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Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia
2013. N 3

Contents

Goodkova L.K. Variability as a concept and as the main content of the
physiological (ecological) anthropology. Part I (p. 4)
The study of variability and its àððropriatenesses is included in the
definition of anthropology. Without understanding àððropriatenesses of
variability it is impossible to understand human evolution, geographic
variations of his physical type, the relationship of hereditary and
environmental factors in its formation, the ontogenetic development and
manifestation of sexual dimorphism. The study of adaptive variability, i.e.
the study on the population level of the physiological adaptation of the
human organism to a variety of environmental conditions, is the main
purpose and the basic principle of physiological anthropology. In the
article in the aspect of physiological anthropology are discussed the
concepts of variability, a reaction norm, adaptive norm, the various
classifications of phenomena of variability and the main methods of its
analysis. Great attention is paid to the variation coefficient. Its
diagnostic value tested of the works on the adaptive possibilities of
populations. The difficulty of study of variability in physiological
anthropology lies in the holistic approach. As population factors are
affected not only on single characteristics but on their complexes, take on
special significance value of the variability of characteristics as a
whole.
Keywords: physiological (ecological) anthropology, variability,
fitness (adaptation), variation coefficient


Bets L.V. Hormonal aspects of aging (anthropological and ecological
approaches) (p. 15)
During the integrated anthropological and genetic investigation we
examined samples of indigenous rural population of Novgorod region, eastern
Khanty of Surgut district of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous and Kirghizes and
Tajiks from middle- and highland of Pamir in the total quantity of 821
people (387 men and 434 women) in the age interval from 18 till 79 years
old. For the assessment of hormonal activity and processes of aging of the
organism we estimated the ranges of sex hormones (testosterone and
estradiol) and SHBG in the peripheral blood samples. Regional rates of
hormonal activity of indigenous population of different ethno-territorial
groups that we have elaborated broaden our notions about common
conformities of age variability and aging and the reasons of these
processes. The expression of the imbalance in the content of sex hormones
is the leading factor of forming of peculiarities of aging. Due to
increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, economic, social and
demographic changes, that are typical for Russia in the last decade, there
is a necessity in the preservation and maintenance of ethnic originality
and health of indigenous rural population, including indigenous smaller
peoples.
Keywords: anthropology, sex hormones, biological age, aging,
adaptation, indigenous population


Fedotova T.K., Chtetsov V.P. Intragroup correlations of body
dimensions variability with the processes of sexual maturation of children
of school age (p. 28)
Correlations of integrative index of sexual maturation (IISM),
constructed with the regard of mutual correlations of separate
characteristics of sexual maturation, and dynamics of somatic parameters of
children of school age is discussed. Material and methods. The research is
based on the longitudinal study of Moscow school children aged 8-17, 121
boys and 125 girls, in 1982-1991. The programme includes the set of somatic
characteristics - height, weight, trunk and leg length, pelvic and acromion
diameters, chest diameters, chest and head circumferences, 4 skinfolds,
dynamometry, standard parameters of sexual maturation. The construction of
IISM is based on the method, used while constructing the typological
characteristics of body build [Deryabin, 1990, 2000, 2003, 2005]. The
estimation of IISM with somatic characteristics in different age was
realized using correlation coefficients. Results and discussion. Most of
somatic characteristics, except for skinfolds, have low levels of
correlations with IIMS through second childhood, they increase during
pubercy to the level of 0.7 in some cases with further decrease till the
age of 17, which is most apparent for girls. There is a very low
correlation of pubescence acceleration with average levels of fat tissue
development, while pubescence retardation is combined with some
hypoadiposity. Conclusions. IISM is the informative index of sexual
maturation processes of school children, closely correlated with the
dynamics of skeletal and muscle parameters through 8-17 years interval and
independent from adiposity.
Keywords: physical development, auxology, longitudinal data, children
aged 8-17, integrative index of sexual maturation, skeletal and muscle
dimensions, adiposity, age dynamics


Perevozchikov E.V. Intra-group analysis of medieval Eastern Slavs
craniology (p. 42)
This article is the continuation of the work of the author and E.L.
Vorontsova «On the problem of variability East Slavs craniological series
(preliminary report)» [Ïåðåâîç÷èêîâ, Âîðîíöîâà, 2008]. In the previous work
an attempt was made to resolve some of the problems from population (intra-
group) positions. As it is well known, the population-based approach is
characterized by a focus on the study on individual variability. In terms
of mathematical analysis the factorial and discriminant analyses methods
are most suitable. In other words, we have tried to go on a course of study
from discrimination to the task of classification [Kendall, Stuart, 1976].
The point I was trying to find echoes of the historical process in the set,
which is called the Eastern Slavs. What we got as a result of the
statistical «attacks» with the wide use of individual data? 1. Distribution
of the studied traits in the generalized sample of men-Slavs deviated
significantly from the normal (Gaussian) mainly due to the marked positive
kurtosis. 2. Correlation matrix and the factorial structure with some
exceptions were the usual intergroop levels. 3. The tribes differed
significantly from each other (except for the pair of «viatichy-krivichs»).
However, these differences were unique to each sample. The reliability of
differences between some pairs of samples is provided only by 2 or 3
characters and others by 6 or 8. 4. There is an impact of the number of
individuals in a sample on the results of discriminant analysis, but this
effect is not very large, at least it is smaller than the set of samples in
each particular analysis what the consequences of these major results are.
What are the consequences of these major results? Based on genetic and
population-based submissions on the causes of deviations from the normal
distribution in metrical characters, the unimodality and some variations in
the normal distribution and the reliability criterion Kolmogorov-Smirnov
the over all individual conglomerate of Eastern Slavs has a marked tendency
to morphological unity. But at a lower level (tribal) we see that the
tribes retained some morphological particularities. The two most
interesting result, in my view, show that the original group of tribes,
which gave the beginning of medieval Eastern Slavs was not uniform because
of their large size and large initial range. Socio-political and economic
consolidation of Kiev Russ led to the process of biological consolidation
in the middle ages of the Eastern European (Russian) plain.
Keywords: anthropology, craniology, Eastern Slavs, intragroup analysis


Movsesian A.A., Pezhemsky D.V. Cranial nonmetric traits in the early
neolithic age population of South Baikal region (Shamanka II cemetery) (p.
54)
According to the data on the nonmetric traits frequencies, the cranial
sample of Early Neolithic Shamanka II cemetery was studied. For the
statistical analysis, we used the method of Nei's genetic distance and
multidimensional scaling. The comparison of Shamanka II cemetery population
with the synchronous (Lokomotiv cemetery) and posthiatus populations of Cis-
Baikal Neolithic (Serovo-Glazkovo) showed that Early Neolithic (Kitoi)
populations of Shamanka II and Lokomotiv cemeteries have pronounced genetic
specificity, differing from each other and from the populations of Late
Neolithic and Bronze Age. This could be due to the depopulation event in
the Early Neolithic period and/or with the mass migration of the Kitoi
populations to the other regions. The absence of a genetic connection
between the people of the Early and Late phases of the Cis-Baikal Neolithic
may indicate that a new immigrant population reoccupied the Lake Baikal
region in the posthiatus period.
Keywords: craniology, Cis-Baikal Neolithic, Shamanka II, nonmetric
traits (discreta)


Baholdina V.Yu., Stupina K.S. New data to the psychological
characteristic of different morphological variants of the constitution (p.
64)
The goal was to identify the links between biological and
psychological characteristics of regulation in the human body. As a
physical manifestation of the biological homeostasis considered the
constitutional body types, and as a psychological measure of self-
regulation has been studied a phenomenon of self-esteem. The material for
the study is based on data from 734 students from 6 to 17 years, high
schools students in Moscow. Were applied traditional anthropometric
techniques, as well as the approach to the study of self-esteem, proposed
by T. Dembo, modified by S.J. Rubinstein and adapted by the authors for
this study. In the groups of boys and girls were found unidirectional
differences in the age dynamics of self-esteem for thoracic and digestive
types of constitution prevailing in the studied samples. Results of the
study allowed to come to a conclusion about the presence in the structure
of self-compensation mechanisms are most pronounced in children and
adolescents of digestive body type.
Keywords: biological and psychological characteristics of regulation,
constitutional body types, self-regulation, self-esteem


Bets L.V., Schuplova I.S., Anokhina E.V., Povarnitsin S.S., Chtetsov
V.P. The description of body mass components among male and female students
of Russian University of Peoples' Friendship (p. 74)
We have examined 197 male students and 124 female students in the age
interval from 17 till 26 years old who came in Russia from countries of
Central and Southern Africa, Central and Southern America, Central and
Southern Asia. We countered the correlation between components of body
mass. Nutrition is one of the most important ecological permanent factors
that influences on the correlation of body mass components. This factor is
conditioned by geographic and climate peculiarities and also by economic
and social life of populations. Distinctive sexual dimorphism was revealed
in the patterns of distribution of body mass components among all examined
groups. The observed specificity of the component composition of body mass
of students from different climatic regions may be considered as a marker
of the degree of stress that male and female students experience from the
environment.
Keywords: body mass, body mass components, nutrition, sexual
dimorphism, adaptation, habitat


Zimina (Shatokhina) S.N., Goncharova N.N., Negasheva M.A. The
specifics of construction of anthropological standards for men and women by
example of modern Moscow youth (p. 88)
There are two main aspects in solution of applied anthropology
problems. The first is fundamental theoretical justification. The second is
accumulation of the results of practical researches. The theory of the
anthropometric standard was developed in 1970-s by a group of Moscow
anthropologists. The accumulation of anthropometric data amount made
possible the creation of functional State Standard Specification (SSS)
system. SSS was a standard of clothing manufacturing, used in the domestic
and foreign industry. However, SSS has not been updated since 1980-s, while
numerous researches in a field of both children's and adult morphology
demonstrated essential changes in size characteristic of population in
various regions. Nowadays, due to the technological advance, it became
possible to improve mathematical algorithms that used in the calculation of
standards. It will help to develop much more precise anthropologic
standards, which will represent the trends of morphological variability.
This causes the relevance and novelty of this research. Objective of the
research. Study of practical and theoretical aspects of anthropological
standardization using data of the recent mass study of the MSU students.
Materials and methods. Young men and women aged 16-18, more than 4000
individual measurements. The data were used to test existing anthropometric
models and to develop a number of new ones.
Results and discussion. A new anthropometric standard for Moscow young
men and women was constructed. Developed new models depending on 3 main
size characteristics, which is designed to calculate other morphologic
size. It was demonstrated that there are fundamental differences in the
creation of anthropometric standard for men and women. First: while two
main characteristics are similar for both groups, third one (abdominal
circumference) is different. Second: the relations between main and
subordinate characteristic are different for these groups, so regression
equations are also different for each group. Third: acceleration rates of
the different anthropometric indicators are different in the male and
female groups. It leads to the different relations between size
characteristics, so the general rules of the evolution of the coefficients
in the regression equation are also different in each case. Also it was
demonstrated, that multiple quadratic regression equation is not useful for
the calculation of values of the subordinate characteristics in various
cases. That reduces the quality of the developed standard. The correlation
between the existing standards and modern consumer requirements was
analyzed carefully. The fundamental changes that occurred during last
decades lead to the significant (10-50%) mismatch between the standard of
the circumference size of the human body and practical measurements. At the
same time the model of percentage ratio of human figure outdated even more
seriously: 80% of young men and women can't find the clothing of their
size.
Conclusions. The research has shown that several theoretical aspects
of anthropometry require modern approach. The existing standards don't
conform to modern demands. The most important area of the research should
become the development of the modern size typology of the population, which
should cover all age and professional groups, and also development of the
model of percentage distribution for the regional population of our
country.
Keywords: anthropometric standard, multiply regression models, sexual
dimorphism, model of percentage ratio, secular trends


Semenov M.M., Shipilov A.A., Martirosova K.E., Martirosov E.G.
Correlation features of morphological and psychomotor performance of women
wrestlers (p. 103)
The material for research were the results of morphological studies
and psychomotor testing of female freestyle wrestlers, members of national
teams of the country and the strongest female athletes participating in
major international competitions. Sample of female athletes was 136
persons. The control group was represented by the 107 women students not
athletes.
Researches were carried out in the 2010-2012 biennium. The age of the
surveyed (both groups) was in the range of 17-28 years. Qualification of
athletes: honored masters of sports -3.8%, masters of sports of the
international class - 10.5%, masters of sports - 34.6%, candidates for
master of sports - 45.1%, first-rank sportsmen - 6.0%. All sportswomen were
divided by us into three conditional weight categories: light - from 39 kg
- 54 kg, (n = 47), medium - from 55 kg - 63 kg, (n = 43 and heavy - from
63.2 kg, 82 kg, (n = 46) total (n = 136). Statistical processing of results
was carried out using the software package Statistika 6.
For measurement of psychomotor indicators we used the computer program
the developed A.N. Lebedev [Zabrodin, Lebedev, 1977, Lebedev, 1980, 1985].
The purpose of such diagnostics - an assessment of volume of short-term
memory, speed of simple sensomotor reactions and reactions of a choice,
level of concentration of attention, a faultlessness of answers, definition
of an integrated cognitive index of the examinee and positions of the last
in a ranged number of a great number of examinees.
Morphological examination of sportswomen included determination of the
total, longitudinal, transverse and girth sizes of a body, with use of the
standard technique [Bunak, 1941, Martirosov, 1982]. When studying structure
of the whole weight of the body were used a caliperometry method (Lange
skinfold caliper) and Matiegka formulas (1921) and a bioelectrical
impedance analysis by using the hardware device «MEDAS» [Martirosov,
Nikolaev, Rudnev, 2006].
As a result of the conducted researches standards of psychomotor
indicators of women wrestlers of three conditional weight categories and
for wrestlers of the joint group are developed and also estimated centile
scales are offered. Specific distinctions in psych motility indicators
between sportswomen of three conditional weight categories and persons not
going in for sports, relating to the same conditional weight groups are
established. This fact gives the grounds to use the allocated psychomotor
indicators as predictors at selection to occupations by female free-style
wrestling. It is shown that female wrestlers of conditional weight
categories differ from each other, but in much smaller number of cases,
than when comparing with not sportswomen. This fact, on the one hand,
speaks about their geometrical not similarity, on the other hand, testifies
in some cases, about equal requirements to wrestlers isn't dependent on
their weight groups dictated by specifics of a sport type.
The analysis of interrelation of psychomotor opportunities at women
wrestlers with morphological indicators and in control group, testifies to
higher correlations at not sportswomen in comparison with sportswomen, on
the one hand, on the other hand, the found low correlations don't give the
grounds to develop the reliable equations of the forecast of psychomotor
indicators according to morphology. We assume that the psychomotor
indicators used by us aren't rather specific to the female wrestlers.
Keywords: morphological features, women-wrestlers of freestyle of
different qualification, a psych motility, correlations, centile scales


Movsesian A.A., Mamonova N.N. Nonmetric analysis of cranial series
from ulangom burial (p. 112)
Non-metric cranial traits data from Ulangom burial (West Mongolia,
Scythian time, V-III centuries B.C.) has been analyzed. The resemblance
between series from two different types of burial sites revealed the
genetic homogeneity of Ulangom population. The comparison of West Mongolia
inhabitants with other Eurasian groups suggests that the Caucasoid
populations penetrated into the territory of Mongolia from the western
regions of Eurasia, and later were supplanted to the Middle Asia taking
part, along with the migrants from the west, in the formation of Hunnish
tribes. The similarity of the Northern Black Sea Scythians with the
populations of Tagar and Karasuk cultures from South Siberia, as well as
with the Iron Age population from the Armenia territory is consistent with
the hypothesis of A.G. Kozintsev, who suggests a migration origin of the
steppe Scythians.
Keywords: anthropology, nonmetric traits, Ulangom burial, steppe
Scythians, Iron Age of Eurasia


Spitsyna N.Kh., Bichkovskaya L.S., Makarov S.V., Samokhin A.S.,
Spitsyn V.A. Genetic variation amongst Selkups of the North-Western Siberia
(p. 120)
Some specific peculiarities of gene markers distribution among
northern Selkups were examined. High frequencies of the AB0*0 allele
(0.7091) and the RH*cDE haplotype (0.3457) are typical for Selkups. The
values of these markers draw Selkups together with few Siberian ethnic
groups and Amerindians. Haptoglobin allele frequencies in studied groups
were similar to their distribution among European populations. Rare alleles
of TF, PI and ACP1 genes were not observed, possibly due to a small number
of studied groups. Distribution of GC factors reflects ethnic and
geographic specificity. A decrease of the ESD*2 allele frequency is
observed from south to north, from East Asia to the Taymyr Peninsula. High
frequency of PGM1*1+ allelomorph (0.7101) in Selkups apparently correlates
with the cruelty of climatic conditions of North Asia. An increasing
PGM1*2+ proportion apparently is connected with prolonged circumpolar
migrations reflecting ancient interrelations between Samodian and Finno-
Ugrian peoples. The high LCT*D allele frequency in Selkups is similar to
the frequency of lactase deficiency among mongoloid populations in general.
Several unusual polymorphisms previously reported in Amerindians were
present in northern Selkups. Selkups are characterized by a number of
genetic features bringing them together with natives of the New World,
which is an evidence of distinctly manifested signs of the residual ancient
Upper Palaeolithic layer.
Keywords: Selkups, genetic markers, North-Western Siberia,
peculiarities of distribution of gene factors


Martirosova K.E., Zhikhareva O.G., Semenov M.M., Martirosov E.G.,
Godina E.Z. Dermatoglyphics, sensory-motor and speed-strength abilities in
tennis players of different qualification (p. 127)
The correlation of fingerprint dermatoglyphics with sensomotor, speed
and speed-powered abilities of 63 best young (11-19 y.o., male) tennis
players and juniors of Russia of various qualifications is studied.
It is shown that tennis players of different qualification refer to
different phenotypes. Among tennis players of Masters of Sports LW
phenotype (45%) most often meets, ALW phenotype (25%) is slightly rarer and
AL and WL phenotypes (on 15%) are even rarer. Among the Candidates in
Master of Sports the most often is the phenotype LW (40%), then - phenotype
WL (30%), and to a lesser extent the phenotypes AL and ALW occur (20 and
10% respectively).
Among tennis players of the second category the phenotypes LW, WL and
AL (by 33.3%) are equally found. Among the athletes of the first category
the more common is a phenotype ALW (44%), then - phenotype WL (28%), 10L
and LW (by 14%). Significant differences in the dermatoglyphics indicators
between sportsmen of different qualification were found only in complex
patterns (S). It was found that this type of pattern prevails among tennis
players of lower qualification.
The strongest young sportsmen of high qualification in almost all
speed-power parameters surpass the less-skilled. Besides, the analysis of
interrelation of dermatoglyphics and high-speed and power abilities at
tennis players of different qualification allow considering that for
selection in tennis it is expedient beforehand to conduct morphogenetic
research, to recommend and to give preference to children with the
phenotypes AL, LW and S (the composite patterns).
At the same time, we would like to note that in spite of the fact that
our researches captured the young tennis players strongest in Russia;
nevertheless, the obtained data do not give yet the grounds to absolutize
results as we did not manage to survey the strongest adult tennis players
of the world, unfortunately. We did not yet manage to find these data in
the world literature.
Keywords: sports anthropology, fingerprint dermatoglyphics,
psychomotor abilities, special high-speed and power indicators, correlation
analysis, phenotypes