Russia (Russian: Ðîññè?ÿ, Rossiya; pronounced [r?’s?i.j?]), also the Russian Federation (Russian: Ðîññè?éñêàÿ Ôåäåðà?öèÿ, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, pronounced [r?’s?i.sk?.j? f??.d??’ra.??.j?]), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia. With an area of 17,075,200 square kilometres, it is the largest country in the world by land mass, covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. It ranks as the world’s seventh largest population. Russia shares land borders with the following countries (counter-clockwise from NW to SE): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It is also close to the United States, Canada, Turkmenistan, Iran, Turkey, Sweden, and Japan across stretches of water.

Formerly the dominant republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia is now an independent country and an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, since the Union’s dissolution in December 1991. During the Soviet era, Russia was officially called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Russia is considered the Soviet Union’s successor state in diplomatic matters.

Most of the area, population, and industrial production of the Soviet Union, then one of the world’s two superpowers, lay in Russia. After the breakup of the USSR, Russia’s global role was greatly diminished compared to that of the former Soviet Union. In October 2005, the federal statistics agency reported that Russia’s population has shrunk by more than half a million people dipping to 143 million, although Russia remains the second country in the world by the number of immigrants from abroad.

Geography and climate

The Russian Federation stretches across much of the north of the supercon. Although it contains a large share of a areas, and therefore has less population, economic activity, and physical variety per unit area than most countries, the great area south of these still accommodates a great variety of lands. Russia is the coldest country in the world. The mid-annual temperature is −5.5 °C). For comparison, the mid-annual tempera is 1.2 °C (34 °F) and in Sweden is 4 °C (39 °F), although the variety of climates within Russia makes such a comparison somewhat misleading.

Most of the land consists of vast plains, bo part and the part of asian territory, that is largely. These plains are pre to the south and heavily forested to the along the northern coast. The permafrost (areas of Siberia and the Far East) occupies more than half of territory of Russia. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, Russia’s and Europe’s highest point at 5,642 m/18,511 ft) and the Altai, and in the eastern parts, such as the on Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on Kamchatka. The more central , a north-south range that form the primary divide between Europe and Asia, are also notable.

Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000 kilometres (23,000 mi) along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as more or less inland seas such as the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas. Some smaller bodies of water are part of the open oceans; the Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea are part of the Arctic, whereas the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan belong to the Pacific Ocean.

Major islands found in them include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz Josef Land, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The Diomede Islands (one controlled by Russia, the other — by the United States) are just three kilometres (1.9 mi) apart, and Kunashir Island (controlled by Russia but claimed by Japan) is about twenty kilometres (12 mi) from Hokkaido.

Many rivers flow across Russia.

Major lakes include Lake Baikal, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega.

By Wikipedia