Книга посвящена жизнеописанию и научной биографии В.Ф. Лугинина. Недавние находки в русских и зарубежных архивах (общее число использованных архивохранилищ превышает 20) добавили много нового к уже известному образу Лугинина - крупного ученого, мецената, основателя кооперативного движения в России.

Новые документы свидетельствуют о широком участии В.Ф. Лугинина, его брата и отца в подготовке и проведении крестьянской реформы в России, в земском строительстве близкого им Ветлужского края. В хронологической последовательности, с учетом анализа архивных источников, показаны заслуги героя книги в развитии кооперативного движения на родине - в создании первого в России ссудо-сберегательного товарищества, в распространении его опыта по всей стране в рамках деятельности Комитета о сельских ссудо-сберегательных и промышленных товариществах и его С.-Петербургского отделения. В научной и педагогической деятельности Лугинина подробно проанализированы ее направления, мотивы и смена приоритетов, показана посредническая роль героя в сближении русской и западноевропейской науки и культуры. Впервые Лугинин представлен в близком семейном и родственном окружении, во взаимодействии с многочисленными русскими и иностранными коллегами, друзьями, учениками.

Многообразная деятельность Лугинина, надеемся, расширит круг потенциальных читателей его биографии. В ней найдут интересный для себя материал гражданские историки и историки науки, экономисты, социологи, кооператоры, учителя школ и преподаватели высших учебных заведений в области естественных наук, химики, работники библиотек и музеев.

Ключевые слова: кооперация, земство, Московский университет, термохимия.

Содержание

Zaitseva (Baum) E.A., Lubina G.I.
Vladimir Fedorovich Luginin. 1834-1911.
Moscow: Moscow University Press, 2012-688 P.

The Book in Brief

Vladimir Fedorovich Luginin (also spelled Louguinine in the francophone literature) is a renowned physical chemist, founder of the Russian school of thermochemistry. The public activities of Luginin who, together with his brother Svyatoslav, founded the Rozhdestvensky Loan and Savings Partnership - the first of its kind in Russia - in 1864-1866, evoked a wide response in his native country. Luginin is also well-known as a caring patron of the Russian science as evidenced by his generous gifts to the Moscow University and the Russian Physical-chemical Society in Petersburg. This only was enough for him to be seared in the memory of grateful descendants. And these are only some of services rendered by Luginin to his country.

Luginin began to be written about immediately after his death. The memoirs about Luginin appeared, the materials in the biographical and reference literature, as well as in the generalising works and reviews on the history of chemistry. As a result, the first short biography of Luginin was published in 1963[1]. The authors provided the whole picture of the scientist's life, and undertook the analysis of both his scientific activities and his work associated with the cooperative society. However, due to its shortness and weakness of its source base, an unspoken ban on the coverage of certain events of the past, and the fact that many aspects of human personality in this past was overlooked, Luginin's biography was incomplete. It did not include his genealogy, did not cover his efforts related to the Zemstvo (the local district council), his attitude to the constitutionalist movement, and his role as an entrepreneur. Even his generous patronage lost its fundamental importance without a focus on its long-term objectives. These gaps are particularly evident in the context of accomplishments in the development of social history in Russia achieved over the last two decades.

The authors of the present work have set for themselves a task to most fully reconstruct Luginin's biography and works, based on as many primary sources as possible. A thorough search was conducted in the archives of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Amsterdam, and Paris, where, in the absence of Luginin's personal funds in the Russian archives (his own archive was lost in the fire in Vetluga that occurred back in the Soviet time), we have found numerous documents unknown to, or hardly mentioned by, the previous researchers.

Materials written in Luginin's own hand are very few: these include his letters to his disciple and follower I.A. Kablukov in the archive of the Moscow Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ARAN), and to a Russian woman writer E.V. Salias de Tournemir known under the alias of Evgeniya Tour, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts (RGALI). D.I. Mendeleyev's Scientific Archive in St. Petersburg State University hosts the great scientist's correspondence with Luginin that had been partially used by the latter's previous biographers.

On the other hand, there are many indirect sources related to Luginin's biography. Such evidences can be found in the papers of the 3^rd Division of the Police Department, stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). The journals of his father Fedor Nikolayevich Luginin may be found in the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) in Petersburg while the so-called "formulary lists" of Vladimir Fedorovich himself, his father and his brother, concerned with their military service, are available in the Russian State Military History Archive (RGVIA) in Moscow. The formulary lists concerned with Luginin's work in Moscow University as well as the Moscow Assembly of Nobility's genealogical tables can be found in the Central Historical Archive of Moscow (TsIAM). In this work we have used for the first time the materials from the archives of Moscow University and its Scientific Library, and from the local history museums in Vetluga and Sharia (Kostroma Region), as well as the collections of documents from the Russian State Library's Department of Manuscripts. This is a far from the exhaustive list of documents containing the valuable and - in most cases - new materials for Luginin's biography.

The most significant findings, however, were made in the foreign archives. It is well known that, upon the doctors' insistence, Luginin left Russia for good in 1907 and lived alternating between Paris and Switzerland (on his estates La Pelouse and Grand Chên and in Montreux). His wife who was French remained in France after his death in 1911. His daughter, Princess Maria Volkonsky, had also moved to France together with her family immediately after the 1917 revolution. Thus, a part of his personal archive was moved abroad.

A manuscript of Luginin's Memoirs was found at the International Institute of Social History (IISH) in Amsterdam in the Archive of the Association pour la Conservation des Valeurs Culturelles Russes. This manuscript was stored there, unclaimed, for over 50 years. These Memoirs reflect the author's personal history in the context of historical events of the last third of the 19^th - early 20^th century. They provide an inexhaustible source of biographic information about the author, his value preferences regarding the social and scientific practices, and reflect his ideological evolution from his fascination with certain socialist ideas in his youth to a position of a liberal conservative and constitutionalist, advocating a gradual transformation of society with the preservation of positive achievements of the past, in his mature years.

Luginin has been always seen as a scientist deeply integrated in the Western European scientific community as evidenced by his scientific papers most of which were published in the French and later, in the Swiss scientific journals. In Paris, the findings were made in the funds of the Ministry of Public Education (Ministère de l'Instruction publique) and various scientific orgaisations (Collège de France, École pratique des hautes études), stored in the French National Archive (Archives Nationales); in the Collège de France's Archive (the dossiers of M. Berthelot and É. Jungfleish); and in the Archives de l'Académie des sciences. All these findings served as materials for this book. They expand our knowledge about Luginin's interactions with his French colleagues, provide the information about the priorities and motivations of his collaboration, and indicate the appreciation of his teaching and scientific activities in France. The documents found in the Academy of Science's archive in France confirm a less-known fact from Luginin's biography, concerned with his being nominated as a candidate for the Academy's Foreign Corresponding Member in lieu of D.I. Mendeleyev who died in 1907.

The discovery of completely unknown Luginin's abundant correspondence (more than 100 letters!) with a famous French chemist Berthelot whom Luginin regarded as his teacher came as a true revelation and a pleasant shock. The letters were discovered in three locations: at the Manuscript Department of the Institute of France's Library (Bibliothèque de l'Institut de France. Le fonds des manuscrits), in Bethelot's descendant Mr. D. Langlois-Berthelot's private archive, and in a collection that belonged to Mme L. Guerby, Luginin's great-granddaughter (more than 70 letters). The fact of the collaboration between the two scientists is widely known. These letters enable us to witness the intimate side of their interaction, namely the objectives of their joint efforts, their respective roles, the sharing of the interim results of their studies and their ideas concerning the elaboration of methodologies and the improvement of equipment, the scientific publications. We learn what Berthelot appreciated in the work of his Russian colleague: it was both the strict accuracy and validity of his results, ensured by the experimenter's masterful deftness and endless patience - the qualities required to conduct the extremely difficult and labour-intensive experiments in thermochemistry. The letters reveal these scientists' personal qualities such as straightforwardness, generosity, goodness, scrupulousness with regard to author's rights, etc. It explains why, among the host of Berthelot's disciples, Luginin became of his favourites. These letters reflect not only the scientific but also a purely human side of relationship between these two persons in the different periods of their acquaintanceship of more than forty years, the evolution of their relationship from business partnership in the beginning to a devoted friendship warmed with the feelings of profound personal sympathy.

The book is organised by problems and in chronological order. It comprises the introduction, four large parts, the conclusion, a synchronistic table of Luginin's life and creativity, the bibliography of his works, the addenda (selected archive materials), and the name index.

The first and the second parts provide the description of Luginin's life, beginning with his childhood and adolescence and ending with his last days. It is preceded by Luginin's genealogy beginning with the 18^th century. The genealogical table of the Luginin family was checked against the primary sources. The period of Luginin's life covered in the first part of the book includes his childhood spent in Moscow, his education in the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in Petersburg and participation in the Crimean War, successful beginning of his military career and a sudden abandonment of this career.

A lengthy travel abroad that lasted (with several breaks) from 1859 through 1867 played an important role in Luginin's development as a scientist and public figure. During these years he received advanced technical training at the Karlsruhe Polytechnikum, studied the history of economic thought, attended the lectures in natural sciences at the Universität Heidelberg. His interest in science brought him to the laboratories of the renowned European chemists and physical chemists R. Bunsen, A. Würtz, and H.V. Regnault where he learned the methodologies for setting up and conducing the chemical and physicochemical experiments, familiarised himself with the specialised equipment. His first scientific works stemmed from this experience and his collaboration with Berthelot began. It was at that time that he met A.I. Herzen and those around