Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://zmmu.msu.ru/bats/biblio/vasen_07.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Tue Aug 11 10:46:12 2009 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Tue Oct 2 00:52:23 2012 Êîäèðîâêà: IBM-866

Plecotus et al. 10 (2007): 21í31 __________________________________________________________________________________

591.134.5:599.426

(Mammalia, Chiroptera)
.. , ..
. ( ). (). Myotis brandtii M. daubentonii. , - . : , , .

, (body condition index, BCI). - í (Speakman, Racey 1986). , , : (residual) , (Torkild et al. 1998; Flynn 2000; Godfrey, Bryant 2000; Merilô et al. 2001; Tourenq et al. 2001; Barbraud et al. 2003; Geslin et al. 2004; Schlaepfer 2006). (Aubret et al. 2002; Willemsen, Hailey 2002). , , í - (Green 2001). , (Le Cren 1951): W=b½Ln, W í , L í , b í , n í , . , n -


22 . . , , , , .. , ( 1943). (Willner et al. 1979), (Hungerford et al. 1999), (Alvarez et al. 2006) (Bjorndal et al. 2000; Seminoff et al. 2003; Work et al. 2005). , (Kokurewicz, Bartmanska 1992; Herr 1998; Duvergù et al. 2000; Kokurewicz 2004; Zahn, Rupp 2004; Lucan 2006). , - . Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845) M. daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817). , " ", , , , M. petax Hollister, 1912 (Matveev et al. 2005; 2006). .


. 1. 2004 2005 . - ( ) - ( ) . (5½12 2 ) / . , - ( 2002), 2004í2006 . , . , , 12í18 (Webb et al. 1993, 1994). . BCI (body condition index) W () W0: BCI = W/W0. () W0


Plecotus et al. 10 (2007)

23

, .. R (), : W0 = b½R3, b í ( /3).

. 1. - . ( ): 1 í - , 2 í . : 3 í (- ), 4 í (- ). Fig. 1. Capture localities of bats in the south-east of Western Siberia. Winter localities (foothills of Salair Ridge): 1 í Verkh-Iki ave, 2 í Barsukovskaya ave. Summer localities: 3 í vicinity of the Teletskoe Lake (north-east Altai), 4 í Tigireksky Reserve (north-west Altai).

b í. : , , (Encarna÷óo et al. 2004, 2006). í t- . . : M. daubentonii, W = 7.4 , R = 3.85 . b = 0.12 (. 1), W0 = 0.12½(3.85)3 6.9 . BCI = 7.4/6.9 1.07. , 7% .


b, , 10 , (. 1). , b .


24
1. b (/3) . Table 1. Coefficients of regression b (g/cm3) for calculation of body condition index. / Species Myotis daubentonii Myotis brandtii Vespertilio murinus Myotis dasycneme Myotis ikonnikovi Myotis frater Plecotus auritus Eptesicus nilssonii Myotis blythii Murina leucogaster 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 4 5 2 2 5 4 8 n 375 65 48 22 18 14 14 12 7 4

- - , (. 2) . - , BCI. , - , -.

. 2. : 1 í - (n=13) 2 í - (n=9) . * í p < 0.05; ** í p < 0.01. Fig. 2. Measurements of male Myotis brandtii: 1 í from north-east Altai (n=13) and 2 í from north-west Altai (n=9). * í p < 0.05; ** í p < 0.01.


Plecotus et al. 10 (2007)

25

() - (. 3). . - . .

. 3. (): 1 í ( n=25, n=8) 2 í- ( n=47, n=24) . ** í p < 0.01. Fig. 3. Measurements of Myotis daubentonii at the beginning of hibernation (October): 1 í from Barsukovskaya ave ( n=25, n=8) and 2 í from Verkh-Iki ave ( n=47, n=24). ** í p < 0.01.

( ), - , (. 4). . , - . , . , , .


: ,


26

. 4. (): 1í ( n=79, n=66) 2 í - ( n=37, n=32) . ** í p < 0.01; *** í < 0.001. Fig. 4. Measurements of Myotis daubentonii at the end of hibernation (April): 1 í from Barsukovskaya ave ( n =79, n=66) and 2 í from Verkh-Iki ave ( n=37, n=32). ** í p < 0.01; *** í < 0.001.

(Green 2001). , , . , , , (Schulte-Hostedde et al. 2001; Encarna÷óo et al. 2004). (Geiger 1992; Harrje 1994; Encarna÷óo et al. 2004). "" , . , . (Kovtun, Zhukova 1994). (Plecotus auritus) 4 50% , 12 í 95% (Webb et al. 1993), .. 5% . , , . , -


Plecotus et al. 10 (2007)

27

: 46% 20% í (Webb et al. 1994). , 12 . , , (Webb et al. 1995) . , . . , ( , ). , . b (. . 1) . . , BCI = 1. , . , (, , ), , . (residuals), , , .. , BCI "" , . (, .). .


28


... .. , ... .. , , . 05-04-49257, -1038.2006.4, 11.10 18.12 .





.. 2006. (2- .). í .: . . . . XLVII. ., - : 1í297. .. 1943. . í . . 22 (5): 299í313. .. 2002. (Vespertilionidae) . í Plecotus et al., pars spec.: 99í106. Alvarez F., Sanchez C., Angulo S. 2006. Relationships between tail-flicking, morphology, and body condition in Moorhens. í J. Field Ornithology 77(1): 1í6. Aubret F., Bonnet X., Shine R., Lourdais O. 2002. Fat is sexy for females but not males: the influence of body reserves on reproduction in snakes (Vipera aspis). í Hormones and Behavior 42: 135í147. Barbraud C., Johnson A.R., Bertault G. 2003. Phenotypic correlates of post-fledging dispersal in a population of greater flamingos: the importance of body condition. í J. Animal Ecology 72: 246í257. Bjorndal K.A., Bolten A.B., Chaloupka M.Y. 2000. Green turtle somatic growth model: evidence fordensity dependence. í Ecological Applications 10(1): 269í282. Duvergù P.L., Jones G., Rydell J., Ransome R.D. 2000. Functional significance of emergence timing in bats. í Ecography 23: 32í40. Encarna÷óo J.A., Dietz M., Kierdorf U., Wolters V. 2004. Body mass changes in male Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) during the seasonal activity period. í Mammalia 68(4): 291í297. Encarna÷óo J.A., Kierdorf U., Wolters V. 2006. Effects of age and season on body mass and reproductive condition in male Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii). í Veterinarski Arhiv 76: 239í249. Flynn R. W. 2000. Ecology of martens in Southeast Alaska. Alaska Dep. Fish and Game. Fed Aid in Wildl Rest. Prog Rep. Grant W-27-3. Study 7.16. Juneau, 14 pp. Geiger H. 1992. Untersuchungen zur Populationsdichte der Wasserfledermaus (Myotis daubentoni Kuhl, 1819) im mittelfrônkischen Teichgebiet. Diploma Thesis, Universitôt Erlangen (. : Encarna÷óo et al. 2004). Geslin T., Chastel O., Eybert M.-C. 2004. Sex-specific patterns in body condition and testosterone level changes in a territorial migratory bird: the Bluethroat Luscinia svecica. í Ibis 146(4): 632í641. Godfrey J.D., Bryant D.M. 2000. State-dependent behaviour and energy expenditure: an experimental study of European robins on winter territories. í J. Animal Ecology 69: 301í313. Green A.J. 2001. Mass/length residuals: measures of body condition or generators of spurious results? í Ecology 82(5): 1473í1483.


Plecotus et al. 10 (2007)

29

Harrje C. 1994. Zur ?kologischen Bedeutung von Stollenquartieren f?r Wasserfledermôuse (Myotis daubentonii, Kuhl 1819), eine Studie zur ganzjôhrigen Aktivitôt am Winterquartier. Diploma Thesis, Universitôt Kiel (. : Encarna÷óo et al. 2004). Herr A. 1998. Aspects of the ecology of insectivorous forest-dwelling bats (Microchiroptera) in the western slopes of the Australian alps. Thesis submitted to Charles Sturt University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 251 pp. Hungerford L.L., Mitchell M.A., Nixon C.M. et al. 1999. Periodontal and dental lesions in raccoons from a farming and a recreational area in Illinois. í J. Wildlife Diseases 35(4): 728í734. Kokurewicz T. 2004. Sex and age related habitat selection and mass dynamics of Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) hibernating in natural conditions. í Acta Chiropterologica 6(1): 121í144. Kokurewicz T., Bartmanska J. 1992. Early sexual maturity in male Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1819) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): field observations and histological studies on the genitalia. í Myotis 30: 95í107. Kovtun M.F., Zhukova N.F. 1994. Feeding and digestion intensity in Chiropterans of different trophic groups. í Folia Zoologica 43(3): 377. Le Cren E.D. 1951. The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). í J. Animal Ecology 20: 201í219. Lucan R.K. 2006. Relationships between the parasitic mite Spinturnix andegavinus (Acari: Spinturnicidae) and its bat host, Myotis daubentonii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): seasonal, sex- and age-related variation in infestation and possible impact of the parasite on the host condition and roosting behaviour. í Folia Parasitologica 53: 147í 152. Matveev V.A., Kruskop S.V., Kramerov D.A. 2005. Revalidation of Myotis petax Hollister, 1912 and its new status in connection with M. daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera). í Acta Chiropterologica 7(1): 23í37. Merilô J., Kruuk L.E.B., Sheldon B.C. 2001. Natural selection on the genetical component of variance in body condition in a wild bird population. í J. Evolution Biology 14: 918í929. Schlaepfer M.A. 2006. Growth rates and body condition in Norops polylepis (Polychrotidae) vary with respect to sex but not mite load. í Biotropica 38(3): 414í418. Schulte-Hostedde A.I., Millar J.S., Hickling G.J. 2001. Evaluating body condition in small mammals. í Canadian J. Zoology 79: 1021í1029. Schulte-Hostedde A.I., Zinner B., Millar J.S., Hickling G.J. 2005. Restitution of mass-size residuals: validating body condition indices. í Ecology 86(1): 155í163. Seminoff J.A., Jones T.T., Resendiz A. et al. 2003. Monitoring green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at a coastal foraging area in Baja California, Mexico: multiple indices describe population status. í J. Marine Biological Association UK 83: 1355í1362. Speakman J.R., Racey P.A. 1986. The influence of body condition on sexual development of male Brown long-eared bats (Plecotus auritus) in the wild. í J. Zool., Lond. 210: 515í525. Torkild T., Söther B.-E., Aanes R., Erikstad K.E. 1998. Regulation of food provisioning in the Antarctic petrel; the importance of parental body condition and chick body mass. í J. Animal Ecology 67: 699í704. Tourenq C., Barbraud C., Sadoul N. et al. 2001. Does foraging habitat quality affect reproductive performance in the Little Egret, Egretta garzetta? í Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 24(1): 107í116.


30
Webb P.I., Speakman J.R., Racey P.A. 1993. Defecation, apparent absorption efficiency, and the importance of water obtained in the food for water-balance in captive brown long-eared (Plecotus auritus) and Daubenton's (Myotis daubentoni) bats. í J. Zool., Lond. 230(4): 619í628. Webb P.I., Speakman J.R., Racey P.A. 1994. Post-prandial urine loss and its relation to ecology in brown long-eared (Plecotus auritus) and Daubenton's (Myotis daubentoni) bats (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). í J. Zool., Lond. 233(1): 165í173. Webb P.I., Speakman J.R., Racey P.A. 1995. Evaporative water-loss in 2 sympatric species of vespertilionid bat, Plecotus auritus and Myotis daubentoni í relation to foraging mode and implications for roost site selection. í J. Zool., Lond. 233(2): 269í278. Willemsen R.E., Hailey A. 2002. Body mass condition in greek tortoises: regional and interspecific variation. í Herpetological Journal 12: 105í114. Willner G.R., Chapman J.A., Pursley D. 1979. Reproduction, physiological responses, food habits, and abundance of nutria on Maryland marshes. í Wildl. Monogr. 65. Work T.M., Balazs G.H., Schumacher J.L., Marie A. 2005. Epizootiology of spirorchiid infection in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Hawaii. í J. Parasitology 91(4): 871í 876. Zahn A., Rupp D. 2004. Ectoparasite load in European vespertilionid bats. í J. Zool., Lond. 262: 383í391.

S

UMMARY

Vasenkov D.A., Potapov M.A. 2007. Application of body condition index to the ecological study of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera). í Plecotus et al. 10: 21í31. To estimate general physical state of individuals, a body condition index (BCI) is used. It is calculated by different ways, and in simplest case it is defined as ratio of the body weight (W) to some linear measurement of the body. Speakman and Racey (1986) proposed for bats BCI = W/R, where R is forearm length. Many bat researchers go on using this index, which is not quite correct, because relationship between body weight and any one-dimensional parameter is not linear (Green 2001). Body weight is proportional to body volume, i.e. the cube of linear size (Pereleshin 1943). We propose to consider BCI as ratio of observed body weight to expected (basic) one: BCI = W/W0. The latter should be derived from body weight of adult males in JuneíJuly according to equation W0 = b½R3. The modified index has been tested on bats from the south-east of Western Siberia. Fig. 1 shows capture localities, and in Table 1 the regression coefficients b are given for 10 bat species. Values of the coefficient b calculated by small samples (Myotis blythii, Murina leucogaster) need to be refined. Student's t-test and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical analysis. An example of calculation of BCI: M. daubentonii, a male, W = 7.4 g, R = 3.85 cm. For this species b = 0.12 (Table 1), hence we expect that W0 = 0.12½(3.85)3 6.9 g. Then BCI = 7.4/6.9 1.07, i.e. body condition of this individual exceeds the basic level by 7%. Figs. 2í4 illustrate results of comparing body condition of animals in summer populations of M. brandtii from north-east and north-west Altai, and winter populations of M. daubentonii from foothills of Salair Ridge (northward of Altai) at the beginning and the end of hibernation. It would be useful to elaborate a common system of the b values for bat species from different regions. Then we will be able to evaluate and compare the state of populations of


Plecotus et al. 10 (2007)

31

the same and even different species. In other words, BCI can be used for bioindication of bat populations. K e y w o r d s : bats, body condition index, bioindication. : (denvas@ngs.ru) (map@ngs.ru) . , 11, 630091 Authors' address: Denis A. Vasenkov (denvas@ngs.ru) Mikhail A. Potapov (map@ngs.ru) Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, the Siberian Branch of RAS Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia