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Canidae

. . 49

(MaMMalia: Canidae)
email: nanova@mail.ru

. .

Analysis of variation of the cheek teeth in three canid species (Mammalia: Canidae) by means of standard and geometric morphometrics
Zoological Museum of Moscow University Several methods of minimizing size from overall variation are compared, which are shape variables of geometric morphometrics, two methods of data standardization (by character means and by specimen centroids), and principal component analysis. The original data are cheek teeth in three canid species (Alopex lagopus, Vulpes vulpes, V. corsac). The shape variables and variables drawn from specimen centroids standardization are shown to give most close, though not identical similarity patterns. Contrary to this, the variables obtained by character means standardization give nearly identical similarity patterns with the one given by original measurements. Morphological disparity of dentition of those three species is studied based on previous results of segregation of the shape and size components. All teeth are equally variable by their size while premolars are most variable in respect to their shape as compared to molars. It is shown that size variation does not correlate with the shape one. V. vulpes and V. corsac differ mutually by size only, while their differences from A. lagopus involve mainly shape component. The Medny Isl. population of the latter species is most specific by its toothrow shape.
413 O. G. Nanova

. . . (Rohlf, 1986; Bookstein, 1991; Navarro et al., 2004). « » -, (Bookstein, 1989, 1991). , stein, , . -- , . , . . . -- (Atchley et al., 1981). al., , ( ). , , (olicoeur, 196). , (Somers, 1989). , -, . , , . , (Bookstein, 1991; Rohlf, 199; , , 2002). , . 414

Canidae . ; , , (Dean, 1996; Reig, 1998). , (Corti et al., 1996; Claude et al., 200), , al., al., (Rohlf, 1986; Navarro et. al., 2004). -- (Alopex lagopus), (Vulpes vulpes) (V. corsac). : ) , ; ) .

, : -- (11; 11), . (10; 12), . (8; 14), . (10; 4); -- (14; 4), (14; ), (10; 1), (5; 6), (6; 2); -- (6; 8), (8), (10). . , . ( -- ) . . , , . . . (. 1) TSdig (Rohlf, 1996). (Rohlf, Rohlf, 415

. .

. 1. () () ; () : _1, _2, . Fig. 1. osition of landmarks () and measurements () on canid upper dentition; indicated are their most significant inputs in the first principal components or landmarks for different data types: original measurements and character means standardization, specimen centroids standardization, landmarks.

. . TSrelw (Rohlf, 1998), . . (. 1), . , ( ) , . (): -- , : 1)
416

Canidae ( _1); 2) , ( _2); -- (), . , . 1 , . . _1 _2; -- . (), TSrelw =0 (Rohlf, 1998), Rohlf, , , . , . -- , -- , _1, _2, 1, . , . RCOH , (p). (Straney, 198; Leamy, 198) . ( ) ( ., 2009). -- , , . , . TS, NTSYS/pc+, Statistica 6.0.
417

. . . 1. . Table 1. Results of comparison of matrices of Euclidian and correlation distances for different data types. _1 _2
0.18/0.9 0.99/1.00 0.2/1.00 -0.20/0.2 -0.09/0.22

_1
0.68/1.00 0.12/0.92 0.9/1.00 -0.1/0.10 -0.02/0.4

_2
1.00/1.00 0.69/1.00 0.9/1.00 0.44/1.00 0.6/1.00

0.52/1.00 0.68/1.00 0.5/1.00 0.42/1.00 0.9/1.00

0.40/1.00 0.41/1.00 0.41/1.00 0.45/1.00 0.0/1.00

. , . , -- , -- . : -- , _1 -- , _2 -- , -- 1, -- .

1. , ( ) ( , ) (. 1). , _1, : RCOH = 0.99, p = 1.00. , 1, , . , _1, , 1, , _2.
418

Canidae , , ( _1), (p = 1.00), (RCOH = 0.60.44). , _2, , . , , . , , : RCOH = 0.400.41. _2 , _1. , _1 . , _2, , . , _2 . , , ( ) , , . , , , . , , _1 _2, . ; -- , . -, , (, ). . , _2 . , -, , , , 419

. . , , . , . , , , . _2 , : .. (1992), , . . , _2 , . , , , , . , _2 . 2. () ( ) . , , 80% . , 1 2 ( ) 85.8% . 1 8.41% , 2 -- .42% . _1 1 2 ( ) 82.85% . 1 1.1%, 2 -- 11.68%. 1 ( 0.) (. 1), (<0.). _2 84.42% . 1 6.99% ,
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Canidae 2 16.89%, 10.69%. 1 D5, D6, D D9, 2 -- DM10 DM11 (. 1). , 1 2, D2 (0.68) D (0.65). 80.65% . 1 0.48%, 2 -- 18.56%, -- 9.40% . 1 ( 2, , 4, 5, 6, 8). 2 , ( 6, 8, 10, 11). 2, , 4, 5 (. 1). , , , _1 , _2 . ( 80%) , -- ( _2) ( ) . ( ), _1 , , _1 _2, . _1: 1. _2 . 1 2, (2, ), . _2 . _2 , , . 3. (. 2), , . .46% .91% _1 40.86%, 41.%,16.0%
421

. . . 2. (%), , . Table 2. ortions of dispersion (%) explained by particular forms of variation as resulted from dispersion analysis applied to different data types. _1 _2 SE
6.01 60.42 28.65 5.04 16.98

GEO SEX
12.18 12.09 11.4 11.6 2.6 2.2 1.40 0.4 0.29 0.59

UNC
22.54 26.09 59.14 8.0 58.6

. . . 1. : SE -- , GEO -- , SEX -- , UNC -- .

_2, , 1 (). 1 (8.%). _1 : 6.01% 60.42% . -- 12.18% 12.09%. (28.65% _2, 16.98% ) (11.4% 2.6% ). (0.42.2%). ( ), _2 . , . (_2 ) _1. ,
422

Canidae , () . -- 60%, -- 200%. , , (.. 040% ), . , ( _1), . -- _2 . , _2 , -- . 4. , (. 2). _1 , (. 2). -- , , 1, , 2. 2 . 1, . _2 (. 2) 2 . , , , . 1, 2 (. 2). . . 423

. .

424

Canidae , , . -. : -- , -- ( ., 196). -- -- . , , , . , -- .

, . ; , , .
. 2. ( ) : , -- _2, -- . : 1,2 -- , ,4 -- ., 5,6 -- . , ,8 -- . ; : 9,10 -- , 11,12 -- , 1,14 -- , 15,16 -- ., 1,18 -- . ; : 19,20 -- . , 21 -- , 22 -- . «» ( ) . Fig. 2. Distribution of group centroids in the hyperspaces of the first two principal components (or relative warps) for different data types: -- original measurements, -- specimen centroids standardization, -- landmarks. The samples of A. lagopus: 1,2 -- Chukotka, ,4 -- Arkhangelsk Reg., 5,6 -- Medny Isl., ,8 -- Bering Isl.; V. vulpes: 9,10 -- Turkmenia, 11,12 -- Chukotka, 1,14 -- Maritim Reg., 15,16 -- Moscow Reg., 1,18 -- E Kazakhstan; V. corsac: 19,20 -- N Kazakhstan, 21 --Turkmenia, 22 Transbacalia, For A. lagopus and V. vulpes, two "neighbour" (by numbers) pairs of points correspond to males and females of the same geographic sample. 425

. . , . , , . , . . . , . , . , , , . . .

.. .. . ( 06044914).

.., .. (.). 196. . . 2. .1. .: . 100 . .. 1992. (Rattus rattus), (R. norvegicus) (R. turkestanicus) // . . . 1. . 6. . 12515. .., .. 2002. // . . . . 6. 6. . 449. .., .., .. 2009. // . . . . 0 ( ). Atchley W.R., Rutledge .., Cowley D.E. 1981. Genetic components
426

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