Andrei L. Ponomarev
The Treasures, Contracts, Reparations - Statistics of Medieval Incomes,
in: Ekonomicheskaja istorija. Ezhegodnik (Economic Hystory. Yearbook). 2002, Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2003, p.561-579.

Summary
The article displays the results of statistic research of the Golden Horde's treasures of the XIV-XV centuries. Inasmuch as treasures counted from several to tens of thousands of coins, their former owners represented various social groups. Therefore all of the Golden Horde's coin treasure the author analyses as a random sampling including data on various social groups' well-being. As the result of statistic analysis, the Golden Horde's economics demonstrates important structural changes between the XIV and the XV centuries. During that period more than 30% of settled and nomad inhabitants of the Golden Horde spent money paid-up for service or jobs.

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