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cla Pschologt 30 tttitl tltl Prfrntnc II (|' G. Kostr,d.) |969'27-36 @ N orth.Ilollond Publilhig Conryo, msterdun

t{ PRoBABILIY oF A SIGNAL As A DTRiNAN oF RAIoN I' . P. KRINI{IK
Dcporlmcl o| Psllog, Moscow Stte Uiversi!, Moscow, UJ.S.R. ssRAT .l"rvo seisof primnts hav bn ompad; this has nabld us to estblish th dpndenco[ th ation tim on th signal pbability (P: |,L|z,|+l15, t/r.i) th as of simlr in lrtio (lr : l) nd a hoie rtion (n : 2' 4' 8). lt ws foud that th hratrof thc dpndof lhe RT on (he sigal ro. hability rcmains cssntially th sm in all thc primntal onditins. An inr^s th umbr of signa|s lads only t a hange i th quntitative o[ pnmlrsof this dndn. ['rm similar sults otaind in rimls with on signal nd i epi. that the mnts with a hoie from amng 2, 4 o 8 sigals,it ma b trnludd hrtrof th dndn of th R on th signal poability is dtrmind .tim y th prtiuta tntp
,

l. lonulo Th appliatin infontation thoyto psyhology given ise of has of to a nw onptwhih has nsidrrablyinflundth devIopnlnt som lassialfilds of invstigation. This onrpt is th statistil stutur th situation. f Undr th influncof thr wll.knownwork by W. . Hik (Hl, 1952)lssialtintil investigtions hv ben nihdby a nw sisdvotd to th study of thc psyhologil ntureof the in. flun of signtprobbilitynd sttistial strutue signalsequenr of on hunrn RT. Th vy fist investigtions this seis(Hvn, 1953;Lo'v of and RlNllI' l92; Bt.s and At.ov, l963; Fls t al.' l963) havc slrown that th signl pobaility is a tain agnt of ality egularlydtmininghuman rtion tim. The .non.linity'of the 27


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influn of fquny of pesnting signdls on th oespoding RT was obsved ({v,,l953) and thn systmatilly studid (Lo'v and Ktt, l962; ,lllt and ArsNDRovA.l966: Ktl't

this fild justifis th fomulation f a hypthsisaording to whih th influn of signal pobability on hulan RT is du to two nllra. nisms of diffrnt nattlr and sttirsf ppt-lsit diction of ation. (whilt w will all .physiologil') on of ths nrhnisnts hangs th lvl of tlt physiolgial rativity of th snsimoto systnrwith gad to th objtivly givn rgil of psnting signals owing to sensibilitationand failitation (soolov, l964: Ut V-Czo, l965; }{I-, l967). It is th atio of this nlhanism that plains tlr ft that in th ase of frqunt signal the retin tint is nsidably shrtr thn in tlt as of a signal' Th tlranisrdsribd abov sms t ntibut t th .ptitinfft' (Brso' l96l)' whih is th phnontnon tht th avrg R for a rpultd signal is appiably shote thn tht fo a nw signal. The sond mehanism (whih we will all .psyhologial')hangs th lvl of adinss l ln this pir ws dsid an pirnt wh irn lllc inlx antl htli R we usd. The rolingf ll,IG und grat mplifiation (5 mV/mm) mad it pssiblto dtt spifi ratinsf toni tsionnntdwith th .eptany'lteminrl th pobilil stttttlre th set lf stimrrlipr. by ol sntd.

le68). -*---*. The analsis thesults nunrous f of invstigations aumulatd in


PRoBABILIY oF A SIGNAL As A DRINAN oF R

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...... .non.linerity' of the /rl-seNDRov^'l96; Krl' l968) tht the ...fft of signl proability is du ; vigilane with spt to a signal results in n in.s of th ti tim fo th fequnt signl th funtion of th .psyhlgial' mhanisl. Th u. ,wakning 1iarity of th influn of pobability on the R is etdas a esult f onrpliatl intrlation btwrrtlrsr two mhanisms. Th pslr. |gialmhnisntsn]sto donrinat.l{owv' it hs not ben studid thoroughly nuglr. althugh grat nurb o[ pinrntalfts have bn 1i:unrulatrl' What dtnlins the subjctive stimation of the monlif df th apn of th signl, how it is td, nd by what fatos of thr objtiv situation it is suggstd, a the ssntial qucstionS. onlpaativ anlysis of th sults of two invstigationseportd blw laks it possiblc to Iify th dndn of R n the signal prollbility in th situtionof a sinlpl ation ad in tht of a hoi tion with gowing ntlnrbof signals.lre shm hosn he for ompaing tlt sults sls rsonabl as, on th n hand, it allows us trshow a tin hratistilatd to the signal squnprbability stutu po whih is equal in botlr situations,and, on th othr hnd to show how thse diffnt psyhologil onditins influn thc ffct of signal pobability on RT. 2, llop

The gnal shnrr of tlr invstigatio onsistd in vaying the pbbility of a .itial' signal (;l : l, lls, ,{l,r. '/,,) and ths nunrb of signals in a st (rl : l,2'.1' 8) in wlrilr th itil onr ourd.Th following data hav bn obtaind in two pinrntsin n of whih (.sund.lotin',.S.') ll : l nd rl : 2 wee usd. Sound was usd s a stitrrulus: 250 z f.or tlr .itial' signl, 600 Hz f th nutral tln. Th S had t rspnd t ths signals by ushing spnding tlgaph ks rvitlr tlr lft or ight ffing. In spns to the lorv. pithd sound' (n = 2)' tlr ky wS to b pushed with tlre ight for. fing,in spnsto lh high-pithdsound with th lft. Whn n : |, nly tlrr: low-pitlt sound was givn. Th pognlm of signals was tap.odd tans of a spial dvi and was produd by the tp rode .JAUZA.l0'. Tlr signals fllwd one anoth rvith an intval of 5 s, nd l.5 s bfo swithing on the test stimulus the signal .attention' _ a sound 9.?-'* long with a frquny of 1000 }Iz .':. was givn. Fo the ondition n : l th sond sound was not tape.


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odd' but ospondig tim intrvdlswr usd. Thus, the same tim stuttte psnting of tlr .itil' signal was applid in both.. .attntitrn' .perirnts. signal Th in tlris pitttnt was, naturally, ot givn. (K'Ittt In th seond xprintnt and At-sNDRov, l966) .P-') th sItlst of pobabilitis (.pitur.ltion. of tlr .itial' signalas in th fist pinterit ttsd,tlr nuntb tlr nlployt rvas of signlsin diffnttstsbing : 2,4, 8' In this as gonrtial figurspsntd with th hlp of a tahystosop with nn.rj5titiv wr ttsd'Tlt sponse .xpsur quirdwas th pushingof a or. rspondingky on th S's panl. The signalswe prsntdwith an intrvl f 7 s,and 2 s bfo th tst signal th .attntin' sound rvasgivn. In tlris epimntth probabilitisof the aprane of neutal signalsw qual,and sunrrrrd with th probabilityof th itial up signal,thy ntadn. In both epintnts S was quidto t the as fast as possibl and withotlt mistaks. In th first pimnt lvSs aidout th tstnd in tlrseond pimnt All in all ntothan 400 tstswrr ad nd mor than six. 70'000 sonss obsrvd. 3. Rsurs Th rsultsof the iments ar givn in figs. l, 2 and 3 and in tbl 1. In fig. l the ordinat pesents avragertion tim to th the .itil' signal in ms,and tlr absissrpesents prbabilityof the the itial signal.Th fat that the onditionn : 2 in both .rints gave pratiallyidntialsultsade it possiblto daw on avrgd uv (sefig. l). It is IaIy snhrethatundrall onditions hat th in. th of flune of signal pobbilityon rationtim rcnins patiallythe paranrtrs sm.With th onrpliation hoi only quantitativ f of this dndne hange:rationtinl gws in absolutvalu nd the onstntb in th qution R : * bp' drcribingth mpiial dndn,inrss. An analysis of squntialfftswas also id Out (BRTLsoN, Th rsultsare givn i fig. 2. F-ig.2 ep. l9l ; Frlt' 1965). tlr dla onningth depndn th rtiontir to the of snts .itial' signItrcuringwith : 'lz (short urvs) and P : |all P


PRoABILIY oF A slGNAL As A DRINAN

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P Fic. t. Relatioof avage ationtime vs. ritil signal to th probability of its ocun. Th absissa ePrsnts probabilityof tbe itial ignt. the The odinate rpsctsth avageRT to the .itial' ignl in mse. s a pamterthenumberof ( hoiesisiditd n: l, A :2, l :4ad X.r - 8). (long urvs) on th nmb of rptitios of th givn signal' he rsults hav b.enavgd ov th whl gup of Ss fo h sies. Th ondition n : 2 is pesentdby two diagams: th dat of th fist pimnt - group s.N,I - and th data of the seod experimnt - goup P.. Fig' 2b pesntsin a similar mann th denden of the RT to .ritial' th signal ouring with P : |lz (shot urv) and p : l/rs (long uv) on the .itval' i.. th number of tb intmdiat signals appring btwn th two givn signals. In the as of n : I this is simply th tinr intvn|. Th analysis of squential effts has shown tht patilly thee

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RePtition .Rtitin' ndition' ) .Interva Fig. 2. Aalsis of squtial ffas. (a1 gup P..I\l dal of imnt2. ' ndilio. Goup $l\I data of primnt 1,

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PRoAILIY oF A SIGNAL As A DTRINAN oF R

33

evala vy wak tndny fo th RT to rdu with inrsingint. val. But in -. wh lt : 4, 8. thc is a slight tndny towads an inrasein th ltT' Whn in this group : 2. th RT dos not lly tnd to ins l t drs. h ttT fo a signal pesrrtdwith |l dos ntlt ltng with th lngtil f th intrvl. Th tansitin P: to tlr goup P- also inrsstlr vaiabilityf th points f th uv. TabI l sltows wht Brso: (l96l) first dsibd as .rpetition fft'. This ilplis that tlte nrn I( to the squn of ting signals is lss than tlrc tan R fl the sanr signal whn it is plad in th squn alt a diffrnt signal and thus bonts .nelry''In th gorrp S. this fft is nly obsvd when p : 1{/,s.As to the rmining probbilitis, RT fo th nw signal povs to b appibly Iss than tht fo tlr pating signal. In tlr gotrp P. th rptition fft ous in all sies and with ll valus of p and its magnitude inss witlr ineasing . 4, Dtsusslo

ists il.r rrgul depndne f RT ith on th number of rtitins or on the lngtlr of tlr intval for p : tl/,u and fo p : l/,', rsptivly. .ptition' F th ndition te is a slight tndny towards dsingR]'within the limit f 4.5 reptitionsfor P : ,nl,, aording t th d tlf tlt two grups, for p _ 1/"for gup P.. With tb ins of tll numbr of reptitions this fft diminishs and the Llvs patially paalll t th absiss.lt is intrstingto note that th vaiability of th points of th uvs inrss with the tansitionto the group P. and with th inrsof rl. .intval' Fo ths ondition the dat of th grup S.Iv{fo P : |l

lt sinlilaity f dpendenis ivd in th s of a simpl ittionand that of a hoi tion with gorving nurbr of altrnative signals justifis th nlusion that tlr min fto dtlining thr chrter of tll dpdn trf RT on signal pbability is spial tinr ginl of psnting signals, viz. th .tinr mophology' of the squn of signals givn by tlr objtiv pbbility distibution. .TIr subjtiv pobability nlodl' (Kll, l968) trd in th poss of inttin of ntan with th pobability situation is the su jtiv img of this .tim mophlogy'. **, *'* Al^prsnt it is impossible to answr th qustion: What haater. .tim istis of rorplrology' detemin hunran ation time?


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. P. RlNtll

Th fats obind as a sult of th analysisof squentil ffts (BI.so'l9l; FI-I' 1965;Ur V.Clo. 1965;HL. l967; Koru, l968),as a rsultof thivstigatin thbhaviou of of RT vsus haat intval of the distribution a st (owBRAY, in l94)' and as a rsult lf the attintpts filrd sonrgttla to hngsin the st of ptny a si-qnl a dlinit nlolntof th tinl*....-\-..\ f at (orvlv, l960;ll' l963; saning th squn signals of of quitoa ompliatd ntovsl OsIpov,l965)'rate and pitu. ou rsults thenalysis squntial of f showthtth influn. ffts of suh paartrs signalsqt|ll tlt nttnrb ptitions lf as of and th lngthof the itvala dur to th strbjtir, ilnag of tlte sttis. tial strtur tlr situatin. of H, the uial point povesto b .th subjetive pobability modl' whih ts patiula statgyof eptingsignals of diffnt probability.Und the onditionsof the numousptitions a of funt signal an antiipat
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Repet'ition rntev| Fig. 3. Cange of R for th ritial ignal at th sam value of .rtition' ondition (M : 4) and .intrval,ondition (N : 5) dnding on proability ad num signals. of


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PRoBABILITY oF A stGNAL As A DRINAN oF R

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.ptition'o .inteval' (se fig. 3) givs The sam ondition of diffrnt RTs dpendingon wlrat th signl probability was and at whatnumbcof altrrnativesignalsit ourd. onnetion th RT data with the proties of The samr onditiond .re. situationmay b found in wht is alld the of th peimntal tition efft' (stabls l).
^L Rtition l efft.

. In thesctetsthe signal ouing with P : rrtd.

1l, in th progamme was not

Ths fats pve that th relation btwn RT nd the signal .tinl mophology' is not a silple on and that the elationship aivd t in tlris study is th sult of the intation f th two nrehanisms mn. tiond above wlrih giv isr to a hng in rtivity of tlre snsoi. moto syslm und the influne tlf th objtiv time gim of pesnting a signal on the onr ltand, and to lrang in the S's redinss to th pption of a signal und th influen f subjtiv estimtion of th tim of th appan of the givn signal on th othr. ht: latt is dfind by tir .subjtiv pobability model' that was trd ..--y the subjct in the pocess of intration with th objtively givn probbility struture of th situation.


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. P. RiNI RFREs

AALS^,B. and A. ANLov, 196. vlijnije na otnosittnatahastota no sig. ' nlite vzkhu raktsionnoto vfr' lzvstija na institut o phyzio. logija' ' l09_l 14' B,tsorr, P., 196l. Squntial redundy and sd in a sial trvo-hoie sondingtask.Qurt. J. cp' Pshl.12' 90-l02. .'r\i.r and J. BzL, l96.5.Intrationof lil Unrtailyntl lative signal frqun in dtrmininghoi irtiontim. J. , Psyhl. 70,448--451. Frrr, J. .' 1965. Stohasti modls f hoi rtion tim with appli.. atio to prinrntal sults. math' PshoI 2,71_124' J' . Fts, P. It{.' J. R. I).RsoN and J. Wolp, 1963. Cognitiv aspts of infor. nltin possing: II' Adjustmnts t stimulus dudan. I. exp. syhol. 6s' 42_43?. Hr' D. l., 1967. Squntil ffts in a tw.hoi seial rtion task. Quart. J. ' Ps1,hol. l52_l62 14, Ht' \il. '' \952 on the at of gain f informtion. Qut. I. p' Psyhol. 4, ll-26. Hy,c,, R., 1953. Stimulus informtion as dtrminant of rtion time. J. . Psyhol.45' t88-l96. Kotu, s'' l968' Sial.hoi r1ion tim indquaisof th infomation hypthesis. Sin,|59' 42_434, Knrl' . .' 1963. Nekotorje sobnosli prtsessa praotki infomntsii hlovLum. Kndid:rtskaja dissttsija GU. N{.' -_-i l96E. o dttiatsii povdnij r'rjatnosti strukturoj situatii. Vopsy psykhologii,' 24-3s. nd L. N. r-sANDRovA'l95. o srrtlshnii vemnnt.lji alte. nalivnoj norcdulnsti v uslovijakh prulahi infomatsii helove. km. Vosprosy pskholgii' 2' 25_4. Lot'v, A. N. d . . KlrlttrK, 1962. O nkotorykh osbnostjakh pro. tsssa prabotki ifortsii hlovkom. Voprosy psikholgii, 6, |4-25, (lso publishd in lrglish in Svit Psyholgy nrl Psy. hiatry, l963' vol. l' no' 4.) ow,ry, G. I{.' 1960. Choi ration tims fo skillql sponss.Quart. J. p. Psyhol. |2, |93-_202, l964. Subjtiv tlny and hoi tion tims. Qurt J. p. syhol. |6'2|6-223. osov, o. v.' l965. o zahenii vrrohtosti szdrzjitlli v formirovnii dvigatlnogo strotia. .Kibrntiki spot'.. Sb. Sootov, ' N.' l964. Razlih! formy fasilitatsii sthatki i ikh otnoshnije k ointirovohnomu rflksu Sb' Ointirovohnyj rflk u prblma / . retscptsii v llornc i ptologii .Psr,shcnij' . . N. Sokolov. . 220-248. Ur V.Cz,r'o, t965. Issldovaijnjphsiologishsklkh mkhanizmov obna. nrzjenija svtovykh signlov v zitlnom analisatoe. Kandidatskaja dissertsija. . }tU.