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Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia
2015. N 1

Contents

Human Evolution

Veselovskaya E.V., Grigorieva O. M., Pestryakov A.P., Rasskazova A.V.
Anthropological variability of the population of Eastern and Central Europe
from the middle ages to modern times (p. 4-24)
The comparative analysis of the Slavic population of Eastern Europe was
made. We compared this population with the medieval synchronous West Slavic
groups and with close to the present population of the European part of
Russia. Special attention is paid to the cranial shape. Our craniological
materials, and published summaries Alekseev V.P. [Alekseev, 1960],
Alekseeva T. I. [Alekseeva, 1973, Aleksiejeva, 1966], Drozdova E.
[Drozdova, 2005] were used. By the investigated grounds there was created a
gallery of sculptural and graphic portraits-reconstructions on the basis of
skulls. Intergroup comparative analysis was carried out on the variability
of the brain part parameters and separately for some sizes of the facial
skeleton. To turn the first and second millennia can be noted sufficient
homogeneity of the appearance of the populations in the region. Western
Slavs differ by less pronounced dolichocephaly, in general, slightly larger
head sizes, more prominent nose and large eye slits. The Eastern Slavs more
frequent had concave shape of the nasal bridge, upper eyelid fold was more
developed. Received that between the Eastern Slavs and Russians, there is a
significant difference in the parameters of the cerebral cranium and weaker
in the facial skeleton. Epochal process of brachycephalization of the
population in this area is clearly evident at the beginning of the New
time. Modern Slavic population of Eastern Europe as a whole had sufficient
uniformity in morphology the individual elements of the head. Many of these
features are typical for Russians. The population of the New time differs
sharply from the medieval one only by brachycephalia. Otherwise, there is
almost complete continuity features of the appearance.
Keywords: craniology, anthropological reconstruction, Slavs, synchronic
and diachronic variability


Kharitonov V.M. Comparative analysis of relative growth postkranial
skeleton in postnatal ontogenesis hominid (p. 25-36)
Ecological and constitutional correlations of fossil hominids influence
the differences in total and relative size of post-cranial skeleton bones,
determined by post-natal growth.
This paper presents the results of comparative analysis of postcranial
skeleton growth parameters of modern men, fossil Mesolithic induviduals (à
15 years-old adolescent from La Chaise,), fossil Upper Paleolithic
individuals (an adult from Sungir 1, à 12-13 years-old adolscent from
Sungir 2, and à 9-10 years-old adolscent from Sungir 3; a 15-17 years-old
adolscent Grotto Kids Grimaldi) and fossil Neanderthals (perinatal from
Mezmay, à 5-7 months-old neonate from Kiik-Koba, à 9-10 years-old adolscent
from Teshik Tash,). In this paper the published data on the skeleton growth
processes of modern men is used (Greece, Bronze Age Germany - 6-7 AD, the
Slavs - the Middle Ages, Indian Knoll-modern men, Aleuts and Eskimos -
modern men , men from Stavropol - Bronze Age).
Comparison of the minimum age periods parameters of the separate series
of modern children has shown that the size of bones of an individual from
La Chaise corresponds to the one of the Indians Knoll aged from 15.5 to 21
years-old, exceeds the one of 20 years-old Aleuts and Eskimos, and of 14
years-old Europeans, as well as 15 years-old medieval Slavs. The pro-
portions of the limbs of an individual from La Chaise doesn't differ from
the ones typical for all comparised modern groups. The totalsize of long
bones of adolescents from Sungir 2 and 3 is bigger than the one of modern
children of similar age (7-12 years, 13-18 years). The size of the long
bons allows us to suggest rapid relative growth of adolscents from Sungir
2, 3 in comparison with various modern groups. There are no absolute
differences between the 15-17 years-old adolescent from Grimaldi and all
analyzed groups of modern adolescents. The most distinctive trait of
adolescent from Grimaldi is the size of his lower limbs' bones. Now we can
hardly confirm that the growth of Grimaldi adolescent's bones was
accelerated.
Long bones of a Neanderthal from Mezmay are smaller in terms of the
relative-growing than those of modern children (aged under 2 years).
Therefore the long bones growth of the individual from Mezmay is more
intensive than that of modern children. The skeleton proportions of the
Neanderthal children from Mezmay and Kiik-Koba differ from those of modern
children. The amount of post-natal long bones growth in Kiik-Koba child is
higher than in modern children of the same age.
In this paper we compared age-series of craniometric attributes of a
Neanderthal from Teshik-Tash and of a sapiens.
We identified the cases in which the total size of the skeleton bones
of a fossil hominid differ from all six groups of modern humans of similar
dental age. There are also cases in which not all the groups of modern men
differ in total size of the skeleton bones from compared fossil individuals
in the same way. The matched limbs proportions of hominid make contrast
most cases, which indicates the importance of late stages of ontogeny for
morphological changes inhuman evolution. The results of comparative
analysis of the post-cranial skeleton bones relative growth seem more
complicated. The extent of morphological differences between fossil hominid
and modern humans differs between the age periods of postnatal ontogeny.
Thus, the increase of postcranial bone dimensions in the Neanderthals might
exceed that of modern humans, and the rate of achieving the definite size
could exceed that of modern humans or be even less.
Keywords: human evolution, postcranial skeleton, fossil hominids,
postnatal ontogeny, relative growth


Kitov E.P., Beysenov A.Z. Skulls with trepanations from barrows of the
early Iron Age of Saryarka (p. 37-64)
From the middle of the XX century to the present researches of
monuments of Tasmola archaeological culture of Kazakhstan, widespread on
the territory of the extensive region of the Kazakh Upland (Saryarka) have
been conducted. During the new researches conducted by A.Z. Beysenov within
the last 15 years, for the first time in this region the big barrows of the
early Iron Age, which were left by the ruling elite of society were
studied. In barrows for which the big sizes are common, the difficult
design, availability of prestigious products in a grave skulls with the
trepanated openings located in the nape part were found. Nine skulls are
originated from monuments, which were dug out in low-hills of the islands
Karkaraly, Bayanaul and Chingiztau are considered in the article. According
to archaeological data as well as results of the 14C analyses made on bone
and wood images from two barrows of studied series, all complexes are dated
within the period of the VII-V centuries BC. Two 14C dates are received
from the burial ground of the barrow No. 2 Kyzylshilik in laboratory of
Royal University of Belfast, Great Britain, which are in the interval of
the middle of the VI-V centuries BC. In laboratory of the St. Petersburg
Pedagogical University data within the VIII-VI BC on the barrow No. 2 of
the burial ground Nurken-2 is received.
Most likely, trepanations on skulls from burial grounds of early nomads
is connected with need of body preservation before burial or for process of
symbolical clarification before its transportation to the burial place. The
considered data on posthumous trepanation testify the blossoming of the
difficult traditions of farewell and burial of nobility representatives of
the population of Kazakhstan and Central Asia during the Era of the Early
Iron Age. Sak tribes of the Central Kazakhstan by traditions of posthumous
trepanation were closest to early nomads from the territory of Tyva where
similar cases of trepanations are met that can speak about communication of
cultural traditions of carriers of different archaeological cultures. In
perspective researches of tradition of skull trepanation of the population
during the Saks era the ethnographic materials concerning features of
funeral ceremonies of the steppe people have to be purposefully attracted.
So, the Kazakhs in the past had the customs connected with «temporary
funeral» for the purpose of body preservation before burial in the
patrimonial cemetery. Data on body preservation of the body of the dead
representatives of exclusive sectors of society, honored workers with the
subsequent transportation and their burials in holy sites are also of great
interest.
Keywords: Saryarka, Central Kazakhstan, Tasmola culture, barrow, burial
ceremony, mummification, ritual, cranial trepanation


Human Morphology
Makeeva A.I. Dermatoglyphics study of Kryashens of Volga and Ural
region (p. 49-65)
Introduction. The article deals with Kryashens -Turkic people living in
several regions of Volga and Ural region. Kryashens are Orthodox
Christians. According to population census in 2010 the population size was
34822 individuals. Few Kryashens' groups only living in Tatarstan Republic
were studied.
Materials and methods. The article deals with the anthropological study
of three Kryashen groups (Vyatka Kryashens, Kama Kryashens, Bakaly
Kryashens) and one group of Nagaibaks. Palm prints and finger prints of 613
persons (253 males and 360 females) were studied. The author collected the
prints during the expeditions of 2011-2013. The prints were collected and
studied by G. Cummins and Ch. Midlo method [Cummins, Midlo, 1943] and A.
Sharma method [Sharma, 1964]. The values of five key-traits (main line
index, pattern intensity index, proximal axial palmar triradius, hypothenar
patterning, accessory interdigital triradii) were analyzing. Multivariance
analysis was made by both Eurasion extra-group scale method [Heet, 1983]
and Principal Components method [Deryabin, 1983].
Conclusions. Kryashens (both males and females) are characterizing as
metis groups with variety complexes of dermatoglyphic traits. Different
Kryashen samples have the similar complexes with different peoples of the
region. Bakaly Kryashens (males) had the most share of mongoloid component
in dermatoglyphic complex among all Kryashens. They are relating to
Southern Udmurts, South-Eastern Bashkirs and Astrakhan Tatars. Male samples
of Vyatka Kryashens and Nagaibaks are closely related to Kazan Tatars
(samples collected in the 30-s of XX century) and characterized by a high
rate of Mongoloid complex. Kama Kryashens male sample demonstrates unusual
complex of traits revealing South European component. Vyatka Kryashens and
Bakaly Kryashens are characterizing by a lowest rate of Mongoloid complex
among all female Kryashens samples. They are relating to Mordovians and
Komi. Nagaibaks and Kama Kryashens female samples are characterizing as
metis with high rate of Mongoloid complex. They are relating to some
samples of Kazan Tatars.
Keywords: anthropology, dermatoglyphics, Kryashens, Nagaibaks, ethnical
dermatoglyphics, Volga and Ural region peoples, ethnical history


General Problems of Anthropology

Shpak L.Y., Vergeles M.O. Anthropological and psychological aspects of
aesthetic of color perception (p. 66-75)
This article presents a study of aesthetic color preferences and
attitude and its connections with individual's somatic and psychological
features. Previous studies show that color preference depends on sex, age,
psychoemotional and other characteristics of individual and thus can be
used as a part of the general human constitution. Using a sample of 80 male
and 77 female Moscow students we examined correlations between color
preference and body size, somatotype, pigmentation, dynamometry, anxiety
and neuroticism level, extraversion-introversion trait.
Color attitude was measured both verbally and projectively (by
fulfilling certain graphic tasks). On the basis of verbal color tests'
results we calculated coefficient of color preference and general color
attitude index. Coefficients of harmonious color combinations are based on
results of graphic tests.
The most common choice of favorite color is blue and green. Most of the
examined individuals don't have a disliked color; having one is strongly
correlated with neuroticism and state anxiety level. More anxious the
person is - more likely he or she to dislike colors; correlation is
slightly stronger for females. Sex differences in neuroticism, state and
trait anxiety levels are valid. Most of morphological features are
uncorrelated with color choice; however there are some certain correlations
with eye and hair color.
There are some correlations between color attitude and somatotype:
athletic males and mesoplastic females have a negative color attitude
significantly rarely. Harmony of color pairs was determined based on J.
Itten's color wheel. An amount of harmonious choices are twice-thrice
bigger than the amount of inharmonious and females tend to select
harmonious color pairs more often than males. Choice of color pairs for a
test with simple shapes is partly determined by individual's morphological
and psychological features. Results of test with complex shapes are
presumably associatively connected with cultural characteristics and
individual aesthetic preferences.
Keywords: anthropology, morphofunctional features, psychoemotional
indexes, color preference, anxiety, color wheel, color, anthropoaesthetics


From science history

Vorontsova E.L., Kozhina E.A., Pupykin V.S. Professor D.N. Zernov and
his collection of wax models of the human brain (p. 76-85)
D.N. Zernov (1843-1917) was a professor of anatomy at Moscow
University, Rector of the University (1898-1899). D.N. Zernov was the
organizer of the Institute of normal anatomy museum at the anatomical
theater of Moscow University (1876), the author of the textbook «
Rukovodstvo opisatel'noy anatomii cheloveka » («The Guide to Descriptive
Human Anatomy»), that had 14 reprints from 1890 to 1939.
D.N. Zernov was one of the organizers of the Anthropological exhibition
in 1879 in Moscow. He personally made 16 wax models of cerebral
hemispheres. These models were the copies from preparations used to study
the variations of the brain sulci structures in humans. The results of the
study are described in his paper « Individual'nye tipy mozgovych izvilin
cheloveka » («Individual Types of Humans Brain Gyrus»), 1877. After the
anthropological exhibition the wax models were added to anthropological
collections of Moscow University, and nowadays are kept in the Museum of
Anthropology, Moscow State University.
Keywords: anthropology, anatomy, D.N. Zernov, Moscow State University,
Anthropological exhibition (1879, Moscow), wax models of human brain,
Museum of Anthropology, anthropological collections


Ponomareva V.V. Physical development in girls' boarding schools
established by the departments of Empress Maria (p. 86-93)
In imperialist Russia at the start of the 20th century there were more
than 30 girls' boarding school established by the departments of Empress
Maria. These were highly privileged houses of education, which were under
the patronage and protection of the royal family. Majority of pupils were
daughters of the nobility.
Contrary to popular historiographical belief, in many ways these
particular schools which were pioneers in the development of women's
education. In particular, for the first time in the 19th century exercise
and therapeutic exercise for girls had originated and consequently been
developed in the schools of the Mariinsky establishment. Exercise started
to emerge as a compulsory subject, and there were specifically trained
physical education teachers, who taught across all of Russia. In this, as
in many other aspects, girls' boarding schools were a leading example for
all other women's educations establishments in Russia.
Keywords: anthropology, gender, Russian History, traditional culture,
Empress Maria's departmental establishments, state paternalism, school
medicine, women's education system, women's sport, therapeutic exercise


Short Communications

Schuplova I.S., Bets L.V., Chtetsov V.P. Anthropological approaches to
the investigation of the problem of cystic fibrosis (p. 94-103)
This work is devoted to the investigation of men and women from 20 to
40 years old that are ill with cystic fibrosis (29 individuals: 19 women
and 10 men) in comparison to healthy people (123 individuals: 56 women and
67 men) and patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (63 individuals : 37
women and 26 men) of the same age interval. This work first presents data
on the anthropometrical characteristics and distribution of body mass
components of patients with cystic fibrosis in comparison to healthy people
and individuals that are ill with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. All patients
with cystic fibrosis are characterized by relatively gracile body type with
low values of fat, bony and muscle components. With the help of the
anthropometrical investigation we found markers that characterize the type
of pathology: the length of an arm, pelvic diameter and indicator of
solidity of skeleton. It is necessary to pay attention not only on the
biochemical parameters, but also on the morphologic type of patients that
will most accurately assess the nature of disorders, understand their
reasons and will open new opportunities to diagnose the type of disease and
to understand some peculiarities of treatment.
Keywords: cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, body mass components, the
length of an arm, pelvic diameter


Êîryakovtseva Ì.S. Model characteristics of the highly skilled fencers
(18-24 years) (p. 104-110)
Introduction. Studying of physical development is especially important
for athletes as morphological indicators quite often define the results in
the chosen sport. Fencing belongs to one of the most difficult types of
combat sports. Characteristics of somatic development of adult athletes-
fencers (18-24 years) of high sports qualification (Candidates to the
Master of Sports, Master of Sports, World Class Master of Sports, winners
and medalists of the Russian and international competitions) were studied
in this work to create a successful fencer's model.
Materials and methods. Highly skilled fencers, members of Moscow team
and national Russian team with sports training from 4 to 14 years and
sports category up to the rank of the World Class Master of Sports were
investigated in 2011-2014. As a control group, data on students of
Lomonosov Moscow State University and Russian State University of Physical
Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism of MSU, who are not going in for sports
on a regular basis have been taken. Altogether, 57 athletes (23 women, 34
men) and 58 students (34 women, 24 men) were measured. The program included
a set of anthropometrical indicators measured by the standard technique
[Bunak, 1941], somatotype diagnostics by V. Shtefko and A. Ostrovsky method
[1929].
Results and discussion. Comparison of the results in experimental and
control groups shows that athletes differ from non-sportsmen in a number of
indicators which influence sports results and success in fencing, namely:
bigger stature and lengths of extremities help to achieve success in the
weapons possession, bigger shoulder and pelvic diameters promote the
steadiest position of the body on a fencing path, bigger body weight also
promotes a steady position of the body, smaller than in students skinfold
values reflect more vigorous physical activity.
Conclusion. Some morphological changes have been shown at athletes of
18-24 years as compared to non-sportsmen of the same age. All studied
characteristics, apart from the fat mass, were bigger in athletes when
compared with the students. Presented data confirm a long-term influence of
physical actions on the fencer's morphotype. The results of the research
can be considered as model characteristics of the athletes of high
qualification who are going in for fencing.
Keywords: sports anthropology, fencers of 18-24 years, somatic
development, model of a successful fencer


Ål'chinovà G.I., El'kanîvà L.À., Zinchånkî R.À. Distribution of
Karachay's surnames (p. 111-116)
Karachays - the Turkic people in the North Caucasus, indigenous people of
Karachay-Cherkessia, belong to kavkasionsky anthropological type of the
Balkano-Caucasian subtype of Caucasoid race, speak in Karachay- Balkar
language of kypchaq group of a Turkic family. The electoral registers of
the Karachaeskiy, Malokarachaevskiy, Prikubansky and Ust-Dzhegutinsky
regions of Karachay-Cherkessia serve as data for research. The general
population is 192 thousand people. In these areas Karachays are the title
nation. Frequency of 150 surnames in the cumulated sample exceeds 0,1%,
carriers of these surnames cover 2/3 population of 4 areas. Frequencies and
ranks for these 150 surnames are presented. The most widespread is the
surname Uzdenov (rank 1, frequency of 2.6%). Frequency of 21 surnames
exceeds 1%, the number of these carriers of 21 surnames covers 29.4% of the
population.Except Uzdenovs they are: Bairamukovs (2.1%), Botashevs (1.91%),
Hubievs (1.63%), Salpagarovs, Bàtchàåvs, Làipànîvs (1.59%), Bidzhiåvs,
Såmionîvs (1.48%), Erkånîvs (1.44%), Chîtchàåvs (1.38%), Àibàzîvs (1.33%),
Bîstànîvs (1.24%), Gîchiyaåvs, Bàichîrîvs (1.21%), Àdzhiåvs (1.19%),
Urusîvs (1.15%), Bàiràmkulîvs (1.14%), Chîmàåvs (1.09%), Låpshîkîvs
(1.05%), Êubànîvs (1%). On frequent surnames the matrix of surnames
distances for populations of the Village Council is counted, the matrix
size is [52â52], then the clustering is carried out. The analysis of
dendrogramm showed subdivision existence in population of Karachays. Values
of a random inbreeding of Wright (Fst) and parameters of Barrai for
populations of «area» (Ir-a random izonimiya, ? - an index of migrations, ?
- an indicator of a variety of surnames, N - entropy, R - redundancy of
distribution of surnames), make: Fst =0.0015, Ir =0,0059, ? =0.0043, ?
=170.15, Í=8.91, R=41.6 (Êàràchàåvskiy district), Fst =0.0035, Ir =0.0141,
? =0.0025, ? =70.24, Í=7.291, R=51.1(Ìàlîkàràchàåvskiy district), Fst
=0.0015, Ir =0.0058, ? =0.0076, ? =173.10, Í=8.96, R=38.0 (Prikubànskiy
district), Fst =0.0016, Ir =0.0064, ? =0.,0043, ? =155.49, Í=9.09, R=39.9
(Ust'-Dzhågutinskiy district). The difference of the Malokarachaevskiy area
from the others is noted for the specified parameters. The obtained data
are necessary in the analysis of hereditary pathology distribution in
Karachay-Cherkessia.
Keywords: Karachays, surnames, subdivision, population, Wright's random
inbreeding, parameters of Barrai


Karapetian M. Accuracy of discriminant models for sex estimation from
skeletonized human thoracic vertebrae (p. 117-121)
An osteometric study of thoracic vertebrae belonging to individuals of
European ancestry who lived in Russia and North America in 18-20th C. was
performed. Three discriminant functions were developed for superior, middle
and inferior thoracic vertebrae. The accuracy of sex estimation was 86-90%
in the reference sample. The test sample consisted of several individuals
randomly excluded from the reference sample as well as skeletal remains of
Early Medieval settlers from North Ossetia-Alania and several other
individuals. Testing of the models on this sample gave 89-90% of correctly
classified cases. Osteometric sex determination using thoracic vertebrae is
possible with approximately the same accuracy as using other parts of the
postcranial skeleton. Discriminant models, presented in this study, can be
used for sex estimation in cases when sex indicators on the cranium and
pelvic bones cannot be recognized.
Keywords: bioarchaeology, osteometry, thoracic vertebrae, sex
estimation, discriminant analysis


Fedotova T.K., Gorbacheva A.K. Percentile growth standards of physical
development of modern Moscow infants (p. 123-131)
Introduction. The comparison of the data on growth and development of
the infants, collected by the authors in 2009 and 2013, with the sample
series of Moscow of XX century, allowed to distinguish some secular
changes, among them the tendency of lepthosomization of infants, which
makes urgent the elaboration of percentile growth standards of modern
Moscow infants through the first year of life.
Material and methods. The data for elaborating percentile standards is
based on the longitudinal data series on growth and development dynamics of
infants, collected in 2009 and 2013 in child outpatient clinics of two
administrative districts of Moscow: Eastern and Western. The age of the
patients is from birth to 12 months. The total number of the sample is
about 500. The data was divided into age groups with 1 month interval using
standard gradations for length and mass and 3 month interval for head and
chest circumferences. Thus 3 months old group included boys and girls aged
from 2 months 16 days till 3 months 15 days. The sum of percentiles - 5th,
25th, 50th, 75th and 95th - was determined for each feature and each
sex/age groups. Though the meanings of percentiles for different age groups
are estimated for the same children due to the longitudinal character of
the study, to avoid the influence of accidental variation of statistical
values this study appeals to the method of analytic smoothing of the
patterns of age dynamics of each percentile using the method of least
squares.
Results and application. Percentile standards are available in two
variants, each of them may be used in practice: 1) smoothed graphical
percentile standards; 2) values of percentile standards for the age groups
of children with month intervals presented in the table.
Conclusions. According to the noted by Moscow anthropologists rates of
secular changes of somatic status of children through the latest decades,
these standards will keep urgent during the next decade or two.
Keywords: anthropology, physical development, infants, weight, height,
head and chest circumferences, percentile standards

Chronicle of Russian and Foreign Anthropology

The 19th Congress of the European Anthropological Association (EAA) (E.
Godina ) (p. 132-133)
Lidiya I. Tegako (L.K. Goodkova) (p. 134-135)
Instructions for authors and manuscripts submission (p. 136)