... Electrons (+H), Ions (+H) The Radiation Belts (+S), Energy, Energetic Particles, CosmicRays, High Energy Particles in the Universe, Solar Energetic Particles, "Birth of a Radiation Belt," . ...
... demonstrated when it was found that muons --particles with a lifetime of about 2 microseconds--produced by fast atomic nuclei ("cosmicrays") high in the atmosphere, survived much longer and generally reached the Earth's surface, because in the frame of ...
... Starting in 1942, bursts of ions with energy comparable to that of cosmicrays were observed from some flares, and after x-ray telescopes were placed in orbit (x-rays are stopped by the atmosphere) also bursts of x-rays, sometimes rising within a second ...
... Method of measurements is based on recording gamma-rays from natural radionuclides K,Th, U and nuclear interaction of cosmicrays with elements of Martian rocks. ...
... By necessity our explanations of astrophysical phenomena are laced with guesswork, and in many cases (e.g., the origin of cosmicrays) it is quite likely that such guesses will never find convincing confirmation. ...
... Applying this solution to winds from galaxy clusters, we suggest that a collision of a strongly accelerated wind with another galaxy cluster, or with another galactic cluster wind, could lead to the formation of highest energy cosmicrays. ...