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Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia
2013. N 1


Contents


Buzhilova A.P. Anthropology at the Moscow University (to the 90 anniversary
of Institute of Anthropology of the Moscow State University) (p. 4)

Review. Historical development of the main trends in scientific
research of the Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, is discussed. The story starts from 1922 till nowadays.
The author gives a synthesis of scientific achievements of the Russian
science through a prism of interests of the Moscow University
anthropologists. The paper is based on the materials of the report prepared
by the author for the 90th Anniversary since the foundation of the
Institute of Anthropology at Moscow State University.
Keywords: anthropology, Moscow University, history of science, Institute of
Anthropology of the Moscow State University



Godina E.Z. Victor V. Bounak and modern human auxology (p. 19)

Review. The results of modern auxological investigations are discussed
in the light of previous research, in the first place, in the context of
the works and ideas of the great Russian anthropologist Professor Victor V.
Bounak (1891-1979). Bounak was the founding father of modern anthropology
in Russia, the 2nd, after his tutor Dmitry N. Anuchin, Director of the
Institute of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University. This article
was presented at the Jubilee Conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary
of the Research Institute of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, on the 29th of November 2012. The main accent is made on the
research of secular changes as one of the key auxological problems. The
study of the influence of socioeconomic factors is also of great importance
as they become the major source of secular variations in growth. In recent
year as was shown by the researchers of Auxology Department of the
Institute of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, the secular
changes revealed the trend towards obesity in Russian children and
adolescents and the ongoing social stratification in Russian society.
Keywords: anthropology, physical/biological anthropology, auxology, V.V.
Bounak, growth and development, physical development, secular trend,
socioeconomic factors, obesity.





Perevozchikov E.V. Ethnic anthropology in the Institute and Museum of
Anthropology of Lomonosov Moscow State University (p. 30)

Review. The article discusses the formation and development of ethnic
anthropology in the Research Institute of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow
State University from 1922 onwards. As in a journal article is impossible
to describe all that has been done at the Institute of anthropology in
ethnic anthropology for 90 years, the author does not make detailed
analysis of numerous works, and highlights the main achievements and the
specific research areas of the Institute. Certainly, in this approach,
there is a danger of subjectivity to the choice of subjects.
The scientific work at the Institute was held against the backdrop of
major social transformations and was accompanied by a marked ideological
pressure from the outside.
The author concentrates on two (of many) issues that pass through all
periods of the existence of the Institute. Application and the creation of
new research methods and problems of ethnogenesis of Slavic and Finnish
populations. The author shows how, over time, reduced work in ethnic
anthropology in the Institute, due to objective and subjective reasons.
From the example of the anthropological study of the various Russian and
Finnish populations the author shows haw were solved problems of
classification and the emergence of the population approach. The author
also cites statements of well-known anthropologists on various theoretical
aspects.
The author tries to convince the reader, through the text of the
article, on the advantages of the morphological approach in solving some of
the problems of ethnic anthropology.
Keywords: anthropology, Institute of anthropology, the history of the
development of ethnic anthropology

Kharitonov V.M. V.V. Bunak and current problems for Evolutionary
Anthropology. Own way in Evolutionary Anthropology (p. 43)

V.V. Bunak has made a great contribution to the development of
evolutionary anthropology. He has created the original model of hominid
evolution as a лbushЁ - famnogenesis with early divergence of relatively
independent branches of hominid evolution. This model was opposed to the
stadial model of anthropogenesis. He supposed that Neanderthal man had
participated in the origin of modern human. As a result of V.V. Bunak's
great work, there are a lot of generalizations, concerning of skull
morphology of fossil hominids and their ancestors in evolution. He explored
the factors of human's skull transformation in evolution. He has worked out
the original theory of ecological factors in a bipedal hominid movement
origin. He gave attention to the morphology of distal lower limb of early
hominids. V.V. Bunak has created a theory of craniological polymorphism of
Europe's population in the Upper Paleolithic. Special attention V.V. Bunak
paid to the human brain and its functions, higher nervous activity, the
expression of emotions, the origin of human speech. Especial papers of V.V.
Bunak dedicated to the brain endocasts of fossil hominids different
antiquity. Finally, he has created an ingenious system of detailed
classification of fossil and modern hominids.
Keywords: V.V. Bunak, anthropogenesis, hominids, classification of
hominids, bipedal hominid movement, the origin of speech, polymorphism of
fossil Neoanthropes in the Upper Paleolithic



Goodkova L.K. Physiological anthropology (p. 52)

The main content of physiological anthropology is the study of adaptive
variability, i.e. studying the population level fitness (adaptability) of
human organism to the conditions of the environment in terms of changing
external and internal features of the body adequately to the requirements
of that environment. In Russian anthropology the study of adaptive
variability in humans have been identified in 20-th of the past century by
V.V. Bunak. In 1964 in Moscow at the VII ICEAS physiological anthropology
was officially recognized as an independent scientific discipline. In our
country the founder of this branch of science was T.I. Alekseeva. In the
end of three decades of intensive development of physiological anthropology
(1961-1991) the adaptive biological reactions of various human populations
were explored in different geographical environment. It has been shown that
the morphophysiological status of indigenous people commensurate with the
requirements of the natural habitat. Currently, physiological anthropology
refers to the constantly developing fields in the basic natural sciences.
One of the main tasks of modern physical anthropology is a holistic
approach to the study of intra-group variability of different
characteristics. Holistic approach leads to a synthetic view of adaptive
population status, on the ability of its adaptive variability, the study of
which was from the very beginning and was the main content of physiological
anthropology.
Keywords: Lomonosov' MSU, anthropology, physiological anthropology,
adaptation, ecological factors, population variability, holistic approach,
human population physiology



Dunaevskaya T.N., Fedotova T.K. The history of the Laboratory of Applied
Anthropology of Institute of Anthropology of the Moscow State University
(p. 62)

The article deals with the history of applied studies of national
economy value from the moment of the foundation of the Institute of
Anthropology in 1922 till 1990th when these works were frozen due to the
end of financing. The applied studies have been developing in the context
of the general problems of the Institute - the research of the somatic
variability of the Man in time and space; and in close contact and mutual
enrichment with the investigations in human morphology, age anthropology,
biometry, perfection and unification of the anthropometric technique. In
1930th -1940th the group of specialists elaborates the main theoretical and
practical aspects of standrtization: criteria of representative sample,
conformities of size traits variability and their combinations in wide
contingents of population, aspects of application of correlation and
regression analysis. These works were summarized in 1950th in the subject
edition лTheory and methods of anthropological standartizationЁ. In 1955
according to the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR the special
investigation of children and adult population was organized, provided with
big staff and financial resources, to elaborate the size typology and
size/length scales for the needs of clothing industry. The perfection of
the principles and methods of elaboration of size typology of children and
adults was stimulated in 1964 in the course of creation of the combined
size/length standards for 7 countries-members of the Council of the
Economic Assistance. The investigations encounting the vast quantity of
population - 21 000 of adults and 31500 children - allowed to corroborate
the assumption that the typology of different groups of population is
represented by the invariant standard figures, while the intragroup
differences come to the different frequency of these variants. The research
of conformities of size variability of population allowed to elaborate the
base to construct representative and long-term standards for the design of
cloth and shoes for civil population, special equipment for different
military categories and cosmonauts. Broad investigations of population
allowed to fix that size-typological structure of population changes faster
than the size traits of the typological figures, which demands the
examining of population status each 5 years. The foundation and development
of applied studies in the Institute through the years was held by V.V.
Bunak, P.N. Bashkirov, P.I. Zenkevitch, M.V. Ignatiev, A.V. Pugacheva, E.I.
Fortunatova, N.Yu. Lutovinova, M.I. Utkina, V.M. Krans, Yu.S. Kurshakova,
T.N. Dunaevskaya, V.E. Deryabin and others. The article includes the list
of main themes of national economy significance and anthropometric
standards carried out in the laboratory.
Keywords: anthropology, somatic variability, applied studies,
anthropological standards, size typology, size-length scales, typological
figures



Spitsyn V.A., Spitsyna N.H. Correlation of genetic variability and the
anthropogenous environment. Anthropogenetic aspects of occupational work
and occurrence of occupational illnesses (p. 76)

The present article concerns the actual problems of the genetic
contribution in development of an occupational pathology among the persons
working with various xenobiotics, and also communication of disease with
increasing level of global pollution of environment. Xenobiotics (harmful
environmental substances, medicines and their intermediate metabolites,
pesticides, food additives, cosmetic means) are heterogeneous agents for a
normal metabolism and can lead to occupational or multifactorial illnesses.
Own comparative characteristics of discrete genetic polymorphism in
representative samples sick of an asbestosis, silicosis, fluorosis,
production workers of considering pathological conditions steady against
their development, and also in control samples from Egoryevsk, Asbests,
Novokuznetsk towns are resulted, etc. Polymorphisms in the genes
associating with a differential susceptibility of people to influence of
separate metals and their connections are investigated. The genetic effects
shown at joint action of xenobiotics are discussed also. The effect of
polarization of frequencies of genotypes and alleles of a number of loci
between cohorts of subjects resistant and susceptible to environmental
agents is revealed. The polarization in gene frequencies in patients with
occupational diseases and in healthy long-term workers should emphasized.
The methods of molecular genetics allows to detect specific DNA-
polymorphisms associated to sensitivity/resistance to some occupational
hazards. These results help to understand the pathogenesis of occupational
diseases and open new possibilities for preventive medicine. Following
basic conclusions are formulated: 1) there is a differential sensitivity of
individuals to various environmental and to anthropogenous influences; 2)
functional inadequacy alleles of a concrete gene, causes quantitative
distinctions in a gene expression; 3) the effect of polyfunctionality of
certain protein is revealed; 4) differential sensitivity also is connected
with presence and number rare alleles at individuals.
Keywords: ecological genetics, occupational illnesses, differential
susceptibility/resistance, occupational selection



Evteev A.A., Kufterin V.V., Kubankin D.A., Rasskazova A.V.
Bioarchaeological research on a skeletal sample from the northwest
necropolis of the Uvek site (Saratov, XIII-XIV c. AD) (p. 88)

Skeletal data from the Golden Horde city of Ukek (Uvek site,
southernmost part of Saratov) are of great value and importance since the
city was build almost immediately after emergence of Juchi's Ulus and thus
represents the earliest period of the Golden Horde's state and culture
development. The sample from the northwest necropolis of the Uvek site
includes skeletons of 12 individuals and is so far the only data
representing ordinary Islamic people of the city.
There are very few females and children in the sample and most of
deceased died in young age. Nevertheless, non-metric trait analysis
suggests that a certain level of genetic relatedness among those
individuals cannot be excluded.
Craniometric intergroup PCA shows that males of the sample were much
closer morphologically to Finno-Ugrian populations of Middle Volga region
as well as to some medieval Eastern Slavonic samples than to population of
either other Golden Horde's cities upon Volga or Volga Bulgaria. They were
also shown to have remarkable morphological differences with elite burials
from different parts of the Uvek site.
According to its dental metric and non-metric traits the sample could be
cautiously described as belonging to gracile odontological type with
morphological traits being intermediate between лEasternЁ and лWesternЁ
patterns.
Males of the sample had a very small body size: their stature
reconstructed using Trotter and Gleser's formula for Caucasians (femoral
plus tibial lengths) averages as little as 158.8 cm while the skeletons are
generally quite gracile. Muscle attachment sites are moderately or weakly
developed with average score being only 1.32 points. Intragroup variability
in the features associated with physical development is nearly absent: 5
from 6 men have almost the same stature.
We described 3 cases (37.5%) of traces of slight injuries of the cranial
vault in males. Despite the young average age of the sample the percentage
of arthritis in the spine, ribcage and long bone epiphyses is high and
there is a tendency for such pathologies to be seen more often in the
ribcage and the upper limbs compared to the lower part of the body. The two
main stress markers, cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasia, particularly
the latter, are greatly presented in the sample. But in the same time
dental health is surprisingly well for a group of medieval population. We
described symptoms of chronic polyarthritis in one of the skeletons
possibly related to an early stage of ankylosing spondylitis.
Thus the results of the present study seem to confirm views on this
burial ground as a cemetery of city's underclass and clearly show the
differences in cranial morphology between this sample and crania from
Ukek's elite burials. It is noteworthy that social and probably ethnic
peculiarities of the group are conjoined with a strict compliance with
Islamic funerary rules.
Keywords: bioarcheology, craniology, Golden Horde, Middle Volga, Saratov,
Ukek




Short Communications


Batsevich V.A., Loskutova Yu.V., Negasheva э.с. The study of secular
changes of eye color in the Arkhangelsk region population (p. 104)

Background. The study of eye color as one of the racial traits is very
important for ethnic anthropology, human morphology and genetics. It must
be noticed, that in national and international journals, the problems of
sexual dimorphism, age-related changes and inheritance of iris color are
considered quite rare. Also, the publications about secular (from Latin
лspeculumЁ - generation) or epochal changes of eye color are virtually
absent.
Aim. This study explores the secular changes of eye color in population
of the northern regions of European Russia in the middle of XX century and
in the early of XIX century.
Subjects and methods. Data from the eye color of the Arkhangelsk region
population in different years were analyzed. In 1973 and 2001, 289
individuals were examined (aged 17-72). In 2010 years, 468 individuals were
examined (aged 17--61). Also, we included published data from the Northwest
Russia survey [Vitov, 1997]. All participants were Russian ancestry.
The eye color was defined by using of the scale of Bunak. Also in 2010,
by means of iridoskop instrument, digital photos were obtained and new
software was used for eye color definition by the scale of Bunak
[Dorofeeva, 2010]. Results of the research have been processed with
statistical software package STATISTICA 8.0.
Results. There was no sexual dimorphism in eye color among all groups
(1973, 2001 and 2010 years). Age-related changes were revealed in the
numerous representation (2010 data): in older groups the frequency of light
eyes is increasing. Secular changes in three generations of the Arkhangelsk
region population are in the darkening. In the last half of the century the
frequency of dark eyes was increasing gradually: from 1% in the 1955, 2% in
the 1973, 5% in the 2001, to 17% in the 2010. Indentified changes might be
connected with immigration of people from other regions in the second half
of the XX century. The authors do not exclude methodological divergences in
definition of eye color by different scientists that is a very great
problem in anthropological researches in general.
Keywords: eye color, the scale of Bunak, sexual dimorphism of eye color,
age-related changes of eye color, secular changes of eye color, the
Arkhangelsk region



Bondareva E.A., Godina E.Z. Association of the polymorphic gene systems FTO
and GHRL with risk of obesity development in children and adolescents (p.
111)
Introduction. The problem of human fatness is one of the most urgent in
the modern world. Studies in the field of anthropogenetics and functional
genomics revealed some genetic determinants of increased fat accumulation
and, as a consequence, of obesity development.
Materials and Methods. Samples of buccal smears were collected from 10-
17-year-olds, living in Arkhangelsk region for molecular genetic analysis
of associations between ?/с (rs9939609) polymorphism of the FTO gene and
C/A (rs696217) polymorphism of GHRL gene and the risk of obesity
development. The whole sample was divided into three subgroups: those with
obesity and low fatness (25 and 36 persons correspondingly, 10#BMI$90
percentile according to local references), and also with normal BMI (30
persons).
Results and discussion. Frequencies of the genotype distribution of the
FTO and GHRL polymorphisms for the whole sample are as follows: FTO*сс -
20%, FTO*с? - 49% and FTO*?? - 13%. GHRL*AA - 1%, GHRL*AC - 13% and GHRL*CC
- 86%. The distribution of the FTO genotypes reveals nonrandom differences
(Pearson's chi-squared test (? 2) = 11.3 ·=.02, df=4). For the GHRL gene no
significant differences were found. The presence of rare allele of the FTO
gene polymorphic system in the genotypes of investigated Archangelsk
children could be considered as a risk-factor of obesity development.
Keywords: anthropology, anthropogenetics, auxology, obesity, FTO
polymorphism, GHRL polymorphism, molecular genetic markers



El'chinova G.I, Vasilyeva T.A., Zinchenko R.A. The ‰nalysis of population
genetic structure of Tatarstan inhabitances through the surname landscape
(p. 120)
The surnames as a biological marker are successfully used all over the
world for a long time and allow to receive estimations of population-
genetic parameters on the large territories at rather low material and time
expenses. Such estimations are valuable not only for scientific purpose,
but also are necessary for the analysis of territorial prevalence of a
hereditary pathology, its cargo and spectrum. These parameters are included
in the algorithm of complex medic-population-genetic inspection of the
population of studied regions. This strategy is used in the study of the
Republic Tatarstan population conducted in the laboratory of genetic
epidemiology in RCMG of the Russian Academy of Medical Science. Accuracy of
using of the method of isonymy at work with the Tatar surnames is shown
earlier by us [х±јЏҐѕ№Ѕ‰, ћҐѕЏЉѕёo, 2010]. Surnames were totally copied
from lists of electors for 16 regions of Tatarstan in 2009, their
distribution is considered earlier in detail [х±јЏҐѕ№Ѕ‰ Ґ Ђ·., 2012]. The
regions with prevalence of the title nation were picked up for this
research. The rural district with one or several neighbour settlements is
chosen as a population unit. Some characteristics, such as random
inbreeding and parameters of Barrai, also were received earlier. The
analysis of surname landscapes schemes demonstrates the character of inter-
and intrapopulation mutual relations in studied region and it was
repeatedly applied in researching of various populations of Russia. For
calculation of distancy matrixes surnames with the frequency exceeding 0.1%
are chosen. The sample covers from 32% of the population in Bugulminsky
area to 83% in Atninsky area. Standard cluster analysis by a meadow-
connection method with a threshold 0.05 is made, results are reflected in
schemes of surname landscapes. The visual analysis of five landscape
schemes is carried out. In regions with monoethnic population structure the
equidistant figures are concentric, focused along means of communication.
In polyethnic areas clustering occurs by an ethnic principle, the clusters
dispose as a лpuzzleЁ, confirming the lowest level of metisation between
various ethnic groups in the Republic Tatarstan found out earlier. The size
of elementary population is estimated as group of the next areas occupied
by inhabitances of one ethnic subgroup of Tatars. The results received are
agreed with such population-genetic characteristics, as an index of
endogamy and length of the average square-law migration, received from the
analysis of marriage records for 1990-2000.
Keywords: isonymy, a family landscape, elementary population, cluster


Ilyinskikh N.N., Ilyinskikh E.N., Yamkovaya E.V., Ilyinskikh I.N.
Anthropometric and cytogenetic criteria in occupational selection of oil
field workers of the north of Siberia (p. 127)
We have examined oil industry workers employed in oil fields in the
north of Siberia, using morphometric and cytogenetic methods. It was
determined that a worker group with the above 10-year record of service
showed significant decrease in the number of asthenic individuals. It was
determined that the frequency of micronucleated buccal cells in the oil
industry workers were significantly increased in accordance with the length
of work, which can be induced by oil mutagenic compounds as well as other
extreme natural and anthropogenic factors of the oil fields.
Keywords: somatotypes, occupational selection, micronucleated test, oil
fields, Siberia




Chronicle of Russian and Foreign Anthropology


Biennale of the Paleopathology Association, Lille, France, August 27-30,
2012 (A.P. Buzhilova ) (p. 132)
18th Congress of the European Anthropological Association (E. Godina) (p.
135)