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Plecotus et al. 14 (2011): 60­74 _____________________________________________________________________________

(Rousettus aegyptiacus)
..
, . . , 1, 123242; podturkin@gmail.com . : , . . . : , , .

Rousettus aegyptiacus , ( Atallah 1977; Bergmans 1988; Herzig-Straschil, Robinson 1978 ; Albayrak et al. 2008). , (Mutere 1968; Bergmans 1978; Thomas, Fenton 1978; . 1999). . , , . , (Carlstead et al . 1993; Mench 1998), (Berridge, Dunn 1989). , ­ . , , , . , , , . . , Ñ .


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13.05.2011 29.06.2011 . 27 (10 17 ). ( " "), , . . 2â0.7â2 . " " ("") 2â2â2 . : 10 20 ( ) . . , , - . . , . ; ( . 1999). , . 1.5 . , 50 . , , , . , . , ( ­ ). . ( ) . (. 1). , ( ) , , . , ( ) , , ,


62 (), .
1. . Table 1. Changes of the group size in the course of the experiment. Group 1 2 Location of the groups Experimental enclosure Expositional enclosure Number of I II Stage I Stage II 20 7 14 13 (N) specimens (N) III IV Stage III Stage IV 7 20 ­ 26

. : 1) 1­- 7 . . , . 2) 8- . . , . , . ( ) . , . , . , (Altmann 1974). (Altmann 1974) 15 . , . . . , . , -


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. , . 20 . , . , . , . (). 3) 9­ - . 10 . 4) 11- . . 5) 12 . . Microsoft Excel 1997-2003 Statistica 6.0. 2 , , , ( , ). . , U- - . . - ( ). . 1. , 20 . ,


64 (20 7 ­ ), (. 1) .

1,2 1,15


1,1 1,05 1 0,95 0,9 0,85 0,8 7 13- 14 20 26

( - ) ( - )

. 1. . Fig. 1. Indicators (Shannon index) of diversity of exploratory behaviour in groups with opposite directions of changing their size. The solid line below ­ the first group (decreasing the size); the broken line above ­ the second group (increasing size).

1- ( ) 16 , ( ) . 2- () 27 , 8 . . , 2- , : , , , , , , , . ( 7 1 3) , 20 ( ) "" . 2 - 2 6 ( ), : ( 360 , , ,


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) , / . 2. : ( ) ( ). . 2 , , .

. 2. , , . * p0.05 Fig. 2. Proportion of flights, ended w ith a contact, of all the flights to a novel object in groups with the opposite directions of changing their size. * p0.05

2- 20 . 1- ( ) 20 14 , 7 (. 2). 3. (. 3). 2- ; 26 (. 3). 4. (. 4).


66 ( ), .. . 4 4 ( ).
2. ( 2 ) , , . Table 2. Comparison (Yates corrected test) of ratio of flights, ended with a contact, in respect to all flights to novel object in groups with the opposite directions of changing their size.
1 ( ) Group 1 (decreasing the size) - (N) Number of animals 20­14 14­7 20­7 ­ ­ 2 ( ) Group 2 (increasing the size) p 0.21 0.98 0.38 ­ ­ - (N) Number of animals 7­13 14­20 7­20 20­26 7­26
2



2



2

p 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .00 .00 .00 .01

1.55 0.00 0.76 ­ ­

8.07 13.91 26.92 21.51 7.14

3. ( ) . Table 3. Comparison (Yates corrected test) of average duration of manipulation with a new object in two groups.
- Number of animals 7­13(14) 14­20 7­20 20­26 7­26 1 ( ) Group 1 (decreasing the size) 2 ( ) Group 2 (increasing the size)
2

2



2

p 0.98 0.34 0.61 ­ ­



2

p 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.00

0.00 0.91 0.26 ­ ­

19.18 89.98 102.94 0.38 114.08

5. . , ( , ) ( 5; . 4).


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. 3. . Fig. 3. Duration of manipulation (sec) with a new object in the groups with the opposite change in the number of individuals.

4. ( -) R. aegyptiacus. Table 4. Comparison (the Mann-Whitney U-test) of the activity before experiment after change in the group size.
/ Groups 1 ( - ) Group 1 (decreasing the size) 2 ( - ) Group 2 (increasing the size) N 7­14 14­20 7­20 7­13 13­20 20­26 7­26 Z 4.24 251 753 762 083 449 1187 9 2 8 1 2 1 1 U 42261 40757 71493 99073 45221 41435 02563 .5 .5 .5 .0 .5 .5 .5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 p .00 .01 .00 .00 .36 .00 .00


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35 0

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25 0

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0 25%-75% -

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. 4. R. aegyptiacus. Fig 4. The latent period (sec) of the first flight to a novel object in R. aegyptiacus groups. 1, 2, 3, 4 ­ stages of the experiment (see Table 1). 5. R. aegyptiacus. Table 5. Weighted mean of activity in the groups of R. aegyptiacus.
Group 1 2 Location of the groups Experimental enclosure Expositional enclosure () Weighted mean of activity (sec) Before experiment During experiment 0.39 0.80 0.47 0.85


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. 5. ( , , ) . Fig. 5. Changes in the activity before experiment (the number of animals in flight at the same time) at different number of individuals in groups.

: , " ". , ( ) (Mason 1968 a, b), , , . , " " , . . . ­ " ". , , ­ .


70 , , : , . (.. , ) , " ", " ", " ". , , , , , . ­ , . Ñ . , , , , . " ". ( 1- 20 , 2- ­ 7), ( , ) . (13 14). , ­ , , , . , . , , ­ . , , , . , . , , , 20 .


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26 . " ". 20­22 ; 26­30 , , . , 20 , , , . , . 1) , . 2) , . . 3) , . 4) , .
.., .., .., .. 1999. Rstts .ytis g ­ .: . . VI : 102. Albayrak ., Aan N., Yorulmaz T. 2008. The natural history of the Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus in Turkey (Mammalia: Chiroptera). ­ Turkish J. Zool. 32(1): 11­18. Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. ­ Behaviour 49(3): 227­267. Atallah S.I. 1977. Mammals of the Eastern Mediterranean Region; their ecology, systematics and zoogeographical relationships. ­ SÄugetierkundl. Mitt. 24: 241­320. Bergmans W. 1978. Review of drinking behavior of African fruit bats (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). ­ Bull. Carnegie Mus. Sal. Hist. 6: 20­25.


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Bergmans W. 1988. Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 1. General introduction; material and methods; results: the genus Epomophorus Bennett, 1836. ­ Beaufortia 38(5): 75­146. Berridge C.W., Dunn A.J. 1989 Restraint stress induced changes in exploratory behavior appear to be mediated by norepinephrine stimulated release of CRF . ­ J. Neuroscience 9(10): 3513­3521. Carlstead K., Brown J.L., Seldensticker J. 1993. Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to environmental changes in leopard cats (Felis bengalensis). ­ Zoobiology 10: 3­16. Herzig-Straschil B., Robinson G.A. 1978. On the ecology of the fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi (A. Smith, 1829) in the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park. ­ Koedoe 21: 101­110. Mason J.W. 1968a. Organization of psychoendocrine mechanisms. ­ Psychosom. Med. 30(25): 565­808. Mason J.W. 1968b. "Over-all" hormonal balance as a key to endocrine organization. ­ Psychosom. Med. 30(5) Suppl: 791­808. Mutere F.A. 1968. The breeding biology of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy living at 0°22'S. ­ Acta trop. 25: 97­108. Thomas D.W., Fenton M.B. 1978. Notes on the dry season roosting and foraging behaviour of Epomophorus gambianus and Rousettus aegyptiacus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). ­ J. Zool. Lond. 186: 403­406.

SUMMARY
Podturkin A.A. 2011. Effect of group size on the intensity of exploratory behaviour in Egyptian rousettes (Rousettus aegyptiacus). ­ Plecotus et al. 14: 60­74. For the first time, exploratory behaviour of fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) is described in detail. A direct relationship between the intensity of exploratory activity and the group size is shown. To study this dependence, we created in the Moscow Zoo two related groups of rousettes with the opposite changes in the group size (Table 1) and provided them with novel objects. It is proposed to use an assessment of the intensity of exploratory behaviour to determine the sensitivity of fruit bats to stress and the level of their welfare. K e y w o r d s : fruit bats, novelty, exploratory behaviour.


Rousettus aegyptiacus Ethogram of exploratory activity of Rousettus aegyptiacus Behavioural unit Description / Locomotorctivity a 1. / 20 Loop without approaching (straight flight to a new object at a distance more than 20 cm and returning back)


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Behavioural unit 2. 20 / Approaching at a distance more than 20 cm 3. / Fly-by

4. 20 / Approaching at a distance less than 20 cm 5. / Loop with approaching

6. / Spiral

7. / One fly-around

8. / Several fly-around 9. / Walking 10. / Short hovering

11. / Long hovering

12. / Perching

Description 20 (straight flight with perching near a new object at a distance more than 20 cm) 20 (straight flight in the enclosure from one point to another, at a distance less than 20 cm from a new object) 20 (straight flight with perching at a distance less than 20 cm from a new object) 20 (straight flight to a new object at a distance less than 20 cm from it and returning back). ( ): 20 (non-linear flight to a new object at a distance less than 20 cm from it and returning back) 20 ( ) (flying one circle around a new oubject at a distance less than 20 cm from it) 20 ( ) (flying a few circles around the new subject at a distance less than 20 cm from it) (moving to a new object on the ceiling) "" () 20 , 1 (hovering for 1 sec at a distance less than 20 cm from a new object) "" () 20 , 3 (hovering at a distance less than 20 cm from a new object, the duration more than 3 sec) (straight flight to a new object with perching on it)


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Description 13. / Fly (flying through) through the rope fastening of a new object without touching it) t vity / Manipula ory acti 14. / Touch with muzzle (touch of the new object with muzzle from perching) 15. / Short touch with , 1 (touch of a new a wing object with a wing from perching, duration 1 sec.) 16. (hovering at a distance less than 20 cm from / Touch with a wing a new object and touch of a new object with muzzle) 17. / (touch Toutch with a wing of a new object with a wing in flight) 18. "" / Short bodily 1 (landing on a new object with the whole contact body for 1 sec) (moving on a 19. / Crawling new object) 20. / Feeling (touch of a new object with both wings several times) 21. , , 3 / Long catching (catching on a new object with the thumb claw for more than 3 sec) 22. 3 (landing on / Long bodily a new object with the whole body for more than 3 contact sec) (tasting the new object 23. / Nibbling with teeth) 24. (hanging from a new object on wings / Hanging on wings only) 25. (hanging from a new object on feet / Hanging on feet only) 26. / (swinging a Swinging new object) 27. / Twisting the rope (balancing oneself on the rope) Behavioural unit