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641. Checking if a file has been sorted
. You can check if a file has already been sorted with the -c option. For example: sort -c +2 -3 accounts . This checks to see if the file accounts has already been sorted on the third field of each line. You will only get a message if the file is not sorted according to this sequence.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/sort5.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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642. Merging sorted files
You can merge two or more files at the same time as they are sorted. For example: sort -m -o accounts +1 -2 month[1-3] . ... The results are merged and sent to the file accounts . Files that have already been sorted can be merged using only the -m option. For example: sort -m first_qtr second_qtr > halfyear . This merges the contents of files first_qtr and second_qtr and places the result in the file halfyear . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/sort6.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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643. Examples of changing the sort order
. To sort a file in dictionary order: sort -d +1 -2names > orders . Lines in the file names are sorted on field 2 into dictionary order and the result placed in the file orders . To sort a file in month order: sort -M +2 -3 -o breakdown orders . Lines in the file orders are sorted on field 3 into month order and the result placed in the file breakdown .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/sort7.1.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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644. Options that can be used to change the sort order
... sorts the data in field 2 of the file costs by its arithmetic value. -d (Dictionary order) sort only uses numbers, letters and blank spaces when sorting the file. -f (Fold in lower case) sort treats all lower-case letters as if they were upper-case letters. -i (Ignore non-printing characters) sort ignores any characters that do not print. -n (Numeric order) sort recognises the value of numbers and sorts them in terms of their value. -r (Reverse order) sort reverses its default sort order. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/sort7.2.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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645. Changing the sort order
. sort has a number of options which allow you to change the order in which files are sorted. This enables you to match the action of the sort command to the type of data you have. Examples . Options .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/sort7.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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646. Removing multiple occurrences of a line
. Used with its -u option the sort command removes duplicate lines from a file. For example: sort -u -o mail/labels addresses . This removes all duplicate lines from the file addresses and places the output in the file mail/labels . Duplicate lines do not have to be consecutive for the sort command to identify and remove them.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/sort8.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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647. File transfer utilities
. UNIX provides utilities for transferring files and directories from one host to another. Look at the section on "Preparing files for transfer" before going on to use the file transfer utilities. Preparing files for transfer . Copying files between hosts . Transferring files .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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648. Creating an archive file
. To create an archive file use the command: tar cvf tarfile_name .tar filenames ( directory_name ) . The command options cvf modify the way the tar command works. See the manual page for details. By convention the name of a tarfile archive ends in .tar . When you create a tarfile of a directory all the subdirectories are added; this can result in very large tarfiles. These should be compressed to reduce their size. Tip ... Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.1.1.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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649. Making a tarfile smaller
Keep the size of the tarfile to a minimum by excluding files that can be recreated from files contained in the tarfile. Examples are: .o (object) files that can be recreated by compiling the program source code.dvi files produced by processing TeX and LaTeX source files.ps (postscript) files generated by drawing and publishing packages. After you have created a tarfile, you can then reduce its size by using the compress command. ... This will create a file called project.tar.Z . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.1.2.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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650. Examining the contents of a tarfile
. To examine the contents of a tarfile use the tar command. For example: tar tvf project.tar . This will display the contents of the tarfile project.tar without unpacking the tarfile. See the manual page for details of the command options tvf . To display the contents of a compressed tarfile use the zcat command. For example: zcat project.tar.Z | tar tvf - . This will display the contents of the compressed tarfile project.tar.Z without uncompressing and unpacking it.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.1.3.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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651. Unpacking a tar file
. To unpack a tar file use the tar command. For example: tar xvf project.tar . This will unpack the contents of the tarfile project.tar in the current directory. Tip ... Unpacking a compressed tar file .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.1.4.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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652. Examples of creating an archive file
To create a tarfile containing several files: tar cvf data.tar *.dat . This creates a tarfile data.tar containing all the files in the current directory which have the filename extension .dat . ... To create a tarfile of a directory: tar cvf project.tar Project Project/README Project/Makefile Project/Makefile Project/main.c Project/screen.c Project/menus.c Project/calculator.c Project/setup/configuration . ... This creates a tarfile book.tar containing the directories text and illustrations . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.1.5.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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653. Creating a UNIX tape archive
. The tar command can be used to turn several files into a single tarfile . tar can also be used to bundle up whole directories before transferring them to another system. Use tar whenever you want to transfer a number of files or directories between different UNIX systems. Creating an archive file . Making a tarfile smaller . Examine the contents of a tarfile . Unpacking a tar file .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.1.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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654. Examples of compressing files
To compress a single file: ls -l sect5.fm -rw------- 1 erpl08 67584 Sep 30 1992 sect5.fm compress sect5.fm ls -l *.Z -rw------- 1 erpl08 33950 Sep 30 1992 sect5.fm.Z . ... To recover a file and retain the compressed .Z file: zcat presentation.html.Z | ... This recreates the uncompressed file presentation.html which is then piped into the less command to present the file for viewing. The output from the zcat command could also be redirected to a file: zcat bibliography.txt.Z > bib.txt; vi bib.txt . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.2.1.html -- 3.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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655. Restoring compressed files
. To restore files that have been compressed with the compress command use the uncompress command. For example: uncompress filename(s) . Uncompressing a file removes the compressed version of the file. To preserve the compressed .Z file and recreate the original use the zcat command. Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.2.2.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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656. Compressing files
. To reduce the size of file use the compress command. For example: compress filename(s) . Each file is replaced by one with the same name and the extension .Z . The amount of compression will vary according to the type of file. Text files can be reduced by as much as 50 to 60%. Use the -v option if you want to see the percentage by which each file is compressed. Examples . Restoring compressed files .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.2.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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657. Examples of encoding files
To encode a single binary file: uuencode window.xwd window.xwd >window.uu . This encodes the binary file window.xwd as the file window.uu . ... The output from the command has to be explicitly redirected to the file window.uu . ... This decodes the file window.uu and recreates the file window.xwd . The encoded file is not removed. To encode several files: tar cf - *.xwd | ... First, this command creates a tarfile of all the files in the current directory with the filename extension .xwd . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.3.1.html -- 2.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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658. Decoding uuencoded files
. An encoded file can be sent by mail to a user on another host. They can then save the file and restore the original binary file using the uudecode command. For example: uudecode filename . The recreated binary file is placed in a file with the name given as the file_label for the encoded file. It will have the same ownership and access permissions as the original file. Examples . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.3.2.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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659. Did You Know?
Since an encoded file is an ASCII file, you can edit it to change the access permissions and file label. The first line of an encoded file might be: begin 600 pictures.tar.Z . The number 600 defines the access permissions for the original file - which the decoded file will also have. ... To change the access permissions edit the number 600 to something more appropriate such as 644 and then save the file. You can change the file label in the same way. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.3.3.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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660. Encoding files
A binary file can be converted into a text file using the uuencode command. ... The encoded file has the same ownership and access permissions as the source file. Make sure that you set these to appropriate values before encoding the file and sending it to another user. The name of the file to be encoded is used for the file_label . You can use the tar command to turn several files into a single file, which is then compressed before being encoded and mailed to another user. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/utilities2/trans1.3.html -- 2.6 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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