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Vestnik zoologii, 49(1): 75н86, 2015 DOI 10.1515/vzoo-2015-0008

UDC 591.531.213+591.61н942.6(1н021.21)

ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE COMPLEXES OF BAT ECTOPARASITES IN THE BOREAL PALAEARCTIC REGION
M. V. Orlova1 , O. L. Orlov2,
1 2

3

National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin str., 36, Tomsk, 634050 Russian Federation Ural State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Repina str., 3, Ekaterinburg, 620028 Russian Federation 3 Ural State Pedagogical University, Kosmonavtov str., 26, Ekaterinburg, 620017 Russian Federation E-mail: masha_orlova@mail.ru; o_l_orlov@mail.ru Attempt to Define the Complexes of Bat Ectoparasites in the Boreal Palaearctic Region. Orlova, M. V., Orlov, O. L. -- The article presents the most complete data on the distribution of ectoparasites in the boreal Palaearctics (gamasid mites of the genera Spinturnix, Macronyssus, and Steatonyssus, bat flies of the family Nycteribiidae, fleas of the family Ischnopsyllidae) and its preferences for the hosts. On the basis of these data as well as the data for the resettlement of bats in Eurasia 30 species of boreal bat ectoparasites combined into three faunal complexes (Transpalaearctic, European-Ural and Siberian-Far East) and two groups (European-Ural species, penetrating to the east and Siberian-Far East, penetrating to the west). The boundary between the European-Ural and Siberian-Far East faunal complexes is situated presumably along the Irtysh River. The resulting zoning provides a new look at the parasitocenosis of ectoparasites in the taiga zone of the Palaearctics. Key words : Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae, gamasid mites, Nycteribiidae, Ischnopsyllidae, ectoparasites, Palaearctic Region, boreal zone. . . ., . . -- ( Spinturnix, Macronyssus Steatonyssus, Nycteribiidae, Ischnopsyllidae) . , , 30 (, - -) (- , , -, ). - - . . - . : Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae, , Nycteribiidae, Ischnopsyllidae, , , . Introduction North Palearctic bat fauna is characterised by two mostly isolated complexes: the European-Ural and the Siberian-Far East. Previously, it was suggested that the division of chiropteran fauna in this territory is explained by the barrier role of the West Siberian Plain (Orlova, 2014). The Russian plain provides a multiplicity of forms of microrelief as potential natural shelters. Residence in the Russian Plain sedentary population over the last two thousand years is responsible for the presence of additional shelters of anthropogenic representatives of resident bat species. In this paper we define the complexes of the ectoparasites of bats in boreal Eurasia based on their distribution. Description of study area We mean the boreal zone as the complex formed by taiga zone, zone of mixed forests and northern woodand-steppe subzone of the dominated forest plots (Horacek et al., 2000). In this complex we also include the high-altitude forest belt of mountain systems of Northern Eurasia.

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Western Siberia is an extensive accumulative plain, swampy and devoid of karst landforms. Up until the mid-twentieth century, the human population was represented mainly by nomadic herders. Consequently, the potential anthropogenic shelters that are conducive to the distribution of bats were not enough. Thus, the West Siberian Plain prevents the spread of West Palearctic species to the east and East Palaearctic species to the west (Orlova, 2014) and is "the chiropterological desert" -- an area of a low density of bats. As the southern part of Western Siberia is hilly (Kazakh low hills), it forms a natural refuge for wintering bats, and this area does not prevent the distribution of bats. That is why the presence of two chiropteran complexes applies only to the boreal zone of Eurasia. The exact location of the border between the complexes has not yet been established, but the available data suggest that it is along the river Irtysh. Material and methods The basis of the study is from original and published data on the most common and well-studied groups of ectoparasites: gamasid mite genera Spinturnix, Macronyssus and Steatonyssus, blood-sucking flies of the family Nycteribiidae, fleas family Ischnopsyllidae, and the boreal Palaearctic bat parasite species. The study does not include rare and poorly known species, the distribution and host range of which is difficult to see based on of the available data (gamasid mites of genus Ornithonyssus), as well as species whose status is not present in all areas (bugs species of genus Cimex). Random findings of specific ectoparasites from nemoral and subboreal species of bats (noctule bat Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774), Leisler's bat Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817), small pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus Leach, 1825, common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774), David's myotis Myotis davidii Peters,1869, serotine bat Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774), etc.) on the boreal species were not considered. Material collected in Eastern Europe (Northern Poland), Western Siberia (Novosibirsk region, Barsukovskaya cave; Altai, Reserve "Tigireksky"), Central Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Sayano-Shushenskaya State Biosphere Reserve; Republic of Tuva, Uyukskaya basin) (fig. 1). Ectoparasites were collected using a needle and tweezers and transferred into 70 % ethanol. Preparation and species identification of ectoparasites were carried out by the standard methods (Micherdzinsky, 1980; Radovsky, 1967; Stanyukovich, 1997).

Results and discussion We applied to European-Ural boreal chiropteran fauna such species as Daubenton's bat Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817), Brandt's bat Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845), Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817), whiskered bat Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817), brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758), Nathusius' pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling, Blasius, 1839) (Horacek et al., 2000; Il'in, Smirnov, 2000; Bolshakov et al., 2005). Siberian-Far Eastern fauna complex contains the eastern water bat Myotis petax Hollister, 1912, siberian bat Myotis sibiricus Kastschenko, 1905, amur bat Myotis bombinus Thomas, 1906, asian parti-coloured bat Vespertilio sinensis (Peters, 1880), Hilgendorf's tube-nosed bat Murina hilgendorfi Peters, 1880, ussuri tube-nosed bat Murina ussuriensis Ognev, 1913, Plecotus ognevi Kishida, 1927 (Tiunov, 1997; Matveev et al., 2005; Vasenkov, 2009; Bazhenov, 2013; Orlova et al., 2013; Ruedi et al., 2013). Solitary transpalaearctic species that manage to cross the territory (or possibly "bypass" it from the south): pond bat Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) (range extends from central Europe east to the Yenisey river) (Kuzyakin, 1950), parti-coloured bat Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758 (lives from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast) (Kuzyakin, 1950; Tiunov, 1997), northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling, Blasius, 1839) (areal is similar to the parti-coloured bat) (op. cit.). Carried out in recent years, the study of ectoparasite fauna in the boreal zone of Central and Eastern Palaearctic helped to clarify the distribution of many species of parasitic arthropods bats. To date, it has been found that most of them are confined to the EuropeanUral or Siberia and the Far East to the territory. Total ectoparasite fauna of the boreal zone consists of 30 species, including 16 species of gamasid mites, 5 species of bat flies, and 9 species of fleas (table 1). European-Ural boreal ectoparasite complex This complex of ectoparasites lives in the taiga zone of Eurasia from the Atlantic coast to the Trans-Urals. Below is an annotated list of species of the complex.

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Fig. 1. Map of collection localities of bat ectoparasites in the Palaearctic Region. List of collection localities (1н7 -- own data; 8н25 -- literature data): 1 -- Neighborhood of Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany); 2 -- Neighborhood of Gdansk (Pomeranian, Poland); 3 -- Old Ladoga gallery (Leningrad region, Russia); 4 -- Reserve "Tigirekskiy" (Altai, Russia); 5 -- Barsukovskaya cave (Novosibirsk Region, Russia); 6 -- SayanoShushenskaya State Biosphere Reserve (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia); 7 -- Uyukskaya basin (Republic of Tuva, Russia); 8 -- Neighborhood of Oslo (Norway) (Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007); 9 -- Neighborhood of Helsinki (Finland) (Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007); 10 -- Neighborhood of Vyborg (Russia) (Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007); 11н12 -- Baltic States (Medvedev, Masing, 1987; Stanyukovich, 1990); 13 -- Lower Silesia (SouthWestern Poland) (Haitlinger, 1979); 14 -- Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Eastern Poland) (Haitlinger, Ruprecht, 1992); 15 -- Kama-Vyatka interfluve (Russia) (Orlova et al., 2011); 16н18 -- The Urals (Russia) (Orlova, 2011; Orlova, 2013); 19 -- Neighborhood of village Korliki (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia) (Orlova et al., 2013); 20н21 -- Eastern Kazakhstan (Hurka, 1969; Polkanov, Medvedev, 1997); 22н25 -- Russian Far East (Medvedev, 1987; Medvedev et al., 1991). . 1. . (1н7 -- ; 8н25 -- ): 1 -- . . (-, ); 2 -- . . ( , ); 3 -- ( ., ); 4 -- л╗ ( , ); 5 -- ( ., ); 6 -- - ( , ); 7 -- ( , ); 8 -- . . () (Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007); 9 -- . . () (Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007); 10 -- . . () (Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007); 11н12 -- (Medvedev, Masing, 1987; Stanyukovich, 1990); 13 -- ( ) (Haitlinger, 1979); 14 -- ( ) (Haitlinger, Ruprecht, 1992); 15 -- (Orlova et al., 2011); 6н18 -- (Orlova, 2011; Orlova, 2013); 19 -- . . (- , ) (Orlova et al., 2013); 20н21 -- (Hurka, 1969; Polkanov, Medvedev, 1997); 22н25 -- (Medvedev, 1987; Medvedev et al., 1991).

Acarina Parasitiformes Macronyssidae Macronyssus diversipilis (Vitzthum, 1920) Described from Germany, and then found in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the Baltic States, Udmurtia, in the Urals and Trans-Urals (Radovsky, 1967; Dusb└bek, 1972; Haitlinger, 1979; Stanyukovich, 1990; Orlova, 2011; Orlova et al. 2011). Dusb└bek pointed out that the main host of M. diversipilis is a Daubenton's bat (Dusb└bek, 1964); the vast majority of our findings are also made on a given host. Areal of the parasite and host coincides almost completely. Macronyssus kolenatii (Oudemans, 1902) Previously found in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Moldova, the Baltic States, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Egypt (Radovsky, 1967; Dusb└bek, 1972; Stanyukovich, 1990; Stanyukovich, 1997). Single finds were made in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions (Orlova, 2013). Areal of M. kolenatii probably covers an area of dissemination of the main hosts of this mite -- species of the genus Pipistrellus.

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Table 1 . Distribution of bat ectoparasites in the boreal Palaearctic Region

1 .

Ectoparasite species

Western ScandiEurope navia

Central Europe

Baltic and NorthWest of Russia VyatkaKama region + + + + + + + + н н н н н н н н + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + н н н н н н н н + + + н н н н +

Total number of species

Macronyssus diversipilis Macronyssus kolenatii Ischnopsyllus variabilis Ischnopsyllus intermedius Ischnopsyllus simplex simplex Ischnopsyllus simplex mysticus Ischnopsyllus octactenus Nycteribia kolenatii н н н н н н н н + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + +

8

Spinturnix bregetovae Spinturnix maedai Macronyssus heteromorphus Macronyssus hosonoi Ischnopsyllus (H.) ussuriensis

н н н н н

н н н н н

8

Nycteribia quasiocellata Basilia rybini Basilia truncata

н н н

н н н

Spinturnix myoti Spinturnix kolenatii Spinturnix plecotinus Macronyssus crosbyi Steatonyssus spinosus Ischnopsyllus (I.) obscurus Ischnopsyllus (H.) hexactenus Penicillidia monoceros

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + +

8

Macronyssus corethroproctus Macronyssus ellipticus Steatonyssus periblepharus

+ + +

+ ? +

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M. V. Orlova, O. L. Orlov

Macronyssus charusnurensis Steatonyssus superans Myodopsylla trisellis

н н н

н н н

н н н

н н +

н н +

The Urals Western West and Siberia, Sayan, Far East Notes TransAltai Tuva Urals European-Ural boreal ectoparasite complex + н н н + н н н + н н н н н н н н н н н н н н н European subcomplex н н н н + н н н Siberian-Far Eastern boreal ectoparasite complex н ? + н н + + н н ? + н н + + н н н ? н Species may be having only Far East distribution н + + н н + + н н + + н Transpalaearctic boreal ectoparasite complex + + + н + + + н Holarctic species + + + н + + + н Holarctic species + + + н + + + н + + + н + + + н European-Ural species penetrating to the east н + + + + ? н + н н н Species is found in Central and Eastern Palaearctic region, but not in the boreal zone Siberia-Far East species penetrating the west + + + н + + + н+ + + + н+

3

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Insecta Siphonaptera Ischnopsyllidae Ischnopsyllus variabilis (Wagner, 1898) Found in the forest area of Europe on migratory bats: species of the genus Pipistrellus, as well as noctule bat (Haitlinger, Ruprecht, 1992; Rupp et al., 2004). In Russia, findings were made in the Leningrad, Pskov, and Penza Regions (Medvedev, 1989), the Kirov Region and Udmurtia (Orlova et al., 2011), the Chelyabinsk Region (Orlova, 2013). Border distribution broadly coincides with the area of the main host -- Nathusius' pipistrelle. Ischnopsyllus intermedius Rothschild, 1898 Occurs in Northern, Western and Eastern Europe to the Baltics (Hopkins, Rothschild, 1956; Medvedev, Masing, 1987; Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007; own data), hosts are pond bat, Daubenton's bat, Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri Kuhl, 1817, Nathusius' pipistrelle, northern bat. Ischnopsyllus simplex simplex Rothschild, 1906 Dwells in the forest area of Europe (UK, Netherlands, Germany, Czech Republic, Scandinavia) on a large number of species of bats (whiskered bat Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817), Brandt's bat, pond bat, Natterer's bat, etc.) (Hopkins, Rothschild, 1956; Medvedev, Masing, 1987). Ischnopsyllus simplex mysticus Jordan, 1942 Isolated finds are known from Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Austria with whiskered bat, Brandt's bat and Natterer's bat (Hopkins, Rothschild, 1956; Medvedev, Masing, 1987; Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007). Ischnopsyllus octactenus (Kolenati, 1856) Most items dedicated to the temperate zone of Europe from the UK to Scandinavia and northern Poland (Hopkins, Rothschild, 1956; Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007; own data). Single individuals are found in the Mediterranean region (Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Spain, Morocco). Hosts in the boreal zone are species of the genus Myotis and Pipistrellus. Insecta Diptera Nycteribiidae (the Bat flies) Nycteribia kolenatii Theodor and Moscona, 1954 The species is distributed throughout the forest zone from the Atlantic coast of Europe and the UK to Trans-Urals (Hurka, 1969; Nowosad, 1974; Rupp et al., 2004; Orlova et al., 2011; Orlova et al., 2013) within the boundaries of the areal of the main host -- Daubenton's bat M. daubentonii. Thus, all of these ectoparasites are mono- or oligoxenous parasites of European-Ural complex bats, their findings on the Siberian-Ural complex bat species are unknown. Available data highlight in the European-Ural complex European subcomplex uniting species, their findings are unknown to the east of the North-West region of Russia (Ischnopsyllus intermedius, I. simplex simplex, I. s. mysticus, Ischnopsyllus octactenus). The other species of the eastern boundary of habitat lies in the Urals (Macronyssus kolenatii, Ischnopsyllus variabilis) and Trans-Urals (Macronyssus diversipilis, Nycteribia kolenatii) (Orlova, 2013). Siberian-Far Eastern boreal ectoparasite complex Below is a list of ectoparasites, the findings of which are confined only to the Central and Eastern Palaearctic.

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Acarina Parasitiformes Spinturnicidae Spinturnix bregetovae Stanyukovich, 1995 Described in the Far East (Primorsky Krai, Suputinsky Reserve) with an unidentified species of bats; known finds from Tuva on the eastern water bat (own data). Likely range covers the Far East, Central, East, and possibly Western Siberia. Spinturnix maedai Uchikawa and Wada, 1979 The species was described in Japan from the Hilgendorf's tube-nosed bat Murina hilgendorfi, then collected in the Far East and the Krasnoyarsk region with the Ussuri tubenosed bat Murina ussuriensis (Stanyukovich, 1997), as well as in Novosibirsk Region and Altai with Hilgendorf's tube-nosed bat (own data). Acarina Parasitiformes Macronyssidae Macronyssus heteromorphus Dusb└bek and Radovsky, 1972 The species was described in the Kuril Islands on the uncharacteristic host -- the grey rat (Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)). Earlier findings were made on the eastern water bat, Myotis sibiricus, northern bat, Hilgendorf's tube-nosed bat Murina hilgendorfi in Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Far East (Stanyukovich, 1997), as well as on the territory of Tuva (own data). Macronyssus hosonoi Uchikawa, 1979 It is widespread in the Central and Eastern Palearctic from Altai to Kamchatka and Japan (Uchikawa, 1979; Medvedev et al., 1991; Orlova, 2013; own data). Ussuri whiskered bat Myotis gracilis Ognev, 1927, Ikonnikov's bat Myotis ikonnikovi Ognev, 1912, eastern barbastelle Barbastella darjelingensis (Hodgson, 1855) (Uchikawa, 1979), Siberian bat, brown long-eared bat. Insecta Diptera Nycteribiidae Nycteribia quasiocellata (Theodor, 1966) The species was described in Western Mongolia and then discovered in Eastern Kazakhstan (Zaisan Valley) (Hrka, 1969). Widely distributed in the Central and Eastern Palaearctic, there are many findings in the Altai, Western Siberia, the Western Sayan, Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Far East (Medvedev et al., 1991; Polkanov, Medvedev, 1997; Orlova et al., 2013; Orlova et al., 2014; own data). Probably oligoxenous, prefer eastern water bat as a host, since the most findings were made in the boreal zone on it (Medvedev et al., 1991; Polkanov, Medvedev, 1997; Orlova et al., 2014). Basilia rybini (Hrka, 1969) The species was described from Eastern Kazakhstan. Widely distributed in the Central and Eastern Palaearctic, there are many findings in Western Siberia, the Altai, the Western Sayan, Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Far East (Medvedev et al., 1991; Polkanov, Medvedev, 1997; Orlova et al., 2013; Orlova et al., 2014; own data). Apparently, as the previous species, oligoxenous of the Myotis petax, since most of the findings were made on this bat. Basilia truncata Theodor, 1966 This species is widespread in the Central and Eastern Palearctic from the Altai (Eastern Kazakhstan) to the Far East (Medvedev et al., 1991; Polkanov, Medvedev, 1997), the findings

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are scarce. Hosts are specified Siberian, Amur and eastern water bats, Hilgendorf's tubenosed bat. Ischnopsyllus (H.) ussuriensis Medvedev, 1986 Dwells in the Far East (Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Primorsky Krai) (Medvedev, 1987; Medvedev et al., 1991), hosts are Siberian bat and Ikonnikov's bat. It should be noted that, despite the considerable length, Siberia and the Far East complex is characterised by the uniformity of the ectoparasite fauna. The only exception -- flea I. ussuriensis is found only in the Far East. Perhaps the species is more widespread, and the lack of finds in Western and Eastern Siberia is due to insufficient knowledge of the area. Transpalaearctic boreal ectoparasite complex Despite the natural barrier separating the faunal complexes, there is contact between them there (Orlova, 2014), one of which serves as evidence of transpalaearctic (sometimes holarctic) distribution of certain species of ectoparasites. Acarina Parasitiformes Spinturnicidae Spinturnix myoti (Kolenati, 1856) Distributed throughout the Palearctic from the UK to the Far East (Rudnick, 1960; Dusb└bek, 1962; Stanyukovich, 1990, Medvedev et al., 1991; Stanyukovich, 1997; Rupp et al., 2004; Orlova et al., 2011; Orlova et al., 2014). The principal hosts of this type are considered ectoparasites bats genus Myotis (Rudnick, 1960; Dusb└bek, 1962, 1972; Stanyukovich, 1997). Spinturnix kolenatii Oudemans, 1910 Holarctic species, finds are known from the United States, the United Kingdom, Central and Eastern Europe, the Urals, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Far East (Rudnick, 1960; Dusb└bek, 1962; Medvedev et al., 1991; Stanyukovich, 1997; Orlova, 2011). The principal hosts in the literature indicate northern bat and serotine bat (Stanyukovich, 1997). Spinturnix plecotinus (Koch, 1839) Palaearctic species found in the UK, Western, Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, Central Asia, Far East (Rudnick, 1960; Stanyukovich, 1990; Medvedev et al., 1991). In the boreal zone brown long-eared bat and Plecotus ognevi (Stanyukovich, 1990; Medvedev et al., 1991; Stanyukovich, 1997; Orlova, 2011) are of the main hosts. Gamasid mites of the family Macronyssidae Macronyssus crosbyi (Ewing and Stover, 1915) Holarctic form, findings are known from different parts of the United States and northern Mexico (Radovsky, 1967), the Baltic States and the Far East (Stanyukovich, 1990; Medvedev et al., 1991; own data). Pleoxenous, harboured by various species of bats of the family Vespertilionidae (Radovsky, 1967). Steatonyssus spinosus Willmann, 1936 Widely distributed throughout the Palearctic from the UK to the Far East and Japan. Pleoxenous, hosts are a large number of bat species belonging to the family Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae (Dusb└bek, 1972; Haitlinger, 1978; Micherdzinski, 1980; Stanyukovich, 1990; Rupp et al., 2004), but often finds confined to the migratory species of bats (particolored bat, Asian particoloured bat (Vespertilio superans Thomas, 1899), different species of genus Nyctalus).

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Insecta Siphonaptera Bat fleas family Ischnopsyllidae Ischnopsyllus (I.) obscurus (Wagner, 1898) Trans-species. Dwells between 450 and 600 N (Hopkins, Rothschild, 1956; Medvedev, Masing, 1987; Medvedev, 1989; Brinck-Lindroth, Smit, 2007; Orlova, 2013). According to S. G. Medvedev (1989), the main host I. obscurus appears particolored bat -- transpalaearctic species, that explain for the wide dissemination of this flea species. Some European data also indicate V. murinus as a main host I. obscurus (Rupp et al., 2004). Ischnopsyllus (H.) hexactenus (Kolenati, 1856) Trans-species widely distributed in Europe (Haitlinger, Ruprecht, 1992; Rupp et al., 2004). In Russia, the findings known in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East (Medvedev et al., 1991). The main host I. hexactenus is the brown long-eared bat, but finds (both in Russia and abroad) are made on several species of bats, including the grey long-eared bat Plecotus austriacus Fischer, 1829, many species of genus Myotis (Brandt's bat, eastern water bat, Ikonnikov's bat) (Medvedev, Masing, 1987; Rupp et al., 2004; Orlova, 2011). Insecta Diptera Nycteribiidae Penicillidia monoceros Speiser, 1900 Most of the findings are concentrated in the temperate zone of the Palaearctic from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Japan (Mogi, 1979; Medvedev et al., 1991; Orlova et al., 2014). Probably, the main host of P. monoceros is considered the pond bat, but its findings in other species, and at a considerable distance from the boundaries of the area of the main host (Far East) indicate that in areas where M. dasycneme is rare, P. monoceros acquires the ability to parasitize on other species of the genus Myotis (Orlova et al., 2014). Transpalaearctic spread of ectoparasites -- a consequence of two factors: the wide distribution of the species of host (fleas Ischnopsyllus (I.) obscurus, Ischnopsyllus (H.) hexactenus), oligo- and polyxenous feeding pattern (gamasid mites Macronyssus crosbyi, Steatonyssus spinosus), or both factors (gamasid mites Spinturnix myoti, S. kolenatii, S. plecotinus, bat fly Penicillidia monoceros). Species dubiously occurring in the territory of the Palearctics In a separate category, species with an unequal spread on both sides of the "chiropterological desert" are allocated. Acarina Parasitiformes Macronyssidae Macronyssus charusnurensis Dusb└bek, 1966 Areal of the species covers the taiga zone of Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East, with known finds from the North Kazakhstan, Altai mountain forests, gallery forests of Tuva and Mongolia (Medvedev et al., 1991; Orlova et al., 2014; own data). It can be argued that M. charusnurensis is a specific ectoparasite of the eastern water bat (Orlova et al., 2014). Single findings (protonymphs) were made on the western slope of the Southern Urals and in the Perm region on the several species of the genus Myotis (Orlova, 2014). Macronyssus corethroproctus (Oudemans, 1902) Found in Western and Central Europe, the Baltic states, in the Urals, Altai, and Western Siberia. The main host is specified for pond bat, with the area that matches the

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area of distribution M. corethroproctus (Radovsky, 1967; Dusb└bek, 1972; Haitlinger, 1979; Stanyukovich, 1990; Orlova, 2011; Orlova, Zappart, 2012, own data). Macronyssus ellipticus (Kolenati, 1856) Repeatedly detected in Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Baltic countries, the Leningrad region, the Urals and the Altai; known findings out of the boreal zone (Portugal, Bulgaria) (Radovsky, 1967 Dusb└bek, 1972; Haitlinger, 1979; Stanyukovich, 1990; Orlova, 2011; own data). The eastern boundary of the distribution is not found. Polyxenous, parasitic on bat species hibernating in caves (Stanyukovich, 1990). Steatonyssus periblepharus Kolenati, 1858 Previously found in Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Baltic countries and Germany. Known findings is the boreal zone (Bulgaria, Moldova, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Mongolia and China) (Dusb└bek, 1972; Haitlinger, 1978; Micherdzinski, 1980; Stanyukovich, 1990; Rupp et al., 2004). Polyxenous, parasitising on a many of hosts family Vespertilionidae, but the most preferred are the species of the genera Myotis and Pipistrellus (Haitlinger, 1978), and to a greater extent S. periblepharus, obviously focused on bats because all of the findings are made in the parasite within the range of species of this genus (Orlov, 2013). Steatonyssus superans Zemskaya, 1951 The area covers the Urals, Western Siberia, the Far East, Japan (Medvedev et al., 1991; Orlova, 2014). Outside the boreal isolated finds made in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Korea. Prides itself on the parti-coloured bat, Asian parti-coloured bat and northern bat. Insecta Siphonaptera Ischnopsyllidae Myodopsylla trisellis Jordan, 1929 Species is found in most parts of Russia (from Leningrad Region to the Primorsky territory and Kamchatka). The north-western border runs through the territory of the Baltic States. The main hosts -- species of the genus Myotis (Hopkins, Rothschild, 1956; Medvedev, Masing, 1987; Medvedev, 1989; Medvedev et al., 1991; Orlova, 2011). Obviously, Macronyssus charusnurensis, Steatonyssus superans and Myodopsylla trisellis can be combined into a separate group with the Siberia-Far East species penetrating the west. Perhaps Macronyssus charusnurensis tends towards oligoxeny on several species Myotis and it gives them the opportunity to penetrate into the territory of the Urals through Kazakhstan, but its findings out of the main host are rare and mainly represented by immature individuals (Orlova, 2014). Numerous finds of Steatonyssus superans in the Urals indicate the active expansion of this species to the west. Transfer of S. superans through the "chiropterological desert", apparently, is related to its preferred host -- particoloured bat (Orlova, 2014). M. trisellis is absent in the Western Palearctic, which may indicate the penetration of the species from North America through Beringia (this assumption is confirmed by the fact that other species of the genus Myodopsylla are found only in North and South America) (Medvedev, 1989) and further spread from east to west through the territory of Northern Eurasia. Pervasion to the Urals and west is probably due to the pond bat. Further penetration of M. trisellis to the west might be obstructed by the European subcomplex ectoparasite species with which M. trisellis clearly occupies a similar ecological niche. In turn, Macronyssus corethroproctus, M. ellipticus and Steatonyssus periblepharus can distinguish a group of European-Ural species of penetration to the east. M. corethroproctus

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adjudged to Siberia with the main host -- pond bat, but its status in the parasitic community is undergoing significant changes: from the species of "core" with high extensity and mean intensity indexes (Orlova et al., 2012) it turns into a species-satellite (Balashov, 2009), the findings of which are presented in single examples. The reasons for this phenomenon is not possible to establish, but we can assume that it cannot compete with the East Palaearctic species complex (in particular, single finds pond Myotis in Barsukovskaya cave indicate that these bats' ectoparasite community includes mainly two gamasid mites species of the genus Macronyssus that are unknown to science) (own data). In addition, to the east of the Ural Mountains, the pond bat does not form large colonies. Low host numbers also reduce the number of its specific ectoparasites. M. ellipticus and S. periblepharus may bypass the south "chiropterological desert" with species of bats that live in the steppes and semideserts. S. periblepharus further distribution in the subboreal belt of Eastern Palaearctic with different species of bats. The degree of penetration of M. ellipticus in Siberia is difficult to ascertain because of the absence of findings, which may be due to the scarcity of the species. Overall, despite a roughly equal ratio of gamasid mites (16 species) and insects (14 species) of ectoparasites boreal bats, their distribution in the Palearctic vary. Almost two thirds of gamasid mites (10 species) are: trans-spread or come in groups of species spread across the two complexes. Insects' relationship is reversed: 10 of the 14 species are found only in one part of the Palearctic (fleas are often quite limited in the extent of the zone of distribution), and only 4 have transpalaearctic or close to that distribution. Thus, 30 species of ectoparasites boreal Palaearctic combined into three faunal complex and two independent groups. Complexes are characterised by different ratios of mites and insects. Thus, the European-Ural complex includes eight species, six of which are insects (five species of fleas and one bat fly). Four flea species are emerging in the European subcomplex of the complex. Siberian and Far Eastern complex is represented by eight species, half of which are gamasid mites, half -- insects, one species of which has a narrow spread of the Far East. The Transpalaearctic complex includes seven species, five of which are gamasid mites (including three species of the genus Spinturnix). Ectoparasites species group are unequally spread in the Palearctic and are also represented by mainly gamasid mites (five of six species).
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