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Rana ridibunda . . , . .
. . . , PON D SEA RCH OR I ENTATION I N TH E M A R SH FROG, Rana ridibunda

V. V. Shak hparonov, S. V. Ogurtsov
M. V. Lomonosov Moscow St ate Universit y, Facult y of Biolog y

Investigating the Marsh f rog's (Rana ridibunda Pall.) pond search or ientation we fou nd some behaviou ral differences bet ween nor ther n (west of Moscow region) and souther n (Ast rak han's region) populations. Du r ing ou r exper iments, we displaced f rogs at different distances f rom their ponds and t racked their movements. The t racking device used in the exper iments consisted of a «r ucksack » and a sewing machine bobbin with 60 m of th read, which was mou nted on the f rog's back. In sum mer, the marsh f rogs f rom nor ther n population (43 individuals) af ter displacement up to 250 m tended to ret u r n to their breeding pond. Souther n population f rogs (40 individuals) did not show such a fidelit y to their ponds and moved to the nearest water. If we displaced f rogs at the distance more then a kilometer f rom all ponds f rogs moved in random man ner in both populations. We conducted the same exper iments in aut um n (September) with the f rogs f rom nor ther n population (15 ind.). In this case, f rogs caught in the pool and displaced 10 --15 m and 150, 250 m away f rom the pond moved to the Moscow R iver that ser ves as a hiber nation site for these f rogs. At the distance more then a kilometer f rom the r iver, they went in a stereot y ped compass direction that coincided with the direction of their aut um n mig ration to the hiber nation site.

. . , (Oldham, 1966; , 1967; Grant et al, 1968). , (Dole, 1965, 1968, 1972). , , , , . , ? , ,


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(Leh ner, 1996). , , , ( ) 2004 . : 11--14 , 14 --26 ; 80 --96%; 52--83%. , / 1.5 . 4- , 30 в 40 . 60 . , . 15 --20 , 150 250 , 4 , 43 , 26 17 . , 2004 ., . 3-- 6 , 10 --15 ; : 90 --100%, 73--95%. 14 . , 15 (6 , 9 ), . 5 . , : 15 --20 , 150 , 250 , 4 . () . , . , , 2 - . . , . : 17--23, 26 --35; 66 --81%, 33--56%. , 2--3 50 -- 60 . , , 270 - . 40 (21 , 19 ). . 1. .


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, . ( . 1 , ). , , ( . 1 ). ( p < 0.01), - . , , -

. 1. , , . , , , ­ , , ­ 150 ; , ­ 250 ; , ­ 4 , ­ . . , , , , ­ . , , , , , ­ . 0° ­ . 0° ­ . , ­ . N ­ . p ­ . , , .


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, 150 250 ( U2 ). , , . , , . - , , ( ) . , -- 450 . 2 , ( . 1 ), ( < 0.5), , , , , «» . (5 11), -- - . ( p < 0.05). 3 , , - -- . , , , , , . , , 450 . 3. . , 60 (. 1). , , .
1. . () 1 1** 2 3 4 N 10 5 10 10 10 70 70 20 0 20 0 20 0 0 60 60 70 100 80 0 *

p < 0,01 p < 0,01 p < 0,05 p = 0,7 p = 0,7 .. .. p < 0,05 .. p < 0,05 ..

N -- . * «» 95% . ** 1, .


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, , . 2 : , . , (. 1), 5 , , . 300 ( 2, ) . 2 10 , , , 1 . U2 ( p < 0.01). , , , . , . 2 (. . 1) , , . . 100 ( 200 ) 3 ( 3 . 1). (. 1), 4 , . , 4 . 800 . , ( p > 0.05), . , , ( > 95 , > 85 ) ( < 90 , < 80 ) . , . . 1. , , , , ,


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. . 2. , , , . , , , . 3. . , , , - , , , .
. ., . ., . ., 1973. « » // . 2. . 30 --32. . ., 1967. // . 3 , . . . 34 --36. Bergin T. M., 1991. A compar ison of good ness-of-fit tests for analysis of nest or ientation in wester n kingbirds (Tyrannus verticalis) // The Condor. V. 93. P. 164 --171. Dole J. W., 1965. Sum mer movements of adult leopard f rog, Rana pipiens Sch reber, in Nother n Michigan // Ecolog y. V. 46. 3. P. 236 --255. Dole J. W., 1968. Homing in leopard f rog, Rana pipiens // Ecolog y. V. 49. 3. P. 386 --399. Dole J. W., 1972. The role of olfaction and audition in the or ientation of leopard f rog, Rana pipiens // Her petologica. V. 28. 3. P. 258 --260. Grant D., Anderson O., Twitt y V., 1968. Homing or ientation by olfactor y in new ts (Taricha rivalaris) // Science. V. 160. 3834. P. 1354 --1355. Lehner P. N., 1996. Handbook of ethological methods. Cambr idge Universit y press. Cambr idge. 672 pp. Oldham R. S., 1966. Spr ing movements in the A mer ican toad, Bufo americanus // Canadian Jou r nal of Zoolog y. V. 44. 1. P. 63 --100.