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Supernova Explosions No Title X-ray Luminosity Evolution

Cosmic Rays and Evolution of Binary
Systems

The origin of cosmic rays (CR) (especially of very high energies, >  eV) until now has been one of the unsolved problems in modern astrophysics. It is unclear as yet whether one universal mechanism of relativistic particle formation in our Galaxy operates or not, and if there are several different mechanisms, what is their relative contribution to CR formation.

The main observational properties of the CR are: (1) a power law spectrum () covering a wide range of energies from several MeV up to  eV, with a slight ``knee-like'' feature near  eV; and (2) the total energy required to produce the observed galactic CR flux is of the order of  erg s .

Among the most popular postulated mechanisms of CR formation are:

• Fermi acceleration of particles in the interstellar medium;
• supernova explosions; 
• solar flares (for energy 100-1000 MeV);
• relativistic shock waves in AGN for ultrahigh energy particles; 
• radiopulsars; 
• compact X-ray stars in binary systems.

In this section, we focus on two mechanisms which are directly connected to stellar evolution, namely, supernova explosions  and rapidly rotating magnetized NS.

• Supernova Explosions
• Radiopulsars as Sources of Cosmic Rays