Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://www.mce.biophys.msu.ru/archive/doc15810/doc.pdf Дата изменения: Tue Oct 30 17:16:40 2007 Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 21:04:13 2012 Кодировка:

- , .., .., .., .. (, -) « ­ ­ », . . . INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELLING OF GROWTH AND ELEMENTS CYCLING IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS UNITING POPULATION AND BALANCE APPROACHES Komarov A.S., Chertov O.G., Mikhailov A.V., Loukianov A.M. (Pushchino, Sankt-Peterburg) The simulation modeling approach of forest-soil-climate dynamics is discussed. The stand is represented as a population with spatially-explicit positions of competing for light and mineral nutrition trees. The possibility of entire calibration of the parameters of the system of models using experimental data is shown. The system uses standard forest inventory data as input parameters. Some examples of the model applications are described for different problems of carbon dynamics.
95


1.

.. (Kostitzin, 1935; : , 1984). (,1965; , 1976). , , , (, 1981; Clements, 1916). . , , , . (Nilsson, 2000; , 2000). , , , , . , . , , . , , (,
96


.. . -- -10, 2002, .95-97

1994; Apps, Kurtz, 1993; Dixon et al., 1994). , (, , 1998). . EFIMOD , . . ( , 2002). , , . , , , . , , . , , . ­ , , , , . , , . 97


1.

, , , , , , . , . , , , , . ­ . " ­ ­ ­ - " (Agren et al., 1991; Liu, Ashton, 1995; Chertov et al., 1999a). , CO2, , , , .. . , , , . , , . , , . , , ,
98


.. . -- -10, 2002, .95-99

, , , , , , , , . EFIMOD . . , , , , . , , , , (, 1980). . , , . , , , , . ROMUL (, , 1996; Chertov et al., 2001). , «», , .. (1983,) (Chertov et al., 1999 ,).
99


1.

. - . : 1. /, max, ( ) / . - , , . , . , - (Chertov et al., 1999). . 2. np ( , ) (, 1983). Nm Nm/np. 3. ­ , ., , - ( (), () (). 4. , . , , , 0.0025, ­ 1.0. . , , , . 100


.. . -- -10, 2002, .95-101

ROMUL. (, 1980). . . , /. , . , , . ­ , , , . ROMUL, , , . ROMUL , SCLISS (, , 2002). : ) ) . / , , / . : , , . : , , ; , /
101


1.

. , (, , ) . EFIMOD, . 2 max, . , . np . , . , , , , . ( max, ) , , . , , . , , . , . . . 102


.. . -- -10, 2002, .95-103

. (, 1998, . ., 2000). , - (Shugart, 1984). . , . , . , , . , - . . , , . (Komarov et al., 2003). . .. (1973, 1977, 1978), .. (1959), .. .. (1990). EFIMOD (, , 1997; , , 2001; Chertov et al., 1999b,; Komarov et al., 2003). ,
103


1.

-. , CommonGIS (Andrienko, 2001). EFIMOD , , . . « », . , , 104 ( , 1988 ), : , , , , . 200 : ) (NAT). ; ) (LRU). ( 5, 10, 25 50 ), (, , ­ 80 ; ­ 100 ; ­ 120 ; ­ 140) , ; ) (SCU). 30 30% . ; ) (ILL).
104


.. . -- -10, 2002, .95-105

, , . .

. 1. 4 : (NAT), (SCU), (LRU), (ILL): . ­ ; . ­

(. 1). , , . . .2. , , , . .3 , , .

105


1.

. 2. ( ) .

. (Chertov et al., 2002), - , . : , . (, 1981), / EFIMOD.

106


.. . -- -10, 2002, .95-107

. 3. 4 : (NAT), (SCU), (LRU), (ILL).

. 4 50 , . , , , . . - 10 . 0,25 . , , , . . , 107


1.

175 .

. 4. () () . () . 2.

. , . « », 43016.11.1625, 2001-0633 2001-0512. . 1. .., .. . . - . .., , 1994, 173 . 2. .., .. . , 2002.
108


.. . -- -10, 2002, .95-109

4, 443-452. 3. .. . ., 1976. 4. .., .. . , . 1973. 176 . 5. .., .., .., .., .. . , . 304 . 6. .., .., .. . , . 216 . 7. .. . ., 1976. 8. .. . .: . . ... , 1980. . 7-21. 9. .., .. . . 10- ,. IV. , , 2001. . 76-84. 10. .. , . ., , 1984. 11. .. 2 . , . 2000. .375. 2. . 275-277. 12. .., .. - . : . . ... ., , 1990, .252-267. 13. .. . : - . ., , . 69-89. 14. .. . ., , 232 . 15. .., .., ..
109


1.

. - . -, 1959, 284 . 16. . . .., ... 2002. -. 17. .. . , 1994, 7, . 27-32. 18. .., .., .. . .: , 2000. 93 . 19. .. . , ., 1981. 192 . 20. .. . . . ., 1983 . 44:406-414. 21. .. (Pinus sylvestris L.). . 1983. 68:1318-1324. 22. .., .. . .- -, .3, .1, 1996. .104-109. 23. .., .. , . : . 7- (IBFRA). -. 1997, 161-169. 24. .. . , 1998, . 59, 4, . 363-376. 25. еgren G.I., McMurtrie, R.E., Parton, W.J., Pastor, J., and Shugart, H.H. State of the art of models of production decomposition linkages in conifer and grassland ecosystems. Ecological Applications, 1991. 1: 118-138. 26. Andrienko, N., Andrienko, G., Voss, H., Bernardo, F., Hipolito, J., and Kretchmer, U., Testing the Usability of Interactive Maps in CommonGIS, Cartography and Geographic Information Science 2002. 29 (4), 325-342. 27. Apps M.J., Kurtz W.A. Assessing the role of Canadian forests and forest sector activities in the global carbon balance. World Resource Review. 1993. 3:333-344. 28. Chertov, O.G., Komarov A.S., Karev G.P. Modern Approaches
110


.. . -- -10, 2002, .95-111

29.

30.

31.

32.

33. 34. 35.

36. 37. 38. 39.

in Forest Ecosystem Modelling. Leiden; Boston; KЖln. Brill, 1999a. 130 p. Chertov, O.G. Komarov, A.S., Tsiplianovsky, A.M.. A combined simulation model of Scots pine, Norway spruce and Silver birch ecosystems in the European boreal zone. Forest Ecology and Management 1999. 116: 189-206. Chertov O.G., Komarov A.S., Tsiplianovsky A.M. Simulation of soil organic matter and nitrogen accumulation in Scots pine plantations on bare parent material using forest combined model EFIMOD. 1999. Plant and Soil 213:31-41.. Chertov O.G., Komarov A.S., Nadporozhskaya M.A., Bykhovets S.S., Zudin S.L. ROMUL ­ a model of forest soil organic matter dynamics as a substantial tool for forest ecosystem modelling. Ecological Modelling, 2001. 138: 289-308. Chertov O.G., Komarov A.S., Bykhovets S.S., Kobak K.I. Simulated soil organic matter dynamics in forests of the Leningrad administrative area, northwestern Russia. Forest Ecology and Management, 2002. 169, 29-44 Clements F. E. Plant Succession. New York, 1916. Dixon R.K., Brown S., Houghton R.A., Solomon A.M., Trexler M.C., Wisniewski, J. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science. 1994. 263:185-190. Komarov, A.S., Chertov, O.G., Zudin, S.L., Nadporozhskaya, M.A., Mikhailov, A.V., Bykhovets, S.S., Zudina, E.V., Zoubkova, E.V. EFIMOD 2 - A model of growth and elements cycling of boreal forest ecosystems. Ecological Modelling 2003. Kostitzin V.A. Evolution de l'atmosphere. Circulation organique epoques glaciares. Paris. Hermann. 1935. Liu, J and Ashton, P.S. Individual-based simulation models for forest succession and management. Forest Ecology and Management 1995. 73: 157-175. Nilsson S., Shvidenko A.Z., Stolbovoi V., Gluck M., Jonas M., Obersteiner M. Full carbon account for Russia. IIASA, Interim report IR-00-021.2000. Shugart H.H. A theory of forest dynamics. Springer-Verlag. New York. 1984. 278 p.

111