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... Optical mm abs. mm abs. ... 2004) Molecular composition of diffuse clouds 1. ... 2002) XC -- H molecular XD -- H atomic Model H-atomic 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 103 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-1 0 TMC-1 H atomic H molec ular 104 n, cm 105 ­3 106 CO 10-6 10-7 103 10-7 10-8 10-9 Initial abundances Hydrogen is totally atomic; other elements are atoms H- molecular Hydrogen is totally molecular ; other elements are atoms TMC-1 Complex molecular composition, but hydrogen is still totally ...

An Ancient Universe: How Astronomers Know the Vast Scale of Cosmic Time . ... d) The Age of the Chemical Elements . ... Some isotopes (forms of the element with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus) of these elements are radioactive; they change into other isotopes at a rate that can be measured accurately in the laboratory. ... The Ancient Universe - The Age of the Expanding Universe - The Age of the Oldest Stars - The Age of Light From Distant Galaxies - The Age of the Chemical Elements | ...

... Development of Ideas of Structure and Evolution of Stars. Integral Features of Stars, Which Determine Their Structure, Direction and Rate of Evolutuion. ... Connection between Potential and Thermal Energy of Star. ... Structure of a Main Sequence Star. Features of Massive Stars Evolution on the Main Sequence. Internal Structure of the Sun. ... White Dwarfs, Their Features. ... Evolution from the Main Sequence of Massive Stars. ... Evolution of Small Mass Stars till White Dwarfs Sequence. ...

Amanda Karakas One of the most important research fields in astrophysics is the study of the origin of the elements. ... Asymptotic Giant Blanch (AGB) Stars: For low and intermediate-mass stars (with initial masses between about 0.8 to 8 solar masses) the most important nucleosynthesis occurs when stars evolve off the main sequence to the giant branches. ... This indicates that these stars obtained their unusual abundances via mass transfer from a previous red giant star, that has long evolved away. ...

. Present section of the package enables one to perform following actions: . — . To make selection out of the total number of elements in accordance with the conditions imposed on some element or on a variety of elements. — . to sort the set of elements in order of ascending or descending value of any element. — . to draw the histogram of element distribution for obtained selection. — . To construct dotty picture of minor planet distribution in two– or three–dimension space of elements.

The isotopic fractionation, i.e., the chemical process by which less abundant stable isotopes of elements are transferred to molecules, is still not well-understood. ... The sensitivity of sub-millimeter (ALMA, NOEMA, APEX, IRAM-30m) and IR (Spitzer, Herschel) observational facilities, and new chemical models are starting to shed light also on the fractionation of elements less abundant than H, with special attention to the possible link between this process and the evolution of the host environment. ...

... Institutes of Chernogolovka . The largest of all the scientific institutions of the center is the Institute of Chemical Physics in Chernogolovka , where fundamental problems of chemical physics are studied: kinetics and mechanisms of chemical and biological processes; processes of combustion, explosion, and polymerization; and mechanisms of elementary reactions involving high energy particles. ... Developments and Technologies . ...

... Shustov B.M., Wiebe D.S. Dust expelling from the Galaxy ( abstract from the journal ). Astronomy Reports , 1995, 39 , 578-586 [AZh, 72 , 650-659]. Wiebe D.S., Shematovich V.I., Shustov B.M. Chemical and dynamical evolution of protostellar clouds: initial stages of collapse ( abstract from the journal ). ... Shustov B.M., Wiebe D.S., Tutukov A.V. Evolution of disk galaxies and loss of heavy elements into the intracluster medium. ... ApJ (Letters), 1998, 503 , L71-L74 ( astro-ph/9806155 ). ...

On this page you can compute thermodynamics, opacity and nuclear reaction rates for conditions which exist inside the Sun. ... Logarithmic partial derivative dlogP/dlogT (hi_t) . Logarithmic partial derivative dlogP/dlogRHO (hi_rho) . Logarithmic partial derivative dlogP/dlogX (hi_x) . Logarithmic partial derivative dlogU/dlogT (ksi_t) . ... Input field size does not limit the amount of data entered; you can type or paste thousands of lines (10,000 lines tested with output size over 5MB). ...

TOOLS OF TEST GENERATION FOR SATELLITES CONTROL PROGRAMS Andrey Tyugashev, Ekaterina Myasnikova, Elena Sopchenko S.P. Korolyov Samara State Aerospace University (National Reseach University) The paper presents a research in the field of test automation for testing spacecraft control programs. ... Programmers or designers of spacecraft systems write tests manually. ... Tests are carried out by issuing the control actions on the spacecraft and condition monitoring systems parameters of the spacecraft. ...

What happens to a star heavier than five solar masses? ... Stars about ten solar masses probably behave like our five solar mass star until they reach the end of core-helium burning. ... The Crab nebula was formed after a massive explosion ripped a star apart in 1054. ... Today, the glowing outer layers of the star are still rushing away from a tiny star in the centre. ... An incredible explosion rips through the outer layers of the star, releasing colossal amounts of energy in a supernova explosion. ...

The nature of neutron and gamma emission from the Mars surface . ... Nuclei of the subsurface planetary layer with the thickness of 1-3 m produce a large number of secondary neutrons under the bombardment by cosmic rays. ... In 1992 the gamma-spectrometer GRS was sent to Mars as part of the NASA “ Mars Observer ” mission [5]. ... To provide data on Martian neutron albedo, two instruments are included in the complex GRS, the Neutron Spectrometer (NS) and the High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND). ...

Design and Construction of the GHRS . ... The locations of important elements are shown. Figure 6.2: - The focal plane of HST and the definitions of the V2, V3, U2, and U3 axes in the coordinate system of the spacecraft. Figure 6.3: - Locations of GHRS apertures relative to spacecraft axes. Note that the sense of the x and y motions are shown by the arrows, but that the zero point for each aperture (LSA and SSA) is located at its center. ... Figure 6.4: - Optical Schematic of the GHRS. ...

Microsymposium 40, abstract 88, 2004 (A4 format) GAMMA RAYS FROM MAJOR ELEMENTS BY THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE REACTIONS: EXPERIMENT AND SIMULATION FOR PLANETARY GAMMA-RAY SPECTROSCOPY. ... Then the calculation can be restarted by producing gamma rays and let them trans- GAMMA RAYS FROM MAJOR ELEMENTS BY THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE REACTIONS: N. Yamashita et al. port and react, with initial energies determined the outside multiplication and initial locations wh neutron capture reaction took place. ...

... 2016 January 25 . Where Your Elements Came From . ... Explanation: The hydrogen in your body, present in every molecule of water, came from the Big Bang . ... The carbon in your body was made by nuclear fusion in the interior of stars, as was the oxygen . ... Elements like phosphorus and copper are present in our bodies in only small amounts but are essential to the functioning of all known life . ... About APOD | ... NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply . ...

... NGC 1569: Heavy Elements from a Small Galaxy . ... Still, heavy elements can profoundly influence galaxy and star formation ... not to mention the formation of planets and people. In this tantalizing false-color x-ray image from the orbiting Chandra Observatory , small dwarf galaxy NGC 1569 is surrounded by x-ray emitting clouds of gas thousands of light-years across. ... NASA Official: Jay Norris. ... Publications with keywords: dwarf galaxy . ... NGC 1569: Starburst in a Dwarf Irregular Galaxy . ...

Molecular Lines in Star Formation Regions ­ the ALMA Challenge Paul Jones University of New South Wales Universidad de Chile 1 Molecular Lines in Star Formation Regions - Molecular lines trace the kinematics and chemistry (composition) of molecular clouds. ... The lines also trace physical conditions such as temperature and density, complementary to mm/sub-mm dust continuum data e.g. ATLASGAL and ALMA continuum. ... Simple molecules (eg. ... More complex molecules (eg. ...

... part 2 | ... Part 1 . The new concept of formation and development of the Solar system. ... Thus, the initial pulse of the rotation of a protosolar cloud of the solar system was determined as a result of the diversion of a part of the moment of the rotational pulse of the Galaxy. ... Besides this new approach to the pre-solar system as a system of the destroyed vortex structure, we can understand now a number of other peculiarities of the Solar system's structure. ...

... Note you are not allowed to nest FORM elements! ... Forms are created by placing input fields within paragraphs, preformatted text, lists and tables. ... Notice the use of the NAME attribute to name each field : TITLE Sample Questionaire /TITLE H1 Sample Questionaire /H1 P Please fill out this questionaire: FORM METHOD=post ACTION= http://www.hal.com/sample P Your name : input name = name size= 48 P input name = male type =radio Male P input ...