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Plecotus et al. 14 (2011): 75­86 _____________________________________________________________________________

. ( )
..
, . , 1, 664003; botvinkin_ismu@mail.ru 8 1954 2007 : ( ), ( ), , , ( ). ; ( EBLV-1, EBLV-2, ). , . . , . 90% . , , . : () , , .

30 , . , , . , , Lyssavirus () . , , , ­ , . . .. , , . . . : - , "" . , , , ,


76 I ? , ­ , , . ­ , , . Lyssavirus Rhabdoviridae 12 (Dietzgen et al. 2011). 10 , ( ) ­ , , , (. 1). , , : 2011 . Bokeloh (Freuling et al. 2011). , ­ . ­ ( , ) . , , ­ . 12 , , , . , , : , , . 7­10 . , - (Blanton et al. 2011). , , , ­ (King et al. 2004; Distribution of rabies... 2010). , 2010 . 1648 ( ), 28 (Distribution of rabies... 2010). : . .


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1. . Table 1. Distribution of lyssaviruses and their relation with lethal encephalitis in humans.
Virus species () Distribution (continent) ( ) Host (mammal group) Carnivora Chiroptera Megachiroptera (Insectivora?) Microchiroptera Data on the desease of people 55



1

(Rabies virus)

*

, ,

2 3 4

5

6

7 8 9 10

11

12

*
1­6,

(Lagos bat virus) (Mokola virus) (Duvenhage virus) , 1 (European bat lyssavirus type 1; EBLV-1) , 2 (European bat lyssavirus type 2; EBLV-2) (Australian bat lyssavirus; ABLV) (Aravan virus) (Khudjand virus) (Irkut virus) - (West ( ?) Caucasian bat virus; WCBV) (Shimoni bat virus) 8­11, 13, 18­22, 24­26 (. )

Microchiroptera

Microchiroptera



Megachiroptera Microchiroptera Microchiroptera Microchiroptera



Microchiroptera

Microchiroptera



; :


78 1. , , 1954 . (. Pal et al. 1980); (Veeraraghaban N. 1954) . , . . -. , . 2. , . ( ), 1977 ( 1984). 1977 . 15 " ". . 35 , . . . , , , - . , . "" , , . 3. , . , 1985 . ( . 1986; Selimov et. al. 1989). 11 , , , , . . , EBLV-1. , rabies-like (rabies-related) , , , . . 4. , . , 1985 . (Lumio et al. 1986; Roine et al. 1988). 9 30- , . , ­ ­ 51 . . . -


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29 . , EBLV-2. 1959 . 5. , , . , 2002 . (Cowcroft 2002; Fooks et al. 2002). , 24 2002 . 6 . . . . EBLV-2. 100 ; . 1996 2002 . . 6. , , , 2002 . (Tang et al. 2005). 17 , . 12 (29 ) : ; 31 (41 ­42°) , . 1 , 16 . . . , , , . 7. , . , , 2002 . (Botvinkin et al. 2005; . 2006). 34 , 23 2002 . 15 . 19 : , , , , . - . 22 , 1.5 . . : , , , , . . .


80 8 . . , , . 8. , . , , , 2007 . ( . 2009; . 2009; Leonova et al. 2009). 20 2007 . . 10 . , , , , , , . 11- . ­ . , . . , - . , , " ", 91­93% , 2002 . . . () ; (Dietzgen et al. 2011). (Botvinkin et al. 2003; . 2009), . 14 2002 . . . , , , . 10 . , (Botvinkin et al. 2003; Kuzmin et al. 2008). , , . . . , , - . . -, , .


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? 1. , , , , , . 2. 5 8, 4 . , EBLV-1 (Eptesicus serotinus), EBLV-2 ­ (Myotis sp.). , , , (Murina sp.); , . 3. , , . ; , . 4. ­ , , . 12 ; 2- . 5. ­ , -, , . 6. 8 , . C . , 1980 1996 32 , 20 , 17 (53% 85% ) , (Noah 1999). , - , . , () (Smith 2002). ( 12 ) , ­ Lasionycteris noctivagans Perimyotis ( Pipistrellus) subflavus, ­ Tadarida brasiliensis


82 ­ Myotis sp. (Gibbons 2002; Blanton et al. 2011) , Eptesicus fuscus Desmodus rotundus ( 70 ). 17 , ( ). 8 , , , ­ , ( 4 13 ) , . 8 . Noah et al. (1999), , , , , , , , , , , . , (Human Rabies cases... 2000; Gibbons 2002; Blanton et al. 2011). , , . . 49 , , , , . 47 , , . , . . 9 . , 28 . , ­ . , . , , , . , -


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. (Gibbons 2002) , . , , , . , , , . , . 50 ; . , . , - , (Selimov et al. 1989; Noah et al. 1999; Gibbons 2002). , , , , . 1980 (Noah et al. 1999; Human Rabies cases... 2000; Gibbons 2002; Blanton et al. 2011). . , , 17 . , . , - , . , , ( 1950- ) (Markotter et al. 2008). ,


84 , () . , . , , , , , WCBV (Kuzmin et al. 2008; Markotter et al. 2008; Kuzmin et al. 2010), . , . , , . , , , . , , , . . .
.. (CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA) , .


1. .., .., .., .., .. 2009. . ­ . . , 16(3): 68­69. 2. .., .., .., .., .., .. 2003. . ­ .: - . - . .-. ., , 1: 404­406. 3. .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .. 2009. ,


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. ­ 2: 115­ 117. 4. .., .., .., .., .. 2006. . ­ . . 5: 55­56. 5. .., .., .. 1986. . ­ 3: 117­118. 6. .. 1984. . ­ .: . . . . 12: 11­16. 7. Blanton J.D., Palmer D., Dyer J., Rupprecht C. 2011. Rabies Surveillance in the United States during 2010. ­ JAVMA 239(6): 773­383. 8. Botvinkin A.D., Poleschuk E.M., Kuzmin I.V., Borisova T.I., Gazaryan S.V., Yager S.V., Rupprecht C.E. 2003. Novel lyssaviruses isolated from bats in Russia. ­ Emerg. Inf. Dis. 9: 1623­1625. 9. Botvinkin A.D., Selnikova O.P., Antonova L.A., Moiseeva A.B., Nesterenko E.Yu. 2005. Human rabies case caused from a bat bite in Ukraine. ­ Rabies Bulletin Europe 29(3): 5­7. 10. Crowcroft N. 2002. Rabies like infection in Scotland. ­ Euro Surveill. 6(50): 1984. 11. Dietzgen R.G., Calisher C.H., Kurath G., Kuzmin I.V., Rodriguez L.L., Stone D.M., Tesh R.B., Tordo N., Walker P.J., Wetzel T., Whitfield A.E. 2011. Rhabdoviridae. ­ In: Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (A.M.Q. King, M.J. Adams, E.B. Carstens, and E.J. Lefkowitz, eds). Oxford, Elsevier: 654­681. 12. Distribution of rabies in Europe 2010. Rabies Bulletin Europe 34(4): 12­24. 13. Fooks A.R., Finnegan C., Johnson N., Mansfield K., McElhinney L., Manser P. 2002. Human case of EBL type 2 following exposure to bats in Angus, Scotland. ­ The Veterinary Records 151: 679. 14. Freuling C., Beer M., Conraths F.J, Finke S., Hoffmann B., Keller B., Kliemt J., Mettenleiter T.C., MÝhlbach E., Teifke J.P., Wohlsein P., MÝller T. 2011. Novel lyssavirus isolated from a Natterer 's bat, Germany. ­ Emerg. Inf. Dis. 17(8): 1519­1522. 15. Gibbons R.V. 2002. Criptogenic rabies, bats and the questions of aero sol transmissions. ­ Annals of Emergency Medicine 39(5): 528­536. 16. Human Rabies cases ­ USA and Canada in the year 2000. (2000). ­ Rabies Bulletin Europe 24(3): 8­12. 17. King A.A., Haagsma J., Kappeler A. 2004. Lyssavirus infection in European bats. ­ In: Historical perspectives of rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin (A.A. King, A.R. Fooks, M. Aubert, A.I. Wandeler, eds). Paris, OIE. Ch. 17: 221­241. 18. Kuzmin I.V., Wu X., Tordo N., Rupprecht C.R. 2008. Comp lete genomes of Aravan, Khudjand, Irkut and West Caucasian bat viruses, with special attention on the polymerase gene and non-cding regions. ­ Virus Research 136: 81­90. 19. Kuzmin I.V., Mayer A.E., Niezgoda M., Markotter W., Agvanda B., Breiman R.F. et al. 2010. Shimani bat virus, a new representative of Lyssavirus genus. ­ Virus Research 149: 197­210.


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SUMMARY
Botvinkin A.D. 2011. Fatal human cases of rabies in Eurasia after contacts with bats. (Review of the literature). ­ Plecotus et al. 14: 75­86. The report summarizes data on 8 human rabies a fter bat exposures from 1954 to 2007 in Ukraine ( two cases), Russia ( two cases), Finland, Great Britain, China and India (one case in each). Rabies was confirmed by virus isolation in five cases; virus species was identified in 4 cases (EBLV-1, EBLV-2, Irkut). Direct contacts accompanied with injuries of fingers or face by bat of unknown species were reported in each case. Nobody from the patients reported the incident and applied for postexpo sure rabies prophylaxis before onset of clinical disease. Comp arison of these records with the available data from North America clearly suggests that the real number of human rabies cases caused by bat exposures in Eurasia is likely significantly more. Cases after minimum or unrecognized contacts with bats constituted more than 90% of all reported human rabies cases of bat origin in the United States. The absence of such records in Eurasia may be due to the lack of the adequate surveillance system. K e y w o r d s : human rabies (hydrophobia), Chiroptera, Eurasia.