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Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia
2013. N 4


Balakhonova E.I. The 130th anniversary of the Anthropological Museum of the
Moscow State University: the main events and people (p. 4)
The article is devoted to the 130th anniversary of the Anthropological
Museum of the Moscow State University. The main events and people of its
history are mentioned. Based on the materials of the All-Russian
Anthropological exhibition of 1879 Anthropological museum was organized in
1883 on the initiative of professor A.P.Bogdanov. The first 25 years it was
located in the building of State Historical Museum and in 1907 was moved
into the Moscow University, where it is situated nowadays. D.N. Anuchin was
its director for more than 40 years. In 1930th the methodological and
exhibition activity was great. At that time Museum had several showrooms,
where expositions devoted to human evolution and biological diversity of
mankind were displayed. In 1950 Anthropological museum was merged with the
Research Institute of Anthropology and became its department of collections
and expositions. After the Second World War only one show-room, devoted to
the human evolution was re-established. In 1962 it was renewed in
consideration with new fossil hominid discoveries and newest scientific
concepts. The expositions on human origin and biological and cultural
diversity of mankind exhibited in the halls of the Museum of Anthropology
serve as a base for lectures and excursions for schoolchildren, students
and other people taking interest in the subject.
Keywords: anthropology, Lomonosov MSU, anthropological museum,
museology, history, anniversary


Efimova S.G. History of paleoanthropological studies at Moscow University
(p. 23)
Historical aspect in anthropological studies of ancient populations is
traditional for the Russian science. The beginning of these studies is
associated with the names of K.Baer and A.P. Bogdanov and with museum funds
of paleoanthropological collections created in St. Petersburg and Moscow
with their active participation. The article presents an overview of the
most important stages in the development of this scientific school at
Moscow University. The outstanding contributions of Professor A.P. Bogdanov
to the national paleoanthropological studies in prerevolutionary period and
that of Professor G.F. Debets in Soviet times deserve special attention.
The unique fund of craniological and osteological collections in
Anthropological Museum of Moscow University demonstrates the results of 150
years of studies of anthropological variety in ancient populations of the
Northern Eurasia.
Keywords: Moscow University, Anthropological Museum, history of
sciences, paleoanthropological collections



Szegeda S.P., Buzhilova A.P., Dobrovolskaya M.B., Potekhina I.D.
Anthropological examination of remains from Yaroslavl the Wise sarcophagus
(p. 40)
The paper presents the results of complex anthropological research of
remains from sarcophagus of Yaroslav the Wise, which is settling down in
the Sofia cathedral in Kiev. The expertise includes the methods of
craniological, osteological, odontological, paleopatological analyses and
the isotopic one of human remains. The general conclusion after discussion
of the obtained data consists that in a tomb of the prince there are the
bone remains belonging to the woman of 45-55 years. Historical context of
using of a sarcophagus as well as the biological characteristic of the
found remains allow assuming that it is, possible, the skeleton remains of
Ingigerd (Irina), who was the second wife of the Yaroslav.
Keywords: anthropological examination, Yaroslav the Wise, craniology,
osteometry, odontology, isotope analysis


Veselovskaya E.V., Pestryakov A.P., Kobyliansky E.D. Tatiana Sergeevna
Balueva and Russian school of anthropological reconstruction (p. 52)
The article elucidates the contribution of an outstanding Russian
anthropologist Tatiana Sergeevna Balueva to the development of skull-based
facial reconstruction technique and other fields of anthropological
science. The pioneer of the scientific approach to face reconstruction
based on the underlying bone structures was a famous anthropologist Mikhail
Gerasimov who founded the school of anthropological reconstruction in
Moscow where in 1950 a laboratory under his guidance was organized in the
Institute of Ethngraphy of USSR Academy of Sciences. After Gerasimov, the
laboratory was guided by his direct student Galina Lebedinskaya who also
made a significant contribution to the development of skull-based facial
reconstruction technique. In 1996, Tatiana Balueva, who had worked under
the guidance of Lebedinskaya for a long time, succeeded her as Head of the
laboratory.
Dr. Balueva, who passed unexpectedly in 2012, left her mark in various
fields of anthropology. She led numerous expeditions to remote areas of
Siberia. The material collected there became the basis for her dissertation
and numerous publications. The anthropological analysis of the data on
indigenous peoples of the North-East of Russia shed light on the complex
processes of formation of the population of this region. Under her
leadership, the laboratory of anthropological reconstruction developed a
special program of investigation of the relationship between facial
features and the underlying bony framework; its implementation produced a
significant pool of statistical data. The years of research under Balueva's
direction resulted in the program of craniofacial correspondence that
significantly clarifies the reconstruction of appearance and allows
receiving the lifetime skull-based anthropological description of a face so-
called «physical description on a skull». During T.S. Balueva's stay of the
head of the laboratory the unique collection of sculptural portraits
considerably replenished with the works made taking into account
improvements of a method. T.S. Balueva authored 64 sculptural
reconstructions, over 300 graphic reconstructions, and close to 200
forensic examinations on unidentified skulls. She received international
recognition as an expert in craniofacial reconstruction and identification.
The gallery of portraits (12 photos) from a Laboratory collection of
anthropological reconstructions is presented in article. The list of the
main sculptural reconstructions of T.S. Balueva is provided in the
appendix.
Keywords: anthropology, craniofacial reconstruction, soft facial tissue
thickness, skull, face, appearance


Aksyanova G. Dental anthropology of Shors and taxonomic problems in the
south of Western Siberia (p. 68)
Analysis of data which were obtained by the author in the Mountain
Shoria (Kemerovo Province, 1983). Describes the taxonomic problems of this
transition region and taxonomic scheme developed in dental anthropology.
There is a prevalence of Eastern / Mongoloid component in Shors' dental
complex clearly: a high frequencies of shovel-shaped incisors (58.7%) and
sixth cusp on the first lower molar (26.1%) but averadge frequencies of
distal trigonid crest (10.3%) and deflecting wrinkle (17.8%). The eastern
component unites mountain Shors with Teleuts, Altaians-Telengits, Khakases-
kyzyltsy and north samoedic peoples distinctively; features of western
complex bring them closer to the northern Altai people - Tubalars. Very
peculiar characteristic of Shors has common roots with the surrounding
nations, emphasizing the diversity of European-Mongoloid transitional forms
in the southern part of Western Siberia. The author proposes to consider
increasing the frequency of the distal crest and, in parallel, M16 cusps in
the group as a criterion of the South Siberian anthropological impact.
Territorial differentiation of Shors' samples is increased due to the
strong deviation to Khakases of the Abakan Shor group from the homogeneous
core in the Kuznetsk Basin. Average taxonomic distances (ATD) between
territorial groups of Mountain Shoria are low or average, 0.29-0.43
radians. ATD between the mountain and the Abakan Shors 1.42, which greatly
exceeds the level of significant differences. Mountain Shors are carriers
of Eurasian odontological contact type with Uraloid component. This dental
type is associated with the South Siberian anthropological type of mixed
origin. Uraloid component in Shors most pronounced in the subgroup of the
upper reaches of the Mrassu («far Shors» by Yarkho). Forest Nenets in
Western Siberia is nearest to him at the intergroup summary comparison.
Discussed material provides the anthropological proof for the presence of
Samodian groups in the taiga foothills of the Altai before spread of the
Turks in this region.
Keywords: anthropology, Turkic peoples of the Altai-Sayan area,
mountain Shors, tooth morphology, Eurasian contact odontologic type


Karapetian M.K. Dimorphism of human cervical vertebrae: osteometric models
for sex determination (p. 80)
Several osteometric models have been published that use dimensions of
the first and the second cervical vertebrae for sex determination. However,
other cervical vertebrae were not studied in this respect. Accordingly, the
aim of this article is to develop and test osteometric models for sex
determination using human cervical vertebrae. Overall, 477 skeletons were
studied: American Whites (N=117) and Blacks (N=61), Canadians (N=102) and
Muscovites (N=59) of the early-middle XX century, as well as XVIII century
countrymen from the Moscow region (N=108) and individuals from an Early
Medieval cemetery located in the modern N. Ossetia (N=30). Discriminant
analysis was used. Probabilities of belonging to either sex were calculated
for each case and solutions to discriminant functions were classified
according to V.N. Zvyagin into «almost certain» (P>0.95), «probable»
(0.75?P?0.95) and «uncertain» (P<0.75). C7 was the most sexually dimorphic
cervical vertebra in three out of six samples. The percentage of correct
classification for all models was between 79-92% in reference sample
(American Whites, Terry collection) and 71-92% in test samples. Models were
least effective for the sample of African American males (Terry collection,
48-69% of accuracy), and the maximum percentage of correct classification
in this sample was achieved when C6 and C7 were used. A model that includes
dimensions of all 7 cervical vertebrae gives the highest percentage of
correctly classified individuals with the level of probability exceeding
0.95 (67% for all groups). Models for C6 and C7 give the lowest percentage
of misclassification (0.0-0.5% for P>0.95), but the highest percentage of
cases with uncertain sex (40-43% for P<0.75). For these models only 10% of
cases were correctly classified with P>0.95. The osteometric models may be
useful in paleodemography and in forensic anthropology, especially for the
analysis of fragmentary or scattered skeletal remains.
Keywords: anthropology, human anatomy, cervical vertebrae,
paleodemography, forensic anthropology, sex determination, population
variability, discriminant analysis


Anikaev A.Y., Chalyan V.G., Meishvili N.V. A comparative research of
cognitive capabilities of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and rhesus
monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the solution of problems on manipulation (p.
93)
The research of cognitive activity of modern primates, is a source of
information to solve the problems of the evolution of the psyche, and the
reconstruction of the early stages of anthropogenes. The most important
component of research, complementary picture of the evolution of psyche and
cognitive functions primate studies, are researches of manipulation
activity. Interest to compare the cognitive abilities of hamadryas baboons
and rhesus monkeys due to physiological, ecological and evolutionary
differences between these types of monkeys.
Eleven hamadryas baboons in the age of 1 and a half year and ten rhesus
monkeys in the age of 1 and a half year were studied. The tests were
selected taking into account the possibility of multifaceted analysis of
cognitive abilities to solving the tasks on manipulatory activity in
hamadryas baboons. The following tests were used: string pulling, occluded
reach, transparent tube.
Despite the general high level of activity exhibited macaques and
especially baboons upon presentation of tests that require complex
manipulation, the results of which are shown at their decision, the
relatively low and consistent with the results obtained in other studies of
cognitive abilities of the lower apes. There are some species differences,
they are expressed in higher indexes of hamadryas baboons in solving
problems by string pulling test and higher rates of rhesus monkeys in the
occluded reach test. Such contradictory results can not talk about the
clear advantages of hamadryas baboons in front of rhesus monkeys.
Keywords: anthropology, primatology, hamadryas baboons, rhesus
monkeys, manipulatory activity, cognitive abilities
Short Communications

Korsakov A.V., Troshin V.P., Sidorov I.V., Zhilin A.V., Mikhalev V.P.
Features of the cytogenetic status of women in labor with congenital
developmental anomalies of the fruit, living in conditions of chemical
pollution of atmospheric air (p. 103)
Research objective. To define possible influence of chemical pollution
of atmospheric air on the frequency of cytogenetic violations in a bukkalny
epithelium of women in labor with congenital developmental anomalies of a
fruit.
Materials and methods. The comparative assessment of frequency of
cytogenetic violations, indicators of proliferation and kernel destruction
in a bukkal epithelium of women in labor of 20-30 years with congenital
developmental anomalies of a fruit and without the congenital developmental
anomalies of a fruit living in territories with various level of chemical
pollution of atmospheric air is carried out. Levels of chemical pollution
of territories of the Bryansk region fluctuate over a wide range - from 0.5
to 13401.2 tons per year on gross emissions in the atmosphere, from 0.5 to
37161.3 kg/km2 on gross emissions in the atmosphere in terms of the area of
the area and from 0 to 171.6 kg/person/year on average annual toxic loads
of the inhabitant. Researches of the cytogenetic status of women in labor
were conducted on the basis of a method of the analysis of microkernels and
anomalies of a kernel in eksfoliativny cells of the person. For half a year
(march-august, 2013) at 70 women in labor the fence of a bukkal epithelium
was carried out. From each woman in labor it was studied from 500 to 1500
cages, then recalculation on 1000 cages (?) was made. In total 68000 cages
are analyzed.
Results and discussion. At women in labor both with congenital
developmental anomalies of a fruit, and without the congenital
developmental anomalies of a fruit living in conditions of chemical
pollution of atmospheric air, the raised number of cages with kariopiknozy
and kariolizisy is registered that points to possible negative influence of
technogenic toksikant on the cytogenetic status of a female organism. Thus
women in labor with congenital developmental anomalies of a fruit have a
frequency of cages with kariopiknozy and in 1.3 (ð>0.05), and with
kariolizisy in 2.5 (p<0.001) time exceeds similar indicators of women in
labor without congenital developmental anomalies of a fruit.
Conclusions. The obtained data can serve one of criteria of
identification of groups of the increased risk of formation of congenital
developmental anomalies at a fruit at mass population inspections of women
in labor.
Keywords: congenital developmental anomalies of a fruit, woman in
labor, cytogenetic status, bukkal epithelium, micronuclear test, chemical
pollution of the atmosphere, average annual toxic loadings, Bryansk region


Nikolaev V.G., Vinnik Y.Y., Medvedeva N.N. Constitutional approach to study
the health of man in pathological states (p. 109)
The review of literature presents the basic methods of studying the
constitution man from ancient times to the present. The assessment of a
role of anthropometrical measurements with the subsequent
somatotipirovaniye is carried out when studying and forecasting some
pathological conditions at the person.
Keywords: anthropometry, the constitution, somatotype


Bobarykin N.S. Secular trend in anthropometric measurements of athletes
specializing in speed skating (p. 115)
In recent decades many authors have recorded secular trend in population
of developed countries. Currently there is extremely little investigation
on secular trend among professional athletes [Godina, Kolomeychuk, 2012]
Investigation of group of speed skaters in order to reveal the availability
or absence of secular trend is conducted for the first time.
The purpose of work is to consider and detect trends in changing of
anthropometric measurements of athletes in the last 40 years. The object of
research: anthropometric data of high qualification men athletes
specializing in speed skating in Moscow and Kolomna in 2011-2013 collected
by the author and literary data collected in 1979 by A.A. Gladysheva. Total
number of examinees was 120 men of 16 to 25 years of age.
Methods. Anthropometric measurements were conducted in conformity with
classical methods, accepted in Research institute of Anthropology, Moscow
State University [Bunak, 1941]. The Programme included: lengths, breadths
and circumferences, diameters, skinfolds, hand grip (dynamometry), weight.
BMI, body proportions, frame index, percentage and total amount of body fat
and skeletal-muscle mass by J. Matiegka"s formula were calculated
[Matiegka, 1921]. The obtained data were processed with statistical
programme Statistica 6.0.
Conclusion. The results show, that modern athletes express tendency of
increase in lengths, elbow breadth, knee breadth, ankle breadth, fat layer
(the fat component) and percentage of body fat, frame index, as well as
decrease in all body circumferences, diameters, weight, BMI, hand grip
strength, and skeletal-muscle mass as compared to athletes, investigated in
1979.
This trend, as we consider, is connected with the cardinal change of
skates' model in the middle of the 1990's and the running techniques
[Seiler, 1997]. It possibly demonstrates also the trend to asthenic body
build in modern populations.
Keywords: sports anthropology, secular trend, anthropometry, speed skating


Escova D.K. Technological analysis of microlithic industry of Khotylevo 2
site (p. 121)
The paper focuses on the problem of blank types used for microlithic
armatures (backed bladelets and backed points (mostly pointes de Gravette))
and their production at Eastern gravettian site Khotylevo (24-21 kyr BP).
Technological analysis was used in this research as the main approach. The
study is based on sample analysis of all main categories of lithic
assemblage represented at Khotylevo 2 site (settlement unit A). In contrary
to hypothesis that microlithic armatures were made mainly on bladeletes
which production was associated with nucleiform burins, current study shows
that thin and relatively narrow blades (their width rarely surpassed 15 mm
and thickness - 4 mm) were the most typical blanks for this purpose. Their
production is associated with the second stage of big cores reduction as
well as with reduction of cores made on extremely thin blocks of tabular
flint selected intentionally. Metric standardization of Khotylevo 2
armatures is a result of intensive retouching. This category of blades is
of great importance, though it is very rarely used for fabrication of all
other categories of tools. Bladelets and even burin spalls were also
occasionally used for microlithic armatures fabrication. Single method of
bladelet production at Khotylevo 2 site seems non-existent, we would rather
assume that there were some specific options of it. The set of these
options differ from those known for Pavlovien industries and are only
partly similar to those of Gagarino. The use of three different blank types
for armatures production approaches Khotylevo 2 tradition to that of
Gagarino, but at Gagarino site the role of small blades for armatures
fabrication was by far smaller than at Khotylevo 2. In this point Khotylevo
2 tradition is more similar to that of Kostenki-Avdeevo culture sites.
Author makes an assumption that switching over to the use of small blades
as the main type of blanks for armatures fabrication may be a stage
tendency for late eastern gravettian, tough Gagarino is an exception.
Keywords: Eastern gravettian, lithic technology, blanks, backed bladelets,
pointes de Gravette, bladelet production, Khotylevo 2


From science history

Buzhilova A.P., Sukhova A.V. Scientific contribution of T.I. Alekseeva to
anthropology of the Russians (p. 128)
Problems of genesis of the Russians, relationship of medieval population
from the Russian Plane with Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes, and process of
their consolidation were for T.I. Alekseeva a subject of scientific
research throughout all her creative activity. She managed to introduce
into scientific circulation huge on the volume and the importance
anthropological and paleoantropological materials, which were investigated
with application of the latest techniques developed in Russian
anthropological science. Certainly, the majority of works of T.I. Alekseeva
in this area should be considered as a pioneer one.
Keywords: anthropology, genesis of Russians, T.I. Alekseeva, science
history