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: http://www.genebee.msu.ru/blast_2.2.22/bh_overview.html
Дата изменения: Mon Jan 25 16:18:04 2010 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 01:31:59 2012 Кодировка: |
The www BLAST server can be accessed through the home page of the NCBI.
BLAST Programs
The six BLAST programs described here perform the following tasks:
| Program | Description |
| blastp | Compares an amino acid query sequence against a protein sequence database |
| blastn | Compares a nucleotide query sequence against a nucleotide sequence database |
| megablast | This program uses a "greedy algorithm"
( |
| blastx | Compares the six-frame conceptual translation products of a nucleotide query sequence (both strands) against a protein sequence database |
| tblastn | Compares a protein query sequence against a nucleotide sequence database dynamically translated in all six reading frames (both strands). |
| tblastx | Compares the six-frame translations of a nucleotide query sequence against the six-frame translations of a nucleotide sequence database. |
A Maximal-scoring Segment Pair (MSP) is defined by two sequences and a scoring system and is the highest-scoring of all possible segment pairs that can be produced from the two sequences. The statistical methods of Karlin and Altschul (1990, 1993) are applicable to determining the significance of MSP scores in the limit of long sequences, under a random sequence model that assumes independent and identically distributed choices for the residues at each position in the sequences. In the programs described here, Karlin-Altschul statistics have been extrapolated to the task of assessing the significance of HSP scores obtained from comparisons of potentially short, biological sequences.
The approach to similarity searching taken by the BLAST programs is first to look for similar segments (HSPs) between the query sequence and a database sequence, then to evaluate the statistical significance of any matches that were found, and finally to report only those matches that satisfy a user-selectable threshold of significance. Findings of multiple HSPs involving the query sequence and a single database sequence may be treated statistically in a variety of ways. By default the programs use "Sum" statistics (Karlin and Altschul, 1993). As such, the statistical significance ascribed to a set of HSPs may be higher than that ascribed to any individual member of the set. Only when the ascribed significance satisfies the user-selectable threshold (E parameter) will the match be reported to the user.
The task of finding HSPs begins with identifying short words of length W in the query sequence that either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., 1990). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached.
E = K N exp(-Lambda S)
where E is the expected frequency of chance occurrence of an HSP having score S (or one scoring higher); K and Lambda are
Karlin-Altschul parameters; N is the product of the query and database sequence lengths, or the size of the search
space; and exp is the exponentiation function. Lambda may be thought of as the expected increase in reliability of an alignment associated with a unit increase in alignment score. Reliability in this case is expressed in units of
information, such as bits or nats, with one nat being equivalent to 1/log(2) (roughly 1.44) bits.
The expectation E (range 0 to infinity) calculated for an alignment between the query sequence and a database sequence can be extrapolated to an expectation over the entire database search, by converting the pairwise expectation to a probability (range 0-1) and multiplying the result by the ratio of the entire database size (expressed in residues) to the length of the matching database sequence. In detail:
E_database = (1 - exp(-E)) D / d
where D is the size of the database; d is the length of the matching database sequence; and the quantity (1 - exp(-E))
is the probability, P, corresponding to the expectation E for the pairwise sequence comparison. Note that in the
limit of infinite E, P approaches 1; and in the limit as E approaches 0, E and P approach equality. Due to inaccuracy
in the statistical methods as they are applied in the BLAST programs, whenever E and P are less than about 0.05, the two
values can be practically treated as being equal.
In contrast to the random sequence model used by Karlin-Altschul statistics, biological sequences are often short in length – an HSP may involve a relatively large fraction of the query or database sequence, which reduces the effective size of the 2-dimensional search space defined by the two sequences. To obtain more accurate significance estimates, the BLAST programs compute effective lengths for the query and database sequences that are their real lengths minus the expected length of the HSP, where the expected length for an HSP is computed from its score. In no event is an effective length for the query or database sequence permitted to go below 1. Thus, the effective length of either the query or the database sequence is computed according to the following:
Length_eff = MAX( Length_real - Lambda S / H , 1)
where H is the relative entropy of the target and background residue frequencies (Karlin and Altschul, 1990), one of the
statistics reported by the BLAST programs. H may be thought of as the information expected to be obtained from each pair
of aligned residues in a real alignment that distinguishes the alignment from a random one.
In blastn, the M parameter sets the reward score for a pair of matching residues; the N parameter sets the penalty score for mismatching residues. M and N must be positive and negative integers, respectively. The relative magnitudes of M and N determines the number of nucleic acid PAMs (point accepted mutations per 100 residues) for which they are most sensitive at finding homologs. Higher ratios of M:N correspond to increasing nucleic acid PAMs (increased divergence). The default values for M and N, respectively 5 and -4, having a ratio of 1.25, correspond to about 47 nucleic acid PAMs, or about 58 amino acid PAMs; an M:N ratio of 1 corresponds to 30 nucleic acid PAMs or 38 amino acid PAMs. At higher than about 40 nucleic acid PAMs, or 50 amino acid PAMs, better sensitivity at detecting similarities between coding regions is expected by performing comparisons at the amino acid level (States et al., 1991), using conceptually translated nucleotide sequences (re: blastx, tblastn, and tblastx).
Independent of the values chosen for M and N, the default wordlength W=11 used by blastn restricts the program to finding sequences that share at least an 11-mer stretch of 100% identity with the query. Under the random sequence model, stretches of 11 consecutive matching residues are unlikely to occur merely by chance even between only moderately diverged homologs. Thus, blastn with its default parameter settings is poorly suited to finding anything but very similar sequences. If better sensitivity is needed, one should use a smaller value for W.
For the blastn program, it may be easy to see how multiplying both M and N by some large number will yield proportionally larger alignment scores with their statistical significance remaining unchanged. This scale-independence of the statistical significance estimates from blastn has its analog in the scoring matrices used by the other BLAST programs: multiplying all elements in a scoring matrix by an arbitrary factor will proportionally alter the alignment scores but will not alter their statistical significance (assuming numerical precision is maintained). From this it should be clear that raw alignment scores are meaningless without specific knowledge of the scoring matrix that was used.
Some isolation from the many factors involved in assessing the statistical significance of HSPs can be attained by observing the information content reported (in bits) for the alignments. While the information content of an HSP may change when different scoring systems are used (e.g., with different PAM matrices), the number of bits reported for an HSP will at least be independent of the scale to which the scoring matrix was generated. (In practice, this statement is not quite true, because the alignment scores used by the BLAST programs are integers that lack much precision). In other words, when conveying the statistical significance of an alignment, the alignment score itself is not useful unless the specific scoring matrix that was employed is also provided, but the informativeness of an alignment is a mean- ingful statistic that can be used to ascribe statistical significance (a P-value) to the match independently of specific knowledge about the scoring matrix.