Technique for Remote Surface Multiwavelength

Eclipses on Mars . Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos . ... They are also much closer to Mars than the Moon is to the Earth. ... These phenomena are particularly sensitive to observer location on the surface. ... In context: The Beagle 2 mission . An experiment of this kind will be attempted early in 2004 by instruments on the Beagle 2 lander. ... It should be noted that Phobos itself can be eclipsed by Mars (a phenomenon analogous to lunar eclipses on Earth) and does so almost every night. ...

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• The Chemical Evolution of FGSge
• Spread of Life Through the Galaxy
• Terry Mosely's Bulletins

Журнал ПОВЕРХНОСТЬ публикует оригинальные статьи и обзоры по наиболее актуальным проблемам изучения поверхностных явлений. ... Редакция журнала 'Поверхность. ... Англоязычная версия журнала Journal of Surface Investigation . X-Ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques выходит 6 раз в год . The Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques ( Poverkhnost '. ... X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques is abstracted and/or indexed in (Impact Factor 0.359): . ...

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• Laboratory of spectroscopy of defect structures ISSP RAS
• LSSS - Photogallery