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Run-Time Library Reference
fopen, _wfopen

Open a file.

FILE *fopen(
const char *filename,
const char *mode
);
FILE *_wfopen(
const wchar_t *filename,
const wchar_t *mode
);

Parameters

filename
Filename.
mode
Type of access permitted.

Return Value

Each of these functions returns a pointer to the open file. A null pointer value indicates an error.
Remarks

The fopen function opens the file specified by filename. _wfopen is a wide-character version of fopen; the arguments to _wfopen are wide-character strings. _wfopen and fopen behave identically otherwise.

Generic-Text Routine Mappings
TCHAR.H routine _UNICODE & _MBCS not defined _MBCS defined _UNICODE defined
_tfopen fopen fopen _wfopen

The character string mode specifies the type of access requested for the file, as follows:

"r"
Opens for reading. If the file does not exist or cannot be found, the fopen call fails.
"w"
Opens an empty file for writing. If the given file exists, its contents are destroyed.
"a"
Opens for writing at the end of the file (appending) without removing the EOF marker before writing new data to the file; creates the file first if it doesn't exist.
"r+"
Opens for both reading and writing. (The file must exist.)
"w+"
Opens an empty file for both reading and writing. If the given file exists, its contents are destroyed.
"a+"
Opens for reading and appending; the appending operation includes the removal of the EOF marker before new data is written to the file and the EOF marker is restored after writing is complete; creates the file first if it doesn't exist.

When a file is opened with the "a" or "a+" access type, all write operations occur at the end of the file. The file pointer can be repositioned using fseek or rewind, but is always moved back to the end of the file before any write operation is carried out. Thus, existing data cannot be overwritten.

The "a" mode does not remove the EOF marker before appending to the file. After appending has occurred, the MS-DOS TYPE command only shows data up to the original EOF marker and not any data appended to the file. The "a+" mode does remove the EOF marker before appending to the file. After appending, the MS-DOS TYPE command shows all data in the file. The "a+" mode is required for appending to a stream file that is terminated with the CTRL+Z EOF marker.

When the "r+", "w+", or "a+" access type is specified, both reading and writing are allowed (the file is said to be open for "update"). However, when you switch between reading and writing, there must be an intervening fflush, fsetpos, fseek, or rewind operation. The current position can be specified for the fsetpos or fseek operation, if desired.

In addition to the above values, the following characters can be included in mode to specify the translation mode for newline characters:

t
Open in text (translated) mode. In this mode, CTRL+Z is interpreted as an end-of-file character on input. In files opened for reading/writing with "a+", fopen checks for a CTRL+Z at the end of the file and removes it, if possible. This is done because using fseek and ftell to move within a file that ends with a CTRL+Z, may cause fseek to behave improperly near the end of the file.

Also, in text mode, carriage return-linefeed combinations are translated into single linefeeds on input, and linefeed characters are translated to carriage return-linefeed combinations on output. When a Unicode stream-I/O function operates in text mode (the default), the source or destination stream is assumed to be a sequence of multibyte characters. Therefore, the Unicode stream-input functions convert multibyte characters to wide characters (as if by a call to the mbtowc function). For the same reason, the Unicode stream-output functions convert wide characters to multibyte characters (as if by a call to the wctomb function).

b
Open in binary (untranslated) mode; translations involving carriage-return and linefeed characters are suppressed.

If t or b is not given in mode, the default translation mode is defined by the global variable _fmode. If t or b is prefixed to the argument, the function fails and returns NULL.

For more information about using text and binary modes in Unicode and multibyte stream-I/O, see Text and Binary Mode File I/O and Unicode Stream I/O in Text and Binary Modes.

c
Enable the commit flag for the associated filename so that the contents of the file buffer are written directly to disk if either fflush or _flushall is called.
n
Reset the commit flag for the associated filename to "no-commit." This is the default. It also overrides the global commit flag if you link your program with COMMODE.OBJ. The global commit flag default is "no-commit" unless you explicitly link your program with COMMODE.OBJ.
S
Specifies that caching is optimized for, but not restricted to, sequential access from disk.
R
Specifies that caching is optimized for, but not restricted to, random access from disk.
T
Specifies a file as temporary. If possible, it is not flushed to disk.
D
Specifies a file as temporary. It is deleted when the last file pointer is closed.

Valid characters for the mode string used in fopen and _fdopen correspond to oflag arguments used in _open and _sopen, as follows.
Characters in mode string

Equivalent oflag value for _open/_sopen
a _O_WRONLY | _O_APPEND (usually _O_WRONLY | _O_CREAT | _O_APPEND)
a+ _O_RDWR | _O_APPEND (usually _O_RDWR | _O_APPEND | _O_CREAT )
R _O_RDONLY
r+ _O_RDWR
W _O_WRONLY (usually _O_WRONLY | _O_CREAT | _O_TRUNC)
W+ _O_RDWR (usually _O_RDWR | _O_CREAT | _O_TRUNC)
B _O_BINARY
T _O_TEXT
C None
N None
S _O_SEQUENTIAL
R _O_RANDOM
T _O_SHORTLIVED
D _O_TEMPORARY

If you are using rb mode, won't need to port your code, and expect to read a lot of the file and/or don't care about network performance, memory mapped Win32 files might is also an option.
Requirements
Function Required header Compatibility
fopen <stdio.h> ANSI, Win 98, Win Me, Win NT, Win 2000, Win XP
_wfopen <stdio.h> or <wchar.h> Win NT, Win 2000, Win XP

For additional compatibility information, see Compatibility in the Introduction.

Libraries

All versions of the C run-time libraries.

The c, n, and t mode options are Microsoft extensions for fopen and _fdopen and should not be used where ANSI portability is desired.
Example

// crt_fopen.c
/* This program opens two files. It uses
* fclose to close the first file and
* _fcloseall to close all remaining files.
*/

#include <stdio.h>

FILE *stream, *stream2;

int main( void )
{
int numclosed;

/* Open for read (will fail if file "crt_fopen.c" does not exist) */
if( (stream = fopen( "crt_fopen.c", "r" )) == NULL )
printf( "The file 'crt_fopen.c' was not opened\n" );
else
printf( "The file 'crt_fopen.c' was opened\n" );

/* Open for write */
if( (stream2 = fopen( "data2", "w+" )) == NULL )
printf( "The file 'data2' was not opened\n" );
else
printf( "The file 'data2' was opened\n" );

/* Close stream */
if( fclose( stream ) )
printf( "The file 'crt_fopen.c' was not closed\n" );

/* All other files are closed: */
numclosed = _fcloseall( );
printf( "Number of files closed by _fcloseall: %u\n", numclosed );
}

Output

The file 'crt_fopen.c' was opened
The file 'data2' was opened
Number of files closed by _fcloseall: 1

See Also

Stream I/O Routines | fclose | _fdopen | ferror | _fileno | freopen | _open | _setmode | Run-Time Routines and .NET Framework Equivalents

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