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, TEX' , . . , TEX ... , , . , ( ), , , . . ,




.. PLAIN TEX ..

, 1995 .




..................................................................... 4 1. TEX' .................................................... 1.1. TEX' ...................................................... .............................................................. ............................................................... .................................................................. ............................................................... .............................................................. ............................................................... ......................................................... 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6

1.2. TEX' ......................................................... 7 1.3. TEX ........................................... 8 .................................................................. 8 ................................................................. 10 ................................................................. 11 1.4. TEX ................................. 12 ................................................................ 12 ............................................................. 14 1.5. ......................................... 15 1.6. ..................................................... 18 1.7. .................................................... 20 2. TEX' ......................................... 22 3. TEX' ............................................................ 23 ......................................................... 156

3



! TEX -- , , , . . TEX' , , . , , , , , . TEX 300 , , , . . . , . 600 plain TEX. , , LaTEX, AMS -TEX, PHYZ ZX . ., LaTEX, - (, , , , ...). plain TEX' ( - ) , . TEX 3.1*, , -- . plain TEX', -- (. *). , , TEX' , . , , "" TEX'. " TEX", -- Raymond Seroul "Le petit Livre de TEX", . . . . . , . . . . , . . , . . .
* [1], [3] [4], TEX' TEX' [5] [6]. [7] , .

4


1. TEX'
1.1. TEX' TEX' , , , . .tex. TEX : -- .dvi (device-independent file), , , -- .log. . . TEX' ASCII, , 10 . . . \ { } $ & # ^ _ % ~ $\backslash$ $\{$ $\}$ \$ \& \# \^ \_ \% \~

. , `' . " ", . . , . : : en- ( n): н em- ( m): -- : - "--" "N-". En- , " 13н34", " 1.2.6н1.2.8". Em- -- , . . . : 5




(-) en- -- (--) em- -- (---) -- ($-$)(. ).

. . , . . `\ ', , -- ~. TEX , , , , `\ ' ` '. . , plain 600 , , . . . \ (). , , , . (\bigl \Bigl -- ). , . . , \hbox to 5cm{...} to -- . . TEX , , , : pt pc in bp cm mm dd cc sp point pica inch big point centimeter millimeter didot point cicero scaled point ( 12 pt) (1 pc = 12 pt) (1 in = 72.27 pt) (72 bp = 1 in) (2.54 cm = 1 in) (10 mm = 1 cm) - (1157 dd = 1238 pt) (1 cc = 12 dd) (65536 sp = 1 pt)

, TEX' , : em -- , M ex -- x . . , , . { }. , TEX , , . , . 6


cmti10 cmtt10 cmmi10 cmmi7 cmmi5 cmsy10 cmsy7 cmsy5 cmex10

1.2. TEX' TEX', , . plain TEX' Computer Modern , . . Computer Modern 128 , TEX 256 . , , \char'35 cmr10, Ї. . Plain TEX : cmr10 (Computer Modern Roman 10 ) cmr7 (Computer Modern Roman 7 ) cmr5 (Computer Modern Roman 5 ) cmbx10 (Computer Modern Bold Extended 10 ) . cmbx7 (Computer Modern Bold Extended 7 ) cmbx5 (Computer Modern Bold Extended 5 ) cmsl10 (Computer Modern Slanted Roman 10 )
(Computer (Computer (Computer (Computer (Computer (Computer (Computer (Computer (Computer Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo dern dern dern dern dern dern dern dern dern Text Italic 10 ) Typewriter type 10 ) Math Italic 10 ) Math Italic 7 ) Math Italic 5 ) Math Symbols 10 ) Math Symbols 7 ) Math Symbols 5 ) Math Extension 10 )



.

plain : \rm -- (roman) \sl -- (slanted) \it -- (italic) \tt -- (typewriter) \bf -- (b old) (\rm), . , "": -- , , , , , -. , \/ -- . , . , , , " 10 ", , , 10 . , . , ; , 7


cmr9 -- 9 . , , . 1.2 1.44 ( 1.2 Ѕ 1.2), 1.728 (= 1.2 Ѕ 1.2 Ѕ 1.2) . 1.2 1.44 . Plain TEX \magstep0 1000, \magstep1 1200, \magstep2 1440 \magstep5. , cmr10 1.2 Ѕ 1.2 , \font\bigtenrm=cmr10 scaled\magstep2. cmr10 (\magstep0).

cmr10, 1.2 (\magstep1).

cmr10, 1.44 (\magstep2).
\magstephalf, 0 1. 1.2 , ..,

. , - , true, , `\hsize=115 true mm'. 1.3. TEX . TEX , . 16 0 15: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 ( \) ( {) ( }) ( $) ( &) ( CR) ( #) ( ^) ( _) ( null ) ( ) (A -- Z, a -- z, -- , -- ) ( ) ( ~) ( %) ( delete )


-- , . . , TEX , . TEX' -- , , , . , : | |




-§



| |










TEX' ; . , , , , . TEX , , , . , \rm plain TEX' (cmr10) h 6.9444 pt, 5.5555 pt, a ; g 4.3055 pt, 5 pt, 1.9444 pt. , , 10 pt, cmr10 10 . : , , , , - . , g cmr10 0.1389 pt, cmsl10 0.8565 pt. , \/. , , \hrule \vrule. TEX' , . TEX , . TEX , , , . , TEX , , . , , . 9


-- "" "" "" "". (\raise) (\lower). . , , TEX . , ; , 12 . ; -- "" ; -- . , . , , (space), (stretch) (shrink). . , ; , , , . . , . TEX , , , . (a) , . (b) , , . (c) , , . TEX : 1 plus 2 minus 3 , plus 2 minus 3 ; plus , minus -- . , plain \medskip \vskip6pt plus2pt minus2pt. , . . , , , .., . , , , . \centerline plain TEX': , , \hsize. TEX , " ", . \vfil, \vfill; 10


, . , , \vfil , ; \vfil, \vfill , \vfill \vfil . \vfil \vfill, TEX \hfil \hfill , \hss \vss , , . TEX . , , . , TEX , , . . , , TEX "". . . [ , .] . [ v-.] . [ .] . [ h-.] . [ .] . [ .] , TEX, , . , , , : " ! - - ", . TEX , . , , , . TEX' , \indent \noindent. , TEX ( ) ( ). , \par . , -, . ($) , TEX , $, . ($$), TEX , , , 11


, . ( $$.) TEX , ( \par). (\ ) . TEX , - ( \vbox, \vtop, \vcenter, \valign, \vadjust \insert). , - . , , , . , TEX , , , , , . . TEX' -. , \kern , -- ; $ , , ; ($$), , , . TEX , , , , . , \bye, \vfill\eject\end. \vfill TEX , ; \eject , \end TEX'. 1.4. TEX . TEX' -- , . TEX , ; . , , . TEX , (badness), , \tolerance (). \tolerance, . , . Plain TEX , 12


200. TEX . TEX , \break. , , . , TEX , , \hfil\break. , . Plain TEX \obeylines, \par. , \obeylines, , % , . , TEX . , , \tolerance. , . , , . ., , "", . , , , , , . TEX , . , , \pretolerance (). , , \tolerance \pretolerance. Plain TEX \pretolerance=100 \tolerance=200. \pretolerance=10000, , , , ( ). , \pretolerance=-1, TEX . "" (\penalty), " " . TEX'. , \penalty 100, , 100. \penalty-100, TEX', , "". , , "" ( ). TEX , , . -- , . -- , , , 13


. , . . , TEX , . , , , . , TEX' , . , , , . , , , , , . TEX , \smallskip, \medskip \bigskip. , , TEX' . , , , \eject. : \eject TEX' , , . , , \vfill\eject. , \nobreak , \nobreak . , \nobreak. \nobreak \eject, TEX' . . TEX , , , . TEX' -- , . , TEX , , TEX , "", "" . , , . . Plain TEX . -- " ". \topinsert \endinsert, TEX . \midinsert \endinsert, , . , : 14


\bigskip\vbox{ }\bigbreak. \midinsert \topinsert. , , plain TEX . \footnote. 1.5. , -- , "" -- . $ ... $, -- $$ ... $$. , TEX , $. TEX' , , TEX' . . TEX , . . Plain TEX 18 0123456789!?.|/`@" .. , . , 18 , , . +, -, * . , + -- , , - -- . , . , - * , , . (-) (-), (*) (). TEX / , ( ). , +, - /. TEX / , $1/2$ 1 / 2, ; TEX / . , . Plain TEX =, <, > :, , . , . . `,' () `;' ( ) . , TEX 15


. `.' (), TEX . `:' , , \colon. , : TEX , , . `(' `[' , `)' `]' -- . ', \prime. , \catcode. { } , \{ \} , . . , . , "", .., , . TEX , . . , x^y^z x_y_z: TEX " " " ". x^{y^z}, x^{yz}, x_{y_z} x_{yz}. , , , , , . . plain TEX' . i j , i . plain TEX'e \imath \jmath. TEX , , : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

"" , , , . TEX . : , . TEX' -- $ ... ,$, . $$ ... $$, . , , . ( , , ) , . 16


, TEX , . . , . ; , , , . , , . TEX' \limits \nolimits . \nolimits\limits (, , \int, \nolimits, ), . \displaylimits, , TEX' , . , TEX . , 1+ 1+ x. "" . , , \bigl ( ) \bigr ( ). \Bigl \Bigr, , . 50% \big . , \big; \biggl \biggr. , , \Biggl \Biggr, 2.5 \bigl \bigr. TEX , , , \big, \bigg - . \left
1

\right

2

TEX , . , \left \right, , . , , 0 15. : , . , \textfont, \scriptfont \scriptscriptfont. 0 4095, , 256 , . , -- . , 24A 4A 2. , 0 7. 17


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

/ \sum + = ( ) , x

0 6 " ", ; 7 -- , . , 0, , , \fam, , \fam 0 15. TEX, , \fam=-1, 7 0 , \fam . Plain TEX \fam 0, \rm; , 7. 4096 , , . , plain , \sum -- 1350, -- ( 1), 50 3. 128 " ". \mathcode , \catcode. , . TEX , . , , , . \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen, \mathclose \mathpunct. , , . 1.6. , , . \def { } , { } . # : # 1, -- 2, ; #. # , # . . 18


TEX , . TEX' : TEX \par " ". \par, \long \def. \par . , , , "" ,

\outer, , , , , . \outer , TEX " ", "" . \outer. , . , , \outer , "" . , \def \global, , . . TEX' \global\def. \long \outer, \def , \gdef,

, . TEX . " " : \if 1 \else 2 \fi 1 , , 2 , . , \else. "\if " , "if"; , \ifodd\count0 \rightpage \else\leftpage \fi , , TEX' \count0 . , \if... \fi. \if...\fi {...}; . , . TEX \edef ( ) \xdef ( \global\edef). , \def \gdef, TEX . TEX 16 , \input. , 19


\openin = 0 15. .tex, \input, . , TEX ; , . \ifeof. \closein , , . , \read to , , -- , . , , . 1.7. TEX , , , , , , , , , .dvi, . , TEX', . Plain TEX , , , , , \footnote \topinsert. plain TEX', , . plain TEX', , 1 . 8 2 11 , 1 . , TEX , . , \hsize \vsize. , , -, , \hoffset \voffset. TEX , . \nopagenumbers . \nopagenumbers -- , 20


( ). plain TEX' , head line , , footline , . (headline) , (footline) . , , \headline \footline. , , TEX' . , , \footline \hss\folio\hss \tenrm. , , TEX . , TEX 101, 100. plain TEX', .

21


2.
, TEX', plain. , , , . , . . , , , . , TEX' " TEX" ([1]), TEX'. -- , . , , , , . , plain, . . , . , \show ( ) \showthe ( ). , , \show\bar, > \bar=macro ->\mathaccent "7016 \show\bar ? \show\hsize -- > \hsize=\hsize \show\hsize ? \hsize -- . \showthe\hsize , > 469.75499 pt \showthe\hsize ? \hsize. ? CR. \show-, TEX'.

22


3. TEX'
\


( ). . , TEX . \TeX ........................ TEX \TeX\ ...................... TEX , : $x>0,\ y\le 1,\ z\ge 2$ ....................... x > 0, y 1, z 2 . $x>0$, $y\le1$, $z\ge2$ ( , , ). 10 , 13, 25, 92 , 106-107, 186, 197, 202 , 335, 339, 347, 384, 416, 448 . , . 48, 65, 138, 238-240 , 242 , 243-245 , 271, 235, 236-240 . (#) . 48, 65, 421. , . . $$ . 4, 48, 65, 68, 107-110, 114 , 155, 163-164 , 221-222 , 319, 335, 341, 349. ($) . 48, 65, 240, 369 , 421. . TEX , . CR ( , , - ). 35 , 48, 49, 55, 61, 65, 137-138, 150, 295, 400, 404 , 407. (%). 48, 55-56, 65, 421. , (, ). 48, 65, 211-212 , 227-233 , 275-295 , 334, 452-456. 23

#

\#

$

\$

%

\%

&


\&

(&). 48, 65, 68, 421. ( ): \'e, \'E, \'o, \'= .................................... ‡ E, o, = e, ‡ ‡ ‡ 9-11 , 66-67, 365 , 421, 420 . ( ): \`e, \`E, \`u ............................................ ` E, u e, ` ` 10, 66-68, 365 , 422. ( ): \"e, \"a, \"o, \"O ..................................... и и o, O e, a, и и i plain \"\i ( \"i и i). 9 , 12, 32 , 33 , 66-67, 68, 421. , plain . 18-19 , 25-28 , 48, 66, 238-240 , 241-243, 244-246 , 256, 319, 326-327, 335, 340, 347, 393 . ({). : $...\{...$. \big , \left...\right. 163, 176-178 , 210-211 , 426. , plain . 18-19 , 25-28 , 48, 66, 238-240 , 241-243, 244-246 , 319, 326-327, 330, 360, 393 . (}). , . 163, 176-178 , 210-211 , 420. "". . 65, 161, 318. , \cr. , . : 24

\'

\`

\"

{

\{

}

\}

+

\+


\+\kern 10mm& \cr \+ &\cr





, \+, , (\cleartabs) . ! \+ ( \outer\def\+{\tabalign}). , \smash{...\+...\cr..} \runaway argument ?. , \let\+=\tabalign. 275-279 , 295, 403, 419. \- "". . 5 , 65, 115, 117, 155 , 161, 318. : \-\-\-. , TEX , ( , \language=1). \hyphenation. 117, 335, 341, 348, 530. : $(x+y)\*(z+t)$. , (x+y )(z +t). , ( + )Ѕ , (z + t) . . \discretionary . \allowbreak \break: $X_1+x_2\cdots+x_n \allowbreak +y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_m$. - , \nobreak , : \hbox{$...$}. . 208, 423.


\*

\/

( , , ). , : {\it Good} buy ......................................... Good buy {\it Good} buy\/ ...................................... Good buy {\sl Good} buy ........................................ Good buy {\sl Good\/} buy ...................................... Good buy 18 , 80 , 341, 348, 366 , 450, 455. 25


\|

(.\Vert) . . \big , \left...\ right. 176-178 , 426, 438, 507, 511. . , . 9 , 48, 49, 50, 66, 176-178, 408, 508 . "". . 65, 162 , 248, 268, 326, 442 . ( ): \=occam, \=assis .................................... occam, п п assis , \bar. , z z п $\bar z$. , \overline: $\overline{z}+\overline{k}$ .............................. z + k $\overline{\strut z}+\overline{strut k}$ ................. z + k \strut (): . \overline , "" . $\overline{\mathstrut(u+v)}=\overline {\mathstrut u}+\overline{\mathstrut v}$ ......... (u + v ) = u + v 66, 67 , 422.

\

=

\=

>

"". . 66, 67, 162 , 181, 248. (2/9 -- . \quad), . , : ||. . 202, 205, 423. - (1/6 -- . \quad), . . b b $\int_a^bf(x)dx$, $\int_a^bf(x)\,dx$ ....... a f (x)dx, a f (x) dx 6, 202-208 , 365, 423, 479-480 . ( ): \.x x. x $\dot x$. 66, 422. 26

\>

\,

\.


\;

(5/18 -- . \quad), . , : | |. . 202, 206, 423. - (-1/6 -- . \quad), . ! , "" : $\int\!\!\!\int_{cal D} {e^{x+y}\over x+y+1}dxdy$ .......................
ex+y calD x+y +1

\!

dxdy

202, 204 , 423. _ , : $x_i$ xi . 48, 66, 156-158 , 163. , . Plus\_Grand\_Commun\_Diviseur ...... Plus Grand Commun Diviseur 48, 199 , 422. ^ , : $x^i$ xi . 48, 66, 156-158 , 163, 435, 494 . \^ "" ( ): \^e,\^E,\^a,\^i,\^o,\^O ............................... ^ E,^ ^ o,O e, ^ a,i,^ ^ \^i ^ ^ i. i, i: \^\i. 66, 422. ~ , . , ~ . , , . . , ".~, .~38--45" ~ .~ , 48, 66, 408, 418. \~ ~ . 66, 422. 27

\_


a
\aa `a' ( ): ђ a. 421. `A' ( ): ђ x = 3 ђ $x=3$ \AA. ђ A. A A , \AA\ . 422.


\AA

\above

. \over. $x+{y+z\above 1pt v+w}$ ................................. x + v+w y+z $\displaystyle x+{y+z\above 1pt v+w}$ ................ x + v+w 174 , 183, 349, 517-518.
y +z

\abovedisplayshortskip , . . \abovedisplayskip. 225, 325, 413 , 486. \abovedisplayskip , . \belowdisplayskip \belowdisplayshortskip. plain : \abovedisplayskip=12pt plus 3pt minus 9pt \abovedisplayhortskip=0pt plus 3pt \belowdisplayskip=\abovedisplayskip \belowdisplayshortskip=7pt plus 3pt minus 3pt . \vskip -1mm \vskip -1mm plus .2mm minus .2mm. , . 225, 226, 231, 325, 347, 413 , 486 . \abovewithdelims (, ). , -- : \def\toto{\abovewithdelims[.1pt]} : . ( ) 28


, . , 0.1 pt! 1 pt. \toto , \over: a $x+{a\toto b+c}$ ........................................ x + b+c a $\displaystyle x+{a\toto b+c}$ ....................... x + b+c 183, 349, 517-518. \accent


TEX', . , \'E \accent 19 E. . 12, 68, 106, 335, 341. , .., . , W , catcode`\W=\active defW{...} , \defW W \. W . , W ( !). W , \catcode`\W=11 (11 -- ). \string, W W. \defW{\string W, W W . 241, 407, 364 , 492 . , ( ): $\acute a$, $\acute x$, $\acute y$ ...................... a, x, y ‡‡‡ 164, 424.

\active

\acute

\adjdemerits . TEX . plain \adjdemerits=10000. 121, 323, 376 , 413 . \advance , . TEX. \advance\count13 by 1 \advance\count17 by\count13 \advance\dimen8 by 3pt \advance\skip8 by lfil 27, 143, 259, 305 , 327, 420 .

\advancepageno \pageno, . plain : 29


\def\advancepageno{\ifnum\pageno<0 \global\advance\pageno by -1 \else\global\advance\pageno by 1\if} : \pageno , , . \global , \pageno , . , \folio. 305, 306 , 428, 487 . \ae ц ( oe \oe). ros\ae, \oe d\`eme .................................. rosц, oed` eme , , , ? 23, 58, 67 , 421. \AE Ї. \AE SOPE ЇSOPE. , \AE . 67 , 421.

\afterassignment , , . 255, 331, 417, 430, 442, 470 . \aftergroup , , . 255, 331, 439, 440, 444 , 445. \aleph . . $2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_1$ ................................ 2

0

= 1

12, 423, 507. \allocationnumber , , \newcount, \newdimen, ... , \newinsert. . 411. \allowbreak (\penalty 0). TEX' , , \goodbreak . 209 , 419, 465 . \allowhyphens . . 463 , 463. 30


\alpha

, . . 156, 239 , 423, 506. . : y

\amalg

$x\amalg y$ ............................................... x \coprod: $\amalg$ $\coprod$ $\displaystyle\coprod$ ..............

424, 508. \angle . : $\angle AMB$ ................................... AM B -: $\widehat{ABM}$ ................................. AB M 423, 507. \approx . . , \simeq ( ) \cong ()? = 156, 508. . . 196, 427. \arcsin . . 196, 427. \arctan : arctan. . \arctg: \def\arctg{\mathop{\rm arctg}\nolimits} 196, 427. \arg arg . : $\arg(zz')=\arg z+\arg z'$ ................ arg(zz ) = arg z + arg z 196, 427. \arrowvert | . . 181, 425. \Arrowvert . . 181, 425. \ast . . 508. 31

\arccos


\asymp at \atop




. . 508.

, . 21, 75, 253, 329, 478, 484 , 505. . , \over. u $x+{u\atop v+w}$ ........................................ x + v+w u $\displaystyle x+{u\atop v+w}$ ....................... x + v+w $\displaystyle S=\sum_{\scriptstyle 1 1
\scriptstyle . , . \scriptscriptstyle (5 7), \atop . 173, 175 , 183, 213 , 349, 517. \atopwithdelims \atop, . , \over: \def\toto{\atopwithdelims<>} $q+{x+u \toto x+vw}$ ................................. q + xx+u +vw x+u $\displaystyle q+{x+u \toto x+vw}$ ............... q + x + vw 183 , 349, 386, 360 , 517.

b
\b , ( ): \b x, \b o, \b k ......................................... x, o, k ппп \underline, . , , : $\underline{\hbox{PAO}}$, $\underline{PAO}$ ......... PAO, PAO 62, 66, 67, 478.

\backslash . : $H\backslash G/K$ ....................................... H \G/K \setminus ( ), : 32


$H\setminus G$ ....................... H \ G $H\backslash G$ ................................ H \G `\' \tt, \char`\\. 48, 177-178 , 425, 507 . \badness


, . 254, 272, 322. (п). x . , : , z $\bar z$. \overline: $\bar z+\bar k$ ........................................... z + k пп $\overline{z}+\overline{k}$ .............................. z + k $\overline{\mathstrut z}+\overline{\mathstrut k}$ ....... z + k \mathstrut ( , ). \overline . 164, 165 .

\bar

\baselineskip ( plain \baselineskip=12pt). , \par: {\baselineskipp=14pt...\par}, . (, \matrix) \normalbaselines, \baselineskip. \normalbaselines. 87 , 97, 128, 231, 301, 302 , 325, 333, 406, 414, 416-417, 479, 485-486 . \batchmode


, TEX'. TEX' , , . . . scrollmode nonstopmode. 42, 329, 358, 399 .

\begingroup . \endgroup. . \bgroup \egroup, . , \begingroup \egroup, . { ... } \bgroup ... \egroup \begingroup ... 33


\endgroup -- . TEX . TEX . \bgroup, \begingroup .. , , -- . ! ( !) \narrower. \par : \def\begincitation{\begingroup\sl\leftskip=1cm\rightskip=1cm} \def\endcitation{\par\endgroup} 27, 295, 312 , 330, 380, 477, 490 . \beginsection , : \beginsection...\par ( \par ). , \beginsection 2\par \sl , $J_\nu(x)$ ... : 2 , J (x) v > 1. x . 404 , 420. \belowdisplayshortskip , TEX , . 225, 325, 423, 486 . \belowdisplayskip , TEX , . , , \abovedisplayshortskip \abovedisplayskip 225, 227, 232, 325, 347, 413, 486 . \beta . . 156 , 506. \bf . , .. . {\bf } ......... 34


, \bf .... , - ( \sl). 17, 198-199 , 390, 416,

, \rm, \it 479, 485 .

\bffam

. . 416, 485 .

\bgroup

{. : \let\bgroup={. , \egroup -- }. \begingroup \endgroup. . 319, 416, 429 , 449, 452, 477, 492 .

\big

. . : \big ( , , , ..) , : \bigl, \bigr \bigm. \bigl , \bigr -- (`l' `r' ): $f\bigl(x+(y+z)\bigr)$ ............................ f x +(y + z ) . , . \bigm : $(x\in A(n)|y\in B(m))$ ...................... (x A(n)|y B (m)) $\big(x\in A(n)\big|y\in B(m)\big)$ ........ x A(n) y B (m) $\bigl(x\in A(n)\bigm|y\in B(m)\bigr)$ .... x A(n) y B (m) , : \big -- , \bigl , \bigr \bigm, . , \Big, \bigg . . \Bigg. 35




, \Bigg\uparrow. , . 54 : \left\uparrow\vbox to 27mm{}\right. , .. . , , , . \big. 178, 206, 381 , 425, 485 .

\Big

50% "" \big. , - : \Bigl, \Bigr, \Bigm, \Big. 178, 206, 425.

\bigbreak 12 , \bigskip. (\penalty -200). , : \smallbreak ( \smallskip \penalty -50) \medbreak ( medskip \penalty -100). \goodbreak (\penalty -500). ( \allowbreak). \filbreak , , ( ), , . , , \break ( \penalty -1000), . 135, 141, 353, 429 . \bigcap : . U
U A

$\displaystyle\overline A= \bigcap_{U\supset A}U$ .. A =

, `A'. A, \overline{\! A}. 178, 507. \bigcirc \bigcup . . 508. . . 36


$\displaystyle{\buildrel\circ\over A}=\bigcup_{U\subset A}U$ . ....................................................... A =
U A

U

A , = "". -- \mathop{A\kern0pt}^\circ (\kern `A' ). A , (\circ) . - \circ({\buildrel\,\,\circ\over A}) : A=
U A

U 178, 507.

\bigg

\Big . . \big \Bigg. biggl, biggm biggr. 178 , 206, 233, 389, 425. , \bigg. . \big \Big. Biggl, Biggm Biggr. \Biggl(\biggl(\Bigl(\bigl( () \bigr)\Bigr)\biggr)\Biggr)
i=N

\Bigg

()
i=1 k=1

\big , . , f u + (v ) -- \Big , \bigg, . \left \right, . , , ( , , , , ). 178, 206, 425. \biggl \bigg. . \bigg. 178, 179 , 425, 510. \Biggl \Bigg. . \Bigg. 178, 179, 425, 510. \biggm \bigg. . \bigg. 177, 425. 37


\Biggm

\Bigg. . \Bigg. 177, 425. \bigg. . \bigg. 177, 178 , 425.

\biggr

\Biggr

\Bigg. . \Bigg. 177, 178, 425. \big. . \big. 176-181 , 187, 206-210 , 425, 510. \Big. . \Big. 177, 425, 437. \big. . \big. 178, 206, 210 , 425. \Big. . \Big. 178, 425. . . 507. . : E
i I i

\bigl

\Bigl

\bigm

\Bigm

\bigodot

\bigoplus

$\displaystyle E=\bigoplus_{i\in I}E_i$ ............. E =

507. \bigotimes . .
n

$\bigvee\limits^n E=\bigl({\textstyle \bigotimes}^n E\bigr)/S_n(E)$ .............

E=

n

E /Sn (E ) 507.

\bigr

\big. . \big. 177-178 , 179-181, 206, 210 , 425. \Big. . \Big. 177, 425. 12 ( 4 ). . \bigbreak. 89, 133, 135, 140-141, 417, 420, 477, 482 . 38

\Bigr

\bigskip


\bigskipamount \bigskip. \bigskipamount=12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt. , \normalbaselines. 149, 414, 416-418, 429 . \bigsqcup . . 507. \bigtriangledown . . 508. \bigtriangleup . . \triangleleft ( ) \triangleright ( ), \big- . 508. \biguplus . \bigotimes. . . 507. \bigvee . . 507. \bigwedge . . 507. \binoppenalty . plain 700. 124, 209, 323, 384, 413 , 508. \bmod . : $x:= x\bmod a$ ..................................... x := x mod a , ""-- \pmod, , , : $x\equiv y\pmod n$ ............................... x y (mod n) 198 , 384, 427. \bordermatrix . . $$A=\bordermatrix{ &p &q \cr p &I_p &O \cr q &O &J_q \cr}$$ 39 p A= q p Ip O q O Jq


n Ѕ n (n +1) Ѕ (n + 1), (1, 1) . TEX , . 213 , 427. \bot . : $(E+F)^\bot=E^\bot\cap F^\bot$ ............. (E + F ) = E F


\perp, \vdash \dashv, , , , , . 507. \botmark


, . . \mark. 254, 307, 308-309, 310-311, 312-313 , 332. . . , \joinrel. 424, 508. ( 0 255). , TEX'a. , - , \setbox: \setbox2=\hbox{}\box2 ........................ , \copy, 0 255, , \copy2. \box0 \box1. . 10 250. 250 : ! , \newbox. \boxdef, " " , . \chardef. \chardef\toto=30 \box30 \box\toto. 145, 182, 264, 329, 410, 419, 454, 455 .

\bowtie

\box



\boxmaxdepth . plain . 100, 138, 296, 304 , 325, 413 . \brace , . . \over: $p+{n \brace k}$ ........................................ p + 40
n k


$\displaystyle p+{n \brace k}$ ........................ p +

n k 426.

\braceld

. . 422 . . . 422 . . . 422 . . . 422 . 181, 425.

\bracelu

\bracerd

\braceru

\bracevert | . . \brack , . . \over. $k+{n\brack k}$ .......................................... k + n k n $\displaystyle{n\brack k}+k$ ........................... +k k 426. ( ) (\penalty-10000) . , , . : xyz \break xyz. xyz\break. - , \hfill\break, . 116, 120, 130, 139, 200, 230, 418. "" ( ). . $\breve a$, $\breve x$, $t\,\breve{}$ ................... a, x, t 164.

\break

\breve

\brokenpenalty , TEX' . plain 100. 128, 323, 413 . 41


\buildrel - . : $x \buildrel def \over{=} 1$ ............................ x = 1 $x\buildrel\hbox{\sevenrm } \over{\longrightarrow} 0$ ............................... x - 0 $T\buildrel\hbox{\sevenrm }\over {\hbox to 2cm{\rightarrowfill}} 1$ ............. T - -------- 1 \hbox, . \over : \buildrel...\over{...}. , \over . \buildrel , TEX , ^\hbox; . \buildrel , , : {\buildrel...\over...} , -- , -- . - , \mathop. \build \buildrel. 426, 509 . \bullet §. . `', $\circ$. ( !) 161 , 186, 420 , 508. TEX', "" \advance, ... . , \advance\count1 by 8. 144 , 328. TEX' ( \end). 107, 404 , 423.
def

by

\bye

c
\c : hame\c con, FRAN\c CON, \c S ............ hamecon, FRANCON, S ¦ ¦ ¦ 32 , 67, 422. . : $\cal A$, ${\cal H}-{\cal X}$ ........................ A, H- X , : 42

\cal


$\cal A*b+c*T+x/y-z$ ....................... A + T + з/- 199, 416, 503. \cap . : $A\cap B)\cap C=A\cap(B\cap C)$ ........ A B ) C = A (B C ) 161, 508. \cases . : -- , : $\varphi(x) = \cases{ 0 x 0, (x) = 0 & $x\leq 0 $,\cr e-1/x . e^{-1/x}& . \cr } , $ . , (" $X\leq 0$"). , \noalign{\smallskip} \cr. : \openup \cases. 211, 427.


\catcode

. . . \active. 50 , 163, 186, 254, 322, 365, 407-408, 447-449, 452, 459, 492, 495 . -- TEX' (1 = 12 dd). 71, 321. § (, ). . , , : $x\cdot y=x_1y_1+\cdots+x_ny_n$ ......... x § y = x1 y1 + §§§ + xn yn , \cdotp, . 161, 208 , 381, 508.

cc \cdot

\cdotp

. , . , : 11 $x={1\over 2}+{1\over 3}.$ ........................... x = + . 23 11 $x={1\over 2}+{1\over 3}\cdotp$ ..................... x = + § 23 ( ) \raise 2pt, \hbox: 43


$x={1\over 2}+{1\over 3},$ ........................... x =

11 +, 23 11 $x={1\over 2}+{1\over 3}\raise 2pt\hbox{,}$ ......... x = + , 23 424, 510. , . . \cdot ( `s' ). +, -, Ѕ, =, >, , <, . 207 , 180-181 , 424, 510.

\cdots

\centerline : \centerline{\bf 2} , \centerline , , ( , \centerline , \par \vskip). , TEX \hbox. \centerline \hss : . 26, 32 , 42, 90, 105, 124, 142 , 276, 372, 404 , 418. \char


, , ASCII. 15 '17 "F -- . \char'017, \char 15 \char"F , ASCII -- 15. `ffl' `ffl' -- . \tt `ѓ'. TEX , , : \char`\A , ASCII- , A ( `\ , ). , -- \tt, \char`\{ `{', \char`\\ -- `\' ( !). , , ( `ffl' ). 55 , 95, 106, 187, 335, 341, 346, 404, 499 , 527.


\chardef

, ASCII. \chardef\esperluete=38 \esperluete, 38 . \chardef\esperluete='46 ( ) \chardef\esperluete="26 ( ). , \chardef , 44


0 255. \count\esperluete \count38. \box. . \mathchardef. 56, 147, 187, 249, 255, 298, 322, 328, 492 , 527. \check "", . , . $\check x*\check C+D\check{}$ ........................ x C + D "" . , "" `D'. , : \def\tcheche#1{#1\mkern2.5mu\check{}} \mkern -- . mu ( ). ? , : \displaystyle, \textstyle, \scriptstyle \scriptscriptstyle. mu . ( $\tcheche A+\tcheche B$): A+ B+ C+ D+ M+ X+ Y + Z A+ B+ C+ D+ M+ X+ Y + Z
A B C D M X Y Z +++++++
A B C D M X Y Z ++++ +++

164. \chi . . 1, 506. \choose . . \over, " " \atopwithdelims: $p+{n\choose n+k}$ ..................................... p + $\displaystyle p+{n\choose n+k}$ ................... p + n n+k 169, 173, 183, 213, 425.
n n+k

\circ

. : $(f\circ g)'=f'\circ g\times g'$ ............ (f g ) = f g Ѕ g , , : $u{\circ}v$, $u\mathord\circ v$ ....................... uv , uv 45


, , : 1 ), 1$^\circ$). 161, 385 , 508. \cleaders


, . . \leaders. 266, 267-268, 422, 440 .

\cleartabs , . 279 , 419. \closein


0 15. , . \openin. 257, 331.


\closeout

, , . 269, 302, 332, 493 .

\clubpenalty , TEX . plain 150. 128, 138, 323, 379, 413, 490 . \clubsuit . . 507. cm TEX', (2.54 cm = 1 in). 32 , 71, 321. (:) : $x\colon y : z$, $X\colon=Y:=Z$ ............ x: y : z , X := Y := Z 162 , 425, 510 . \columns , . \settabs: \settabs \+$x i^2$ \+ \+ 3\columns &\it 2 & 3 \cr &\bf \cr & & 3 \cr

\colon

: x2 2 3 i 3 46


: \cr, \+. 275, 419. \cong . . = \simeq, . 183, 426, 508. \coprod . . \amalg: $\amalg$, $\coprod$, $\displaystyle\coprod$ ........... , , 507. \copy


( 0 255). , , \box : \setbox2=\hbox{ .} \copy2 ....................................... . \box2 ........................................ . \box2 ........................................................... 145, 182, 264, 390, 391, 440, 454, 477 .

\copyright c . " " . \romannumeral. 368 , 403, 422. \cos . . $\cos^2x+\sin^2x=1$ ............................ cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 196, 427. \cosh . : $\cosh^2t-\sinh^2t=1$ ......................... cosh2 t - sinh2 t = 1 \cosh , : \def\ch{\mathop{\rm ch\nolimits}} 196, 427. \cot . . cotg, , \ch. $\cot(x)=\cos(x)/\sin(x)$ .................. cot(x) = cos(x)/ sin(x) 196, 427. \coth . : $\coth x=\cosh x/\sinh x$ .................. coth x = cosh x/ sinh x 47


, . ? 196, 427. \count


( 0 255). TEX 256 , . 0 9 , ! \count250 : , . : \def\resetcountCXII{\count112=0} \def\incrementeCXII{\global\advance\count112 by 1} : \resetcountCXII, , 112 0. \incrementeCXII \count112 ( \global ). .. TEX'a, , , . 143, 246, 322, 328, 411, 446 .


\countdef

. , \count112, . , : \countdef\toto=112 \count112 \toto , , , : \def\inittoto{\toto=0} \def\incrementetoto{\global\advance\toto by 1} 145, 147, 249, 255, 322, 328, 410-411 . . . \matrix, \eqalign, \halign, \displaylines .. 211-214 , 227, 275 , 245, 294, 326, 335, 416, 417, 453, 482, 489, 491 .

\cr



\crcr



, \cr, . TEX'. 295, 326, 335, 427-428 , 453, 482, 492 . (csc). . 196, 427.


\csc \csname

\csname ... \endcsname , . , \csname TeX \endcsname -- , \TeX. 50, 263, 413, 441 . . : 48

\cup


$(A\cup B)\cap C=(A\cap C) \cup(B\cap C)$ .................... (A B ) C = (A C ) (B C ) \bigcup: $\cup$, $\bigcup$, $\displaystyle\bigcup$ ............. , , , , \bigcap. 161, 508 . ( ): kr\d sna, KR\d SNA ................................ krsna, KRSNA . . 67, 422. . . 142, 422, 511. \dagger . "" \dag ( $...\dagger...$). . 508, 511. . . ( ), \vdash. 508. ( , , ). \the, . ? \day -- TEX'a, . , write print . TEX'e \the: \the\day ..................................................... 12 \the\month .................................................... 6 \the\year .................................................. 1991 334, 413, 476. TEX' (1157 dd = 1238 pt). 71, 321. \ddag . . 142, 422, 511. \ddagger . . 508, 511. 49

d
\d

\dag

\dashv

\day



dd


\ddot

. . , : $\ddot x(t)=f(x,t)$ ................................ x(t) = f (x, t) и 164, 424. . ( . . ). . 213, 424.

\ddots

\deadczcles TEX', \shipout 1 \output. , ( \deadczcles \maxdeadczcles, ). 254, 303, 314, 322, 335, 470 . \def


. . 56, 165, 237-248, 255, 326.

\defaulthyphenchar TEX' -- \hyphenchar (. \hyphenchar). plain \hyphenchar -- . 324, 413 . \defaultskewchar \skewchar (. \skewchar). plain \skewchar=-1. 324, 413 . \deg , "deg" . : $\deg(FG)=\deg F+\deg G$ ................ deg(FG) = deg F +deg G , : \def\degres{$^\circ$} 138\degres .................................... 138 196, 427.


\delcode

. , \delcode`x="123456 , x , "" (1 -- , 23 -- ), -- "" (4 -- , 56 -- ). 188, 254, 322, 436, 409 . 50


\delimiter



TEX' . TEX TEX'. 189, 345, 425 .

\delimiterfactor . plain 901. TEX. 186, 324, 413 , 519. \delimitershortfall . plain 5 pt. TEX. 184, 325, 413 , 519. \delta . . 156 , 506. \Delta . . 205, 222 , 506. "" (. \hrule \vrule). 263, 300, 334, 400. det ( ). : $\det A\ne 0$, $A^{-1}$ . ............. .......................... det A = 0, A-1 . \left|\matrix{...}\right|. 196, 427. . . $x\diamond y=xy/(x+y)$ ............ x y = xy /(x + y ) 508. 507. \dim dim ( ). : $\dim(U+V)=\dim U+\dim V-\dim U\cap V$ ........................ ........................... dim(U + V ) = dim U +dim V - dim U V 196, 427.


depth

\det

\diamond

\diamondsuit . .

\dimen

, . 0 255. , \box3. TEX : - \ht3=0.5\ht3. : 51


\dimen1=\ht3 \divide\dimen1 by 2 \ht3=\dimen1 143, 322, 324-328, 411, 414, 426, 429, 463 . \dimendef


(\toto , , \dimen117!): \dimendef\toto=117 \toto \dimen117. \newdimen, . \dimen117 \dimendef \toto, , , , . \newdimen, - . 145, 255, 328, 411 .

\discretionary , "-" (.--). . TEX , , ( ). , TEX' : \def\pointir{\discretionary{.}{}{.---}} {.---} , TEX , . , {.} , , {} -- , (, , ). ( -- ?). , \hbox. `---' -- , TEX . "-" ( \pointir aa\pointir bb\pointir cc): aa.--bb.--cc .--aa.--bb.--cc .--aa.--bb.--cc .--aa.--bb.--cc .--aa.--bb. cc .--aa.--bb.--cc .--aa.--bb.--cc .--aa.--bb.--cc 118, 335, 341, 348. \displayindent . - $$, TEX \displaywidth, \displayindent. , , \hsize 0pt. . : $$\displaylines{\longleftarrow 52


\hfill\cos^2x+\sin^2x=1\hfill\longrigtharrow\cr }$$ - cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 -

( \displaylines , \line). , \hsize=115mm. \leftskip=20mm. , : - cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 - \displaywidth 2 , $$\displaywidth = 95mm \displaylines{...}$$, : - cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 - "" , , . 2 : $$displaywidth=95mm\displayindent=20mm \displaylines{...}$$ - cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 -

\displaywidth \displayindent . , : \everydisplay={\displaywidth=115mm \displayindent=20mm} TEX , . 224, 226, 325, 347, 413. \displaylimits ( , , ...), \limits \nolimits. . 175, 192, 348, 516. \displaylines . : $$\displaylines{ 53


x_1+\cdots+x_n=y_1+\cdots+y_m,\cr A=B+C. \cr }$$ : x1 + §§§ + xn = y1 + §§§ + ym , A = B + C. , . , \cr. , -- \cr. TEX , . \cr, , , , (\crcr), TEX . , , , . , , , ( ), .. : $$\displaylines{ ... ...\cr$$ \cr, . TEX' ... ! , . \eqalign. 231, 233 , 428. \displaystyle . , : , (\textstyle). . C. \displaystyle ( \textstyle, \displaystyle, ): $\displaystyle\sum_{n=0} ^{n=\infty}{x_n\over 1+x_n^2}$ ...................... \textstyle: $\sum_{n=0}^{n=\infty }{x_n\over1+x_n^2}$ .......... , \displaystyle: ${a\over b}$ ...................................... 54
a b n=0 n =

xn 1+ x

2 n

n= xn n=0 1+x

2 n


$\displaystyle{a\over b}$ ........................

${a\over\displaystyle b}$ ........................

a b ${\displaystyle a\over b}$ ....................... a b b 172, 348, 428 .
a

\displaywidowpenalty , TEX . plain 50. 128, 323, 413 . \displaywidth . . \displayindent. 224, 227, 325, 413. \div ?. : $15\div 4=3$ .......................................... 15 ? 4 = 3 508. \divide


. TEX. \divide\dimen117 by 12 \dimen117 12, .. \dimen117:=\dimen117 div 12. . \dimen. 143, 259, 327, 460, 466, 468, 488 . , , , \dospecial. - . 408, 447, 493.

\do

\dospecials , . " ", , . 408, 447, 494. \dosupereject \eject. . 305, 430. \dot , . . : $\dot x(t)=f\bigl(x(t),t\bigr)$ ................. x(t) = f x(t),t \big. - a \ddot. 164. 55


\doteq

. =. . 426, 508. . - \hbox, \line, \halign .., \break. , \line{ \dotfill XX } : ................................................... XX ( \leaders). 290, 396, 397, 404-405 , 493. ... , (...). \dots\ ( ), . : \ldots ( ) \cdots ( ). 208, 422.

\dotfill

\dots

\doublehyphendemerits , TEX -- , , . plain 10000. 121, 323, 413, 526 . \downarrow . . \big \left...\right. 12 , , : \left\downarrow\vbox to 6mm{}\right , , , , (, \vcenter). . \big. 177, 218 , 425, 509. \Downarrow . . . 177 , 425, 509. \downbracefill , ( ). \setbox2=\hbox{ !} \setbox3=\hbox to\wd2{\downbracefill} 56


\vbox{\box3\box2} ! : \box2, , . \overbrace \underbrace. 268, 394, 423. \dp


( 0 255). (depth) . . \setbox \showthe. 145, 322, 377 , 456-457, 488 .


\dump

\end \bye, plain. 335, 340, 399, 408 .

e
\edef


, , . 255-256 , 326, 390, 413, 439 . . \bgroup. , \bgroup, -- }. , , \egroup : \let\egroup=} \begingroup \endgroup . , . \bgroup \egroup. 319, 416, 429 , 449, 452, 477, 492 . . , TEX , \eject, : \vfill\eject \vfill , . -- \bigbreak, \smallbreak, \medbreak, \goodbreak, \filbreak, \penalty. (, , ), : 57

\egroup

\eject


\vfill\eject\null\vfill\eject. \null, ( ), ! 32-33 , 129, 133, 226, 418, 488, 489 . \ell ( ). , : $l-l*x_1^2+y_l^\alpha$ ............................. l - l x2 + y 1 $\ell-\ell*x_\ell^2+y_\ell^\alpha$ ............... - x2 + y
l

: \imath (i) \jmath (). ( - ): $\vec\imath$ $\vec\jmath$ i . \i \j, ! 160, 507. \else


else TEX: \iftest 1 \fi \iftest 1 \else 2\fi 1, \iftest -- , 2 -- . \else . \fi! 246, 250, 252.

em

TEX', . m. 75, 186, 201, 254, 321, 417, 485 , 505.

\emergenczstretch . 131, 325. \empty plain \empty {}. 313, 416, 444 . \emptyset . . \O (ј), . 156, 507. \end


TEX', . \end, TEX , . \bye, \end, 58


TEX , . , ( \midinsert \topinsert). 31, 34, 27 , 107, 314, 335, 358, 357, 399, 473 . \endcsname \endgraf


. \csname. 50, 253, 336, 412, 441 . TEX' \par. , \par . 312 , 340, 393 , 416, 477, 486, 490 .

\endgroup



, \begingroup. 27, 295, 312 , 330, 447, 477, 489 , 490. . TEX . 60, 254.

\endinput



\endinsert , , \topinsert \midinsert. 140, 429. \endline \cr. , \cr . 416.

\endlinechar , . 13, , . 61, 324, 393 , 413, 459 . \endtemplate , . 285. \enskip , (\hskip .5em\relax) . \relax \hskip , "plus", "Plus", "minus" "Minus". TEX' , \hskip .5em plus..., plus. 89, 417. (\kern .5em) . \enskip, \enspace ( \kern). 59

\enspace


241 , 417, 490 . \epsilon . , \varepsilon (), . . 1, 156, 506. \eqalign . . $$\eqalign{ A &={2x\over 1+x_2}\cr &\leq 2x \cr }$$ A= 2x 1+ xq 2 2x.

, . ( , ), & \cr. , , . , , . \eqalign \hfill. , \hfill ! \hfill&=B\ &\hfill=B\, . , (\matrix), \cases , , (\halign). \displaylines. , \noalign \openup. 227 , 287, 388, 428. \eqalignno . \leqalignno. : & & \cr , " " " " . - , :A&=B&(1)\cr. : A&=B\cr, . : $$\eqalignno{{\pi^2\over 6} &=\sum_{n=1}^\infty{1\over n^2}\cr &>\sum_{n=1}^\infty{1\over n(n+1)}&(1)\cr &\ge\sum_{n=1}^\infty{1\over n}-{1\over n+1}=1&(2)\cr }$$ : 60


2 = 6 >

n=1 n=1

1 n2 1 n(n +1) 1 1 - =1 n n +1 (1) (2)


n=1

, , . : "" , , (). . , : ...&(\Sigma)\cr, ...&$(\Sigma)$\cr. , : \eqalign, , TEX . "no" \eqalign. \eqalignno ( \leqalignno) "" \line, TEX . 228 , 231, 428. \eqno


, . . $$e^{i\pi}=-1\eqno\hbox{\eightrm ()}$$ e
i

= -1

()

, \leqno: $$e^{i\pi}=-1\leqno\hbox{\eightrm ()}$$
()

ei = -1

\hbox, - , ? : , . : \eqno \displaylines. , \eqno . , \eqalignno \leqalignno. 222-223 , 225-231, 349, 422. 61


\equiv

. . $\not\equiv$. 162 , 508.


\errhelp

( \errmessage, , . 302, 326, 331, 412 .

\errmessage , . \errhelp. 257, 331, 412, 489 . \errorcontextline , . plain 5. 44, 324, 413. \errorstopmode TEX', , . . \scrollstopmode, \nonstopmode \batchmode. 42, 329, 357. \escapechar . plain . 51, 253, 271, 324, 368-369 , 412-413, 443 . \eta


. . 506. , TEX \cr. 326, 428 .

\everycr

\everydisplay , TEX , . \everydisplay={\toto}, $$$$ $$\toto $$. . \displayindent. 216, 326, 335, 388 . \everyhbox


, TEX . 326, 331. , TEX . 326. 62

\everyjob




\everymath



, TEX . \everydisplay. 216, 326, 349. , TEX . \everypar={{\bf\the\count17}\quad \global\advance\count17 by 1\relax} . {\bf\the\count17}\quad\global\advance\count17 by 1\relax, \count17, , . , \advance \global. . -- \count17=1 . : \everypar -- - , \par, , (, \vskip). , \everypar={\smallskip}? , TEX . \everypar, .. \smallskip, . , , , . ? . \smallskip : \parskip=\vkip 2pt plus 1pt minus 1 pt. 129 , 256, 253, 302 , 311, 326, 335, 396, 448, 477, 492 .

\everypar



\everyvbox



, TEX . 326, 331. TEX', . x. 75, 186, 321, 422 , 505.

ex

\exhyphenpenalty , . plain 50. 119, 311 , 323, 413 . \exists . . , " ". 63


f x, R+ R+ , h R h < , |h| < |f (x + h) - f (x)| < 507. \exp . : $\exp(x+y)=\exp x\exp y$ ..................exp(x + y ) = exp x exp y 196, 727. \expandafter , (, t), , , t, t . 51 , 253, 255, 310, 368, 393, 412, 440 .

f
\fam


( ). . 186-189, 324, 346, 411-412, 416 , 423, 485 . TEX: \if...\fi \if...\else...\fi 246, 249-250, 252. . . fill filll. 91, 153-154, 321, 412, 463 .

\fi



fil

\filbreak , . TEX \filbreak , , \vfill, . , TEX , . (\penalty -200), \bigbreak, \bigskip. \filbreak, , TEX , , , "", ! , \filbreak , (, ). \filbreak, , . : \everypar{\filbreak}, TEX (. \everypar, , ). 135, 418. 64


fill

, "", fil. 91, 153-154, 321, 394 . , "", fill. 91, 153, 321, 394 .

filll

\finalhyphendemerits , . plain 5000. 121, 130 , 323, 413, 526 . \firstmark


, . . \mark. 254, 307, 308-309, 332. 5 . . \fiverm. 5 . , : \fiverm... {\fiverm...} -- . 184, 414, 415, 484-485 . . . 479 , 507.

\fivebf \fiverm

\flat

\floatingpenalty , . 149-151, 323, 332, 429 . \folio . , (, 12) \pageno=12 ( = ). , 1. \pageno=-12 ( xii). \folio . . \romannumeral. , \nopagenumbers ( : -- ). 300, 428, 476, 486 . . , cmss10. : \font\toto=cmss10 , \toto ( ) {\toto...}( ). 65

\font




( ) . : \def\toto=cmss5 at 10 pt ( , ). : \def\toto=cmss5 scaled 2000 ( 1000 -- 1). : . 20%. 10 12 . TEX : \font\toto=cmr10 scaled\magstep1 , scaled , \magstep1 -- . : (, , ) : \hbox, (\fam). ! 20, 60, 249, 253, 254-255, 322, 327. \fontdimen


. , . 95, 189, 215 , 254, 322, 329, 421, 441, 458 , 505, 513. . , \fontdimen\tenrm cmr10. 253, 255.

\fontname



\footline , () , , .. 300, 305, 404 , 428. \footins , plain TEX'. 305, 429, 465-468, 486 .

\footnote , . . , . \sl \footnote{(*)}{ , .} , . 66


: " (*) , ." . , ( \sl) . . : \footnote{...}{...} , , TEX runaway argument ? . , : \footnote{...} {...} . . : %, ! \footnote{......} \footnote{......}% {...............} {...............} % TEX' CR ( ), , , -. 102, 141, 299, 305, 404, 429, 449, 486. \footnoterule , , . plain TEX : \def\footnoterule{\kern -3pt \hrule width 2truein \kern 2.4pt} (width) . 305, 430. \forall . . \exists. 507. \frenchspacing . , , - , . , . , , , . , (\frenchspacing \nonfranchspacing?) , . \nonfranchspacing ( plain ), . 93, 404 , 414, 448, 470.
(*) , .

67


\frown

( ). . \smile: ( ). 508.


\futurelet

\futurelet\a\b , TEX \a , , \b. 246, 255, 311 , 328, 429, 441, 494 .

g
\gamma . . 156 , 506. \Gamma . . 156, 206 , 423, 506. (greatest common devisor) . . 196, 229 , 427.


\gcd

\gdef

, , , . , , .., , \gdef\toto{...}. \global\def. \obeylines. 245, 255, 326, 477 . (greater or equal) . . \geq. \le (lower or equal -- ) \leq. `<' `>' . 12, 57, 211 , 380, 427, 510. . \ge. 380, 508. . -- \leftarrow. , ! . 427, 510. . . $\ll$. \langle \rangle ( ""): $\ll\kern 1cm\gg$ .................................... 68

\ge

\geq

\gets

\gg


$\langle\!\langle\kern 1cm\rangle\!\rangle$ ........... 508. \global


, , TEX'a, , . \everypar. 27 , 144, 215, 245, 259 , 275, 305, 326, 368, 382, 410.

\globaldefs TEX', , \global. 284, 324, 326. \goodbreak \goodbreak (\penalty -500) . , \goodbreak, , , . \bigbreak, (\penalty -200) \bigskip ( ). 141, 418. \grave . : $\grave a$, $\grave +$, $\grave X$ ..................... a, +, X `` ` 164.

h
\H . , \H o o. 66, 67 , 422, 491 . \halign . : \halign{ .....#.....&.....#.....&.....#.....\cr colonne 1 &colonne 2 & colonne 3 \cr ......... ......... ......... colonne 1 &colonne 2 & colonne 3 \cr } #. & , . , . , , , . , 69


\smash{#}, \raise 2pt{\hbox{#}}. : ( , , ..) , . , \cr, , , , \cr . \halign . , . . \openup \noalign ( ), \multispan ( ) , , \tabskip, . 142, 227, 230, 231, 275-296, 334, 340, 347, 361, 388 , 417, 427-428, 454, 460 . \hang . \parindent. , \noindent, . -- \item (\par\hang\textindent). , , .1 {\parindent=1cm\noindent\hang\sl...\par} : \parindent. , {...}. , , TEX' \par , . \par, . \hang ! "" , TEX : , , TEX . 420, 490 . \hangafter


, ( ) . , \hangafter=3 ( = ). \hangindent ( ). \hang. , , .
. , .

1

70


\hangafter=3, 1, 2, 3 , 4 (, , , , ). \hangafter=-3, 1, 2, 3 , 4 -- . : \hangindent , . \hangindent , . 125, 324, 413, 490 . \hangindent , " ", \hangafter. : \hangindent=5mm \hangindent=-20pt ( TEX'e ). 125, 311 , 325, 413, 477 . \hat "" ( ). "" , \^: $\hat x$, $\hat +$, $\hat q$ ............................ x, +, q ^^^ 48, 66, 156-158 , 164, 435, 494 . \hbadness


TEX, "" , (badness). \hbox \hbadness, TEX . plain \hbadness=1000. , - . , , \hbadness=5000. 38, 323, 361, 413, 456 , 470. h (п ), . h . 204 , 423, 507.

\hbar

\hbox



. -, TEX'a . ( \vbox), ( \vcenter) ( \vtop). \hbox . . spread to. 81, 96, 106, 115, 182, 192, 197, 215, 221-222, 263, 264, 330, 334, 458.

\headline , , . 300, 304, 428, 476 . 71


\heartsuit . . 507. height


(. \hrule \vrule). 263, 334, 400. ( `l') . , \line{\hfil...} \rightline{...}. ( , , ). 90, 231, 278-282, 335, 339, 346, 467.


\hfil

\hfill

( `l') , , . , \line{\hfil...\hfill} \line{...\hfill} \leftline{...}. , ! , \hfill \hbox{\hfil...} {...\hfill} , \hbox{...} {...}. , (, \matrix, \over, \displaylines, \centerline) \hfil. - , \hfill: \def\toto#1{\hbox to 3cm{$[\alpha\hfil#1\hfil\omega]$}} \toto{\mu\hfill} .............................. [І І \toto{\mu} .................................... [ \toto{\hfill\mu} .............................. [


] ] І ]

90, 173, 212, 231, 278, 335, 339, 346. \hfilneg


, \hfil. 90, 123, 278, 335, 339, 346, 467. \hfuzz=5pt, TEX overfull \hbox , \hsize , 5 . -- \vfuzz, . 39, 325, 361, 413, 456 . , . 417.

\hfuzz

\hglue

\hideskip , "" . 411, 412, 419. \hidewidth , , : 72


...& ...&


\hidewidth &...\cr \hidewidth &...\cr , . -- . 288, 291, 294, 387, 419.

\hoffset

. . : \hoffset=7mm ( ). = . , . , . , , , , \voffset. 299, 325, 406 .

\holdinginserts , , "" . 152, 324, 469 \hom hom. . 196, 427. \hookleftarrow . . 424, 509. \hookrightarrow . . 424, 502, 509. \hphantom \hphantom{...}, TEX , . . 214, 250, 426. \hrule


\hrule height 2pt depth 1 pt width 3cm 2 pt, 1 pt 3 . TEX , ( ). (, - , \hbox \halign), , . \hrule \vbox ( \vbox). , ). , . , "" : 73


\vbox{\hrule height 12 pt depth 3 pt width 3pt} ............. height, depth width . , =! . width , TEX , width , \vbox, (, ). depth , TEX 0 pt. height, 0.4 pt. \hrule 0.4 pt, . , TEX , \hrule. , \vrule. 32 , 80, 105, 263, 292 , 333-334, 340, 422, 491, 492 . \hrulefill \hbox ( ). \hrulefill -- , " ". , , \hbox{\hrulefill} {\hrulefill} . : \hbox to 2.5cm{\ \hrulefill\ } ......... 290, 300 , 422, 482 . \hsize


. : \hsize=12cm. , \line ( , \vbox). =, , : \vbox{\hsize=8cm...} \vbox{\hsize 8cm...} 35, 74-75 , 125, 224, 282, 299, 306 , 325, 404, 413, 455, 476, 477 , 483, 486, 488 . . : \hskip 3mm \hskip 5pt plus 2pt minus 3pt. . \hskip . , \kern. , , \hglue. , , \hskip , plus minus. , =; plus , minus. , . , . 89, 106, 203, 335, 339, 346, 375 . 74

\hskip




\hss



, . , . , ! , . , : \hbox to 0pt{...\hss} \hbox to 0pt{\hss ...} , , . , \hss. \llap \rlap. 90, 103 , 278, 335, 339, 346, 514.

\ht



, 0 255. \box, . (, \smash), TEX. 145, 322, 456-457, 488.

\hyphenation . - , TEX . : \hyphenation{----- ---} , . , . 329, 499 , 527-528, 530. \hyphenchar . . plain . 118, 254, 322, 324, 329, 341, 415, 464, 484 , 529. \hyphenpenalty , TEX , plain 50. 119, 124, 323, 413, 526 .

i
\i i . (\^\i, \"\i). \imath, , `i' ! 67 , 421. : . 419. 75

\ialign


\if



if TEX. \if . \if- . (: TEX' \then): \if...\fi \if...\else...\fi , , , \if, \ifcase, \ifcat, \ifdim, \ifmmode .. , , TEX . 249, 250-251, 368, 433, 446 .


\ifcase


TEX case. 250, 414, 439, 459, 476 . . 249, 250, 368, 443 . , . 248, 418, 456, 488 . . 249, 257. ( \; ). . 198, 427, 511.


\ifcat

\ifdim



\ifeof



\iff

\iffalse


, . 249, 251, 310, 412, 454 . . , . 249, 461, 469 .

\ifhbox

\ifhmode



, TEX ( ). 248, 429 . , TEX , . 249. , ( ). . , $\alpha$. . - , : \def\a{$\alpha$}. 76

\ifinner



\ifmmode




, - , , $\a+\beta$, : TEX . , \a, $$\alpha$+\beta$ -- . , : \def\a{\ifmmode\alpha\else$\alpha$\fi} ! , , \def\a{\hbox{$\alpha$}} 248, 255, 286, 419, 422, 426, 494 . \ifnum \ifodd


. 247 , 248, 259-260 . , . 246 , 248, 487 .




\iftrue \ifvbox

, . 249, 251, 310, 412 . . , . 249.




\ifvmode

, TEX . 248. , . 249, 305 . . 249, 255, 368, 441-443 , 452, 489 .

\ifvoid




\ifx

\ignorespaces TEX , -. . 331, 396, 420, 495 . \Im . . , ( ?). , `m': $\Im z$, $\Im m\, z$ ................................... z , mz 77


- \,. , . : \def\IM{\mathop{\Im m}\nolimits} $\IM z$, $\IM(z+z')$ ........................... mz , m(z + z )

$\Re$, . e : , \RE. () , \Im \Re plain. 507. \imath `i' : i. : $\vec\imath$ i. \i. , : \jmath \ell. 165 , 507.


\immediate

\write, \openout \closeout, . , \immediate\write16{ !} ! \immediate , , , . 269-270, 331, 493, 494 .

in

TEX', (1 in = 2.54 cm). 32 , 71, 321. . . , ! , , . 156, 178 , 508.


\in

\indent

TEX \parindent. \indent \parindent. \indent\indent . 106, 116, 124, 312, 335, 340, 347, 420 . 78


\inf

inf . : $m=\inf_{t\in T}t$ .................................. m = inf tT t $\displaystyle m=\inf_{t\in T}t$ ...................... m = inf t
tT

\textstyle \displaystyle, \inf\limits_{t\in T} \inf\nolimits_{t\in T}. 196, 427. \infty


. . 12, 380, 507. TEX' , . 9, 12, 43-45 , 60, 238, 254, 257, 447 , 450, 473, 493 .

\input

\inputlineno TEX', TEX'. , TEX. 254, 322. \insert


0 254. . (, , ...). 117, 148, 308, 322, 429 , 496, 529.

\insertpenalties , TEX , . 136, 139, 149-152, 254, 303, 305 , 322. \int . .

_ () ^ ( ) . $\displaystyle\Gamma(z)=\int_0^\infty e^{-t}t^{z-1}dt$ .......


.............................................. (z ) =
0

e-t t

z -1

dt

, \int\limits, "" : $\displaystyle\Gamma(z)=\int\limits _0^\infty e^{-t}t^{z-1}dt$ .................... (z ) =
0

e-t t

z -1

dt

174, 204-205, 229 , 424, 507. 79


\interdisplaylinepenalty \displaylines, 100. 230, 414, 428. \interfootnotelinepenalty , 100. 414, 429. \interlinepenalty , . 128, 323, 363, 476, 490 . \iota \it . . 387 , 506. . \it... , {\it...} -- . 17, 199, 276, 395 , 416, 479, 485, 489 , 500. . , , , \item . - : \item{$\bullet$} ...... \item \parindent \bullet . ( \parindent 1 ): § , : , , , . , . , - , . , , . 2 \item{$\bullet$} , ... .\par , ...\par , \item : , TEX , . , \item{}. TEX , , , . -- , , . , , ,
2

\item

. , 2042.

80


, . , ! \parindent=0mm. \item \parindent: {\parindent=1cm \item{(iii)} ... ... \par} \par , , . ( \par , TEX' ). , \par, , , : § , , . , .3 {\parindent 1cm\item{$\bullet$}\sl , ...} ! \par , . , \item, - . \item ( \par). 125 , 142, 404-406 , 420, 486 , 490. \itemitem , \item, , \parindent. , \item. , -- \item{\P} ..., -- \itemitem{$\bullet$} .... ґ , , , . , . , , . § , .4 125 , 406, 420. \itfam , \it - . . 416, 485 .
3 4

. , 2042. . , .

81


j
\j j : . \jmath, ! 67, 421. . . . 165 , 507.


\jmath

\jobname

, TEX . 253, 255, 399 . , . . , --+ : $\mathrel-\joinrel\mathrel\circ\joinrel \mathrel-\joinrel\mathrel+\joinrel\rightarrow$ , \mathrel. , \longrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow .. 424.

\joinrel

k
\kappa . . 156 , 506. \ker ker . . $x\in\ker u$ $u(x)=0$ ......................... ................................. x ker u u(x) = 0 196, 427. \kern


, .. , , . : \kern 2cm. \kern 2cm plus 1mm minus 2mm -- , TEX {\kern 2cm} plus 1mm minus 2mm. , ? : \kern 2cm (.. ), TEX , , TEX -- . TEX \hskip -- \vskip, \kern. \mkern, . \mkern . 13, 50, 82 , 94, 108, 203, 305, 313 , 332, 366, 458, 463, 486, 496 , 529. 82


l
\l \L \lambda \Lambda \land l. 67, 421. L. 67 , 422. . . 212 , 506. . . 385 , 506. . . : \def\\#1{\overrightarrow{#1}} $(\\u\land\\v)\land\\w= (\\v\cdot\\w)\,\\u-(\\u\cdot\\w)\,\\v$ -- --- --- ( ) - = ( § ) - ( § ) u v w vwu uwv 161, 427, 510. \langle . . \rangle. , \langle\!\langle \rangle\!\rangle: | A, B |2 | A, A+ | Ѕ | B + ,B | \language


"" `<'. 176 , 181, 189, 425, 510.

TEX 256 . \language. , \language=1 . 324, 411, 530. : -- , \lastbox, \lastbox . 264-265, 329, 420, 461, 467 .

\lastbox



\lastkern



\the\lastkern . 255, 322.

\lastpenalty \the\lastpenalty . 255, 322. 83


\lastskip



\the\lastskip . 255, 265 , 322, 461 . , `{' `}' TEX' . , $\lbrace$, , $\{$. : $\rbrace$ $\}$. . \big \left...\right. , $$E=\bigl\{x\mid P(x)\bigr\}$$ : E = x | P (x) 163 , 176, 425, 510.

\lbrace

\lbrack

[. , . . , . . 176 , 416, 436, 510.


\lccode

128 , \uccode \lccode ( ), , \catcode, . \uppercase \lowercase. 51, 254, 322, 409, 527. . . , \lbrace: $\lceil x\rceil$ --- $n\geq x$ .......... ................................. x -- n x 176 , 424, 510. . , ! , : $x\cdot x\cdotp x . x\ldotp x $ .................... x § x§ x.x. x 424, 510. , . . $x=(x_1,\ldots,x_n)$ ............................. x = (x1 ,...,xn ) $x=(x_1,...,x_n)$ ................................. x = (x1 , ..., xn ) , ? (.., `=' `+', , , Sn = x1 + §§§ + xn ), $\cdots$. 92, 207 , 213, 216-217, 237-238 , 424, 510. 84

\lceil

\ldotp

\ldots


\le

(lower or equal ) . . $\leq$. $\ge$ $\geq$. 12, 57, 162, 196 , 380, 427, 510.


\leaders

. : \def\toto{\leaders\hbox to 5mm{\hfil.\hfil}\hfill} \line{ 1 \toto 3} \line{ 2 \toto 15} 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 , ; \dotfill . , ! , \hbox \toto \hbox , : \hbox to 3mm{\hfil$*$\hfil}, \hbox to 10mm{$\hfil\circ\hfil$}, \hbox{\ \TeX\ }, .. plain \cleaders \xleaders, . 117, 134, 266, 225, 422, 460-462 .

\leavevmode ( `v'.) TEX'a , , . , - , `\hbox to 1m{$\bullet$\hfill} --, -- ...'. ( \parindent 1 ): § --, -- ................................... : TEX \hbox, . , -, . , , , \hbox. , , § . , TEX , \hbox. \leavevmode\hbox to 1cm{$\bullet$\hfill} -- ... : § --, -- ............................. . \kern 2cm. \kern 2cm, \kern 2 . TEX \leavevmode\kern 2 cm.... 85


\hskip 2cm.... , , : \noindent\hbox to 1 cm{$\bullet$\hfill} --, ... § --, -- ................................... 374, 396 , 421 , 478, 491 . \left


. \right. \left \right - ( , , ). . $$\left\{matrix{...}\right.$$, -- $$\left\|\matrix{...}\right\|$$. \left...\right : TEX , \left \right, , , \left \right. . \left...\right \big . : nk nk
N =x

xn

N =x


N =0

x

n

?

N =0

\left...\right, \biggl(...\biggr). , \left...\right \biggl(...\biggr). plain. 178 , 187-188, 206 , 233, 348, 510. \leftarrow . . \longleftarrow. \rightarrow \longrightarrow. \uparrow \downarrow. \big \left...\right. 268, 509. \Leftarrow . . \Longleftarrow. ... , ! 268, 509. \leftarrowfill , . , . \hbox, \break, \vbox: 86


\hbox to 2.5cm{\leftarrowfill} .................. ----------- - 422. \leftharpoondown . . \rightharpoondown, . 509. \leftharpoonup . . \rightharpoonup, . 509. \lefthyphenmin . \language \lefthyphenmin. 324, 430, 529, 530. \leftline \line(\hbox to \hsize), \hss . , , \vskip , \hbox! 124, 305, 309, 388 , 418. \leftrightarrow . . \longleftrightarrow: . 509. \Leftrightarrow . . \Longleftrightarrow: . 509. \leftskip


, - . \leftskip=1cm ( = ) , 1 , \leftskip=-5mm -- 5 . \leftskip=1cm \parindent=-1cm, , . , , \rightskip. , , , : {\leftskip 20pt ... \par}. , , \par. , . , ( , TEX ): \leftskip=0mm plus 5mm \parfillskip=0mm 87


, . 123, 325, 379, 477, 489 . \leq (lower or equal ) . . \le. 380, 424, 508.

\leqalignno ( `q' `u', `n'). , . . \eqalignno. 229, 231, 428. \leqno


. : $$...\legno...$$. , \displaylines. . \eqno. 223 , 349, 422. , . . TEX' , . , \longleftrightarrow , . ! \let . , , -, : \let\=\longleftrightarrow ( -- " "), , , , : . : \let, , = , -- ! \def, . 245, 255, 328, 368, 369, 417, 442 . . . : $\lfloor x\rfloor =E(x)$( ) ......................... ........................................... x = E (x)( ) 176 , 425, 510. (lg). . 196, 427. . . -- \rgroup: 88

\let



\lfloor

\lg \lgroup


$\left\lgroup E(x)\right\rgroup$ ........................ (E (x)) 181, 212 , 425, 510. \lhook " ": ( ). . \rhook, ( ). ( \joinrel) . 424. . , . (\displaystyle -- ): $\lim_{x\rightarrow 0}{\sin x\over x}=1$ ........ limx0 sin x = 1 x $\displaystyle \lim_{x\rightarrow 0} sin x {\sin x\over x}=1$ ................................. lim =1 x 0 x , \limits \nolimits. 196, 198 , 427. lim inf . : $\liminf_{x\rightarrow 0}f(x)$ ................... lim inf x0 f (x) lim : \def\liminf{\mathop{\underline{\rm lim}}} $\liminf_{\,x\rightarrow 0}f(x)$ ................... lim x0 f (x) $\displaystyle\liminf_{x\rightarrow 0}f(x)$ ........... lim f (x) \limsup . \underline \overline \liminf: \def\limsup{\mathop{\overline{\hbox{\rm lim}}}} $\limsup_{x\rightarrow 0}f(x)$ ...................... limx0 f (x) $\displaystyle\limsup_{x\rightarrow 0}f(x)$ ........... lim f (x) x 0 196, 198, 214 , 427. \limits
x 0

\lim

\liminf

. (, \mathop). . : \def\Som{\mathop{\bf S}} \Som_{i=0}^{i=n}a_i - , ( , \textstyle), ( , \displaystyle): $\Som_{i=0}^{i=n}a_i$ .................................... Si=n ai i=0 $$\Som_{i=0}^{i=n}a_i$$ ................................... S a
i=0 i= n i

89


, , . \textstyle S, \displaystyle S. \limits , , \displaystyle: \def\Tom{\mathop{\bf T}\limits} $\Tom_{i=0}^{i=n}a_i$ ..................................... T a $\displaystyle\Tom_{i=0}^{i=n}a_i$ ....................... T a
i=0 i=0 i= n i= n

i i

\limits, \limits, \nolimits: $\Tom\nolimits_{i=0}^{i=n}a_i$ ......................... T $\displaystyle\Tom\nolimits_{i=0}^{i=n}a_i$ ............ T
i i i i =n =0 =n =0

a a

i i

\nolimits (, \int), \nolimits, \limits. ( . \int). 175, 192, 348, 425 , 516. \limsup \line lim sup. . . \liminf. 196, 198, 214 , 427. \hbox to \hsize, .., . , TEX overfull \hboxes! \par \vskip. \line (\hfill), . , \line{ !}: ! : \line{\hfill .\hfill\hfill} : . , 1 : 2 ( )? \vfill. \eject ( ), . 90 , 96, 124, 266, 276, 300, 304-306 , 418, 482 . \linepenalty , TEX . plain 10. 121, 323, 376, 377, 413 . 90


\lineskip



, TEX , , . . . 97, 128, 231, 325, 333, 414, 416-417 .

\lineskiplimit TEX , , \baselineskip. , . (.., \lineskiplimit), , , \lineskip. . \normalbaselines. 97, 128, 231, 325, 333, 414, 416-417 . \ll . ( . ) , , \gg. 503, 508. \llap , . , , . - OOO\llap{$|||||$} MMM, TEX "OOO MMM", "|||||" "OOO", "OOO MMM". ||||| . , , , \rlap. , , . : \def\toto{\mathrel{\vbox{\hsize=9pt\hrule\kern1pt \centerline{$\circ$}\kern.6pt\hrule}}} $P\toto Q$ ............................................... P Q , \toto . $\toto$\llap{/\kern2pt}, . : \def\nototo{\setbox1=\hbox{$\toto$\llap{\raise1pt\hbox{\big/} \kern 2pt}} \mathrel{\box1}} $P\nototo Q$ ............................................. P Q , , : \llap{$\diamond$\quad} ... ................................................... , , . \hfill\break, , 91


. , ... . \hfill\break\rlap{\quad$\diamond$}, : , ...................................... . \llap, \hbox, , , : \llap{$(\Sigma)$}. 102, 226, 404 , 418, 355, 448, 486-487, 493 . \lmoustache . . -- \rmoustache: $\left\lmoustache \right\rmoustache$ ........ 181, 425, 510. \ln ln. . . 196, 186 , 222. м. . 427, 510. \log


\lnot

log. . 196, 204 , 427. , \def , . : \long\def\ctitre#1{\vbox{\leftskip=0pt plus 1fil \rightskip=0pt plus 1fil \parfillskip=0pt#1}} , . , : \ctitre{. . \par\medskip {PLAIN \TeX\par\smallskip \par } : . . PLAIN TEX \long TEX #1, \par. , - ( ), : , . , TEX \par, "runaway argument?" . , 92

\long


. : \long\def\toto#1, , 250 ..., \long, . , ( ) - : \outer. 244, 249, 326, 393, 441, 444, 449 . \longleftarrow -. . \longrightarrow. 424, 509. \longleftrightarrow . . 424, 509. \Longleftrightarrow . . 424, 509. \longmapsto -. . 424, 509. \longrightarrow -. . \longleftarrow. 424, 509. \Longrightarrow =. . =? 424, 509. \loop . plain \loop ... \repeat, . `\loop \if ... \repeat', -- , \if -- ( \fi). TEX , , , , . , . 258 , 417, 439, 455, 488 .


\looseness

. \looseness=1, TEX , ( ). , \looseness=2 \looseness=-1. , , . , , , TEX , 93


. . 127, 133, 324, 406 , 413. \lor . . : $a\lor(b\land c)=(a\lor b)\land(a\lor c)$ a (b c) = (a b) (a c) 161, 427, 510.


\lower

. , \raise: \raise -2pt\hbox{...} , \lower 2pt\hbox{...}. , , \hbox. \raise \lower "" , . 82 , 100, 182, 215, 339, 347.


\lowercase

. -TEX. , , : , . . (, \expandafter, ): \def\moliere{\sl , } \moliere : , \lowercase{\moliere} : , \lowercase\expandafter{\moliere} : , , \mol. , . . \lccode. 51, 255, 331, 368, 409. (left quote ) . , , , , , " " . 5, 62, 416, 436, 464 .

\lq

m
\mag


, TEX , . . \magnification. 75, 321, 324, 413. 94


\magnification . \magnification=1200 20%, 1000 1:1. \magnification , . , . : \hsize==11truecm \vsize=18truecm ... \magnification (, true, ), TEX, true \magnification, , .. 1000. ! \hsize=12cm \magnification=1200 \hsize=10cm, TEX . , TEX \magnification . , true, \magnification. 22, 73-74, 430, 473-474 . \magstep ( 0 6). : \magnification=\magstep1. \magstep0=1000, \magstep1=1200, \magstep2=1440, .. : 1 20% \magstep. 22, 74, 414, 473 .

\magstephalf \magstephalf=1095. \magnification=\magstephalf \magstep1. 22, 414, 473. \makefootline . \footline . 305-306, 430. \makeheadline . \headline . 304-306, 430. \mapsto . . \longmapsto (-), . 156, 424, 509.

\mapstochar , \mapsto: ( ). \joinrel . 424. 95


\mark



"" , . , -- \macro -- . , , : \def\macro#1{\setbox3=\hbox{\tt\char`\#1} \vskip 3mm plus 1mm minus 1mm \hskip -20mm \ifdim\wd3<17mm\hbox to 20mm{\unhbox3\hfill} \else\unhbox3 : \fi\mark{#1}} #. , , : \mark{Paskal}. . : \macro{mark} ``''.... ( \fi). TEX , ( ) : § \firstmark, ; § \botmark, ; § \topmark, \botmark . , , \mark{\alpha} 2, \mark{\beta} \mark{\gamma} 4, \mark{\delta} -- 5: page \firstmark \botmark \topmark 1 null null null 2 null 3 4 5 6 : , \mark. \def\macro#1{\mark{#1}...}: \firstmark \botmark . , , , , . 117, 190, 257, 307-313, 332, 487, 529.

\mathaccent , . , \def\widehat{\mathaccent"362: , TEX . 189, 205, 348, 425 , 516. \mathbin


. . , : 96


\def\loi{\mathbin{\tau}} $(a,b)\loi(a',b')= (a+\rho(b)a',b+b')$ ............... (a, b) (a ,b ) = (a + (b)a ,b $(a,b)\tau(a',b')= (a+\rho(b)a',b+b')$ ................ (a, b) (a ,b ) = (a + (b)a ,b , , . 187, 348, \mathchar


+b) +b) 427 .

. , . \char. , \mathchar"1ABC 1 ( ) 10 ("A) "BC. TEX' : \def\sum{\mathchar"1350}. \mathchardef, \mathchar, \chardef \char (\mathchardef\sum="1350 -- plain ). : TEXbook: , , . 187, 345.


\mathchardef

, . 187, 237, 254, 255, 322, 328, 345, 398, 463.

\mathchoice , (\displaystyle, \textstyle, \scriptstyle, \scriptscriptstyle): \def\toto{\mathchoice{1}{2}{3}{4}} $x+\toto$ ................................................. x +2 $\displaystyle\toto +x_{\toto}^{a_{\toto}}$ ............. 1+ xa4 3 , TEX'a, . \mathchoice , , 4 Ѕ 4 Ѕ 4 Ѕ 4 ... 182, 190, 348. \mathclose


TEX ""(c. \mathchar) , . \mathord, \mathbin, \mathopen, \matclose, \mathrel \mathpunct. \mathclose . 187, 347, 384, 425 . . 97

\mathcode




( 0 7), -- , -- . , , plain \sum "1350, , ( 1), "50 3. 163, 186-188, 254, 322, 345, 381, 388, 408-409 . \mathinner


, ; \left ...\right " ", , . 187, 206, 237, 348, 425 . . \mathclose. : , \textstyle "-" \displaystyle. : \def\min{\mathop{\rm min}} \limits \nolimits. , , : \def\airy{\mathop{\rm Airy}\nolimits} 187, 214, 348, 386, 427 .

\mathop



\mathopen




. \mathclose. . 187, 348, 384, 425 . . \mathclose. ( 1). , \circ . $u\circ v$, u v . , . , : $u\mathord\circ v$ uv . : $u{\circ}v$. 109-110, 187, 348.

\mathord

\mathpalette \mathchoice. , \mathpalette\a{xyz} : \mathchoice{\a\displaystyle{xyz}} ... {\a\scriptscriptstyle{xyz}} . \mathchoice. 183, 426 . \mathpunct


. \mathclose. . 187, 348. 98


\mathrel



. \mathclose. . ( ), : $a?b$, $a\mathrel?b$ ................................... a?b, a ? b $X\alpha\beta Y$, $X\mathrel{\alpha\beta}Y$ ................... ................................................... X Y , X Y \bigm, , \mathrel. 187, 348, 425-427 .

\mathstrut (width=0pt), . \math..., . (. \overline). \mathstrut , \strut. . (\mathstrut ): (\ \hbox{\mathstrut\vrule}\ ) \hbox{\strut\vrule} ........ ( ) 159, 216, 426. \mathsurround , , TEX . plain 0 pt, , , . 120, 196 , 325, 375, 384, 419, 465 , 520. \matrix , . . : $$A=\matrix{ a b1 + §§§ + bn A= a &b_1+\cdots+b_n \cr \alpha &\beta \cr }$$ § , \halign, . . ( ) \cr. § . § b1 + § + bn : . , \hfill. \alpha&\beta\hfill\cr, -- \alpha&\hfill\beta\cr. ( , ). A= . § , (.., \cr) \noalign{\vskip 2mm}. , , , . : \noalign{......} 99


"" , \noalign{\hbox{...}} . § , \noalign ... \openup ( \baselineskip), . \matrix , \normalbaselines, : \baselineskip=\normalbaselineskip. , : $$\normalbaselineskip=20pt\matrix{...}$$ , 900 plain. § \pmatrix (`p' parantheses). , \left ... \right . : $$\left|\matrix{...}\right|$$ , \det "det" . : $$\left\{\matrix{...}\right.\legno(\Sigma)$$ (\right.) " " \legno(\Sigma), ( ). 212 , 218, 387 , 427. \max max ( \mathop). $M=\max_{i\in I}x_i$ .............................. M = max . \limits. 196, 205 , 427. \maxdeadczcles , plain 25. . \deadczcles. 303, 324, 413 . \maxdepth
i I

x

i i

$\displaystyle M=\max_{i\in I}x_i$ ................. M = max x
i I

, TEX' , , (. \boxmaxdepth). 137-138 , 148-150, 152, 304 , 312, 313, 325, 413 , 470, 486 .

\maxdimen TEX'. plain 16383.99999 pt. 73, 224, 312-313 , 412. 100


\meaning



, . , `\meaning A' `the letter A', `\def\A#1B{\C}' `\meaning A' `macro:1B->\C'. 253-255, 398, 449 .

\medbreak \medskip \penalty -100 ( ). plain \bigbreak \smallbreak. 135, 138, 418, 421, 490, 493 . \medmuskip


: \medmuskip=4mu plus 2mu minus 4mu 203, 325, 413 , 520.

\medskip

. . . \smallskip \bigskip. 89, 99, 126, 133, 135, 417, 480-482 .

\medskipamount , \medskip. plain \medskipamount 6 pt plus 2 pt minus 2pt. 414, 417-418, 421, 477 . \message


, TEX, . , \def\toto#1{\message{#1}...} #1 , \toto. 256, 257-258 , 271, 331, 368 , 390, 408, 421, 489 . , ( ). . $I=\{t | 0
\mid

\midinsert . : \midinsert...\endinsert , \midinsert \endinsert . . "" , \endinsert. , . : \midinsert \vglue 6cm\centerline{\it .} 5\vskip 5mm} \endinsert 101


\vglue , \vskip . \vskip, \midinsert\null\vskip...\endinsert. TEX', : . , , \topinsert...\endinsert. 141, 404 , 429. \min min. . . \max \mathop. 196, 206 , 427. , plus . 89, 321, 400. ( ). 199, 416, 502, 507 .


minus

\mit

\mkern

. \kern \hskip. , , \mkern, . \check. \mkern mu (math unit -- ). (\space \ ) 6mu, , -- -, 3mu. : \def\,{\mkern 3mu} \mkern , . 203, 322, 515. , TEX'. 71, 321. |=. . 424, 508. . : \the\month \number\month. . \date. 324, 413, 476 .


mm \models \month


\moveleft

. : 102


\moveleft 5mm\vbox{...} 100, 334. \moveright \mp \mskip


. . . 100, 264 , 334. . . 161 , 508. . mu (): \mskip 3mu plus 1mu minus 2mu , , , mu ( ) . 203, 346, 515. TEX', . 203, 321, 514. І. . mu, . 197 , 506.

mu

\mu

\multiply



. : \multiply\count123 by 2, \multiply\dimen7 by 6. ( ) \advance, -- \divide. 143, 259 , 327, 414, 460, 468 .

\multispan ( , 1). \halign. \multispan5 " ". . : \multispan2...&...&\multispan6...&... \multispan n (n - 1) &. \multispan1 \omit. \multispan3\hrulefill . \multispan3 \hrulefill, . 289, 293, 397 , 419. \muskip


\muskip0 ... \muskip255 . 143, 203, 322, 328. 103


\muskipdef



. 145, 255, 328.

n
\nabla . . 507. \narrower , \leftskip \rightskip \parindent. : , . , , ; , , , , " ", , .5 {\parindent=1cm\narrower\sl...\par} , \narrower {\narrower...\par} \begingroup\narrower...\par\endgroup. \par, ! (\leftskip, \hangindent, \item, \itemitem). , \par ( , CR). 124, 406 , 420. \natural . . 507. \ne =. . 12, 57, 162 , 380, 427, 510. \nearrow (north east arrow). . . 509. \neg м. , . 507.

\negthinspace ( -0.16667 em). 395, 417. \neq =. . 380, 424, 510.
5

. -, .

104


\newbox

TEX 256 , \box0,...,\box256. , .., , , \newbox\toto, - \toto, , \setbox \toto: \setbox\toto=\hbox{...} \toto , \box\toto, \copy\toto, , \unhbox\toto, \unvbox\toto . 147, 411, 412, 419, 462, 487 . 147, 259 , 411, 412, 414, 489 .

\newcount . \newdimen \newdimen\toto 256 \dimen, TEX. "" \toto. 147, 411, 412, 414, 486 . \newfam . . \mathchardef. \newfam, \newbox, . 147, 190, 411, 412, 416 . . , , \newhelp\helpout{ .}, \errmessage \errhelp=\helpout. , . 411, 412. . , \newif\ifabc, , \ifabc, \abctrue \abcfalse. 251, 259 , 412, 419, 441, 486, 494 .

\newhelp

\newif

\newinsert . 147, 148, 411, 412, 429, 486 . \newlanguage


" " (. \language). 411. , . 271, 324, 413 . 105

\newlinechar




\newmuskip \muskip-. 147, 411, 412. \newread , \newbox, 0 15 . 147, 257, 411, 412. \skip-. 147, 411, 412, 414, 462, 484 . \newtoks (" "). . \toks. 147, 251, 312 , 411, 412, 470 .

\newskip

\newwrite , \newbox, 0 15 . 147, 269, 411, 412, 494 . \ni \in: . . , ( ) : R
n

x - x + (x)y Rm 508.

f

\ninepoint , 9 pt. , . 20, 485, 490 . \noalign


, \halign. \noalign{...} \cr ( , ). , \noalign{\smallskip} . : $$\displaylines{ \noalign{\sl : } \sin(a+b) = \sin a\cos b + \cos a\sin b \cr \noalign{\sl : } \cos(a+b) = \cos a\cos b - \sin a\sin b. \cr }$$ : : sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b : cos(a + b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b. 106


\displaylines \eqalign ( ). ! : sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b : cos(a + b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b. : \noalign \line, , . § \displaylines \line, ( \centerline) . \noalign \line \line: . § \eqalign \hbox, . \line \hbox "" , . \noalign{\hbox{...}}. \displaylines , . , \eqalign, : : sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b : cos(a + b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b. \noalign , , \eqalign. \hsize, . 211, 228, 230 , 282, 292 , 296, 334, 340. \noboundary \noboundary, "" . 336, 341, 346. \nobreak (\penalty 10000). , ! , TEX, \allowbreak ( \penalty 0) \break ( \penalty -10000) \goodbreak ( \par\penalty -500) . 120, 134, 209 , 398, 418, 463, 477 .


\noexpand

, . 249, 254, 255, 256, 413, 443-444, 485 . 107


\noindent



, , \parindent. 106, 224, 312 , 335, 340, 347, 404, 420-421, 490 .

\nointerlineskip TEX'y , : \vbox{\hbox{...}\nointerlineskip\vbox{...}...}. , \nointerlineskip, \vbox{\offinterlineskip...}. 99, 304 , 393, 417, 458 . \nolimits


. \mathop \limits. 175, 192, 348, 427 .

\nonfrenchspacing . \frenchspacing. 93, 416. \nonscript


\nonscript, TEX . 215, 346, 515, 520.

\nonstopmode TEX', . . \errorstopmode, \scrollmode \batchmode. 42, 329, 358. \nopagenumbers , . 300, 428, 476, 479 . \normalbaselines : \baselineskip =\normalbaselineskip \lineskip=\normallineskip \lineskiplimit =\normallineskiplimit. , . plain 12 pt, 1 pt 0 pt. \matrix \case \normalbaselines. , (, \baselineskip=15pt, , \openup 3pt), \normalbaselines . 387 , 414, 416, 484-485 . \normalbaselineskip . . 10 12 pt. 414, 484-485 . 108


\normalbottom \raggedbottom . \raggedbottom. 428. \normallineskip . \normalbaselines. 414, 416 . \normallineskiplimit . \normalbaselines. 414, 416, 428 . \not , . . $x\not=y$, $U\not\subset V$ ....................... x = y , U V . \llap, "". 162 , 424, 508-509 . \notin : . , \not\in: . / 426, 509. \nu . . 156, 197 , 506. \null , \hbox{}. . , , \vskip (. \midinsert). 372, 394 , 416. \nulldelimiterspace " ". plain 1.2 pt. 181, 325, 413 , 514. \nullfont


, . , . 19, 185, 322, 506. , : \number1988, \number-01515 ........................... 1988, -1515 ! TEX , - . , . write, -- print, TEX' -- \number. \count213=1789, \number\count213 1789. \the, : \the\count213 \number\count213 109

\number




. , \the1988 \the{1988} , \the . 51, 253, 254, 300, 476, 495 . \nwarrow (north west arrow) . . \nwarrow, \swarrow, \nearrow \searrow . , , \big \left...\right. 509.

o
\o њ. 421. \O ј. \emptyset (), . 421. \oalign - : $\displaystyle\mathop{A}_x+ \oalign{$A$\cr\hfill$\scriptstyle x$\hfill\cr}$ ......... A +A x
x

plain . 422. \obeylines ( , .) TEX' . TEX , . , : {\obeylines --- -, , , , ...} : , \obeylines . , , . , , . \begingroup \endgroupe, . 116, 295, 312 , 406, 417, 447-449, 477, 489 . \obeyspaces , \obeylines, . 303, 406, 417, 447, 463, 492 . 110


\odot

. . , \bigodot: . 508. `o' `e' : \oe uf, b\oe uf, v\oe ux ... oeuf, boeuf, voeux. `a-e' \ae: n\ae vus nцvus. 67, 421. , , : L'\OE IL DE CUIVRE ........................... L'OEIL DE CUIVRE 67, 68 , 421.

\oe

\OE

\offinterlineskip \vbox: \vbox{\offinterlinelineskip...}. : \vbox{\offinterlineskip\halign{...}}. , \nointerlineskip: \vbox{\box1\offinterlineskip\box2\box3}. 291 , 372, 417, 487 . \oint . . 423, 507. \oldstyle "" . : 12 {\oldstyle 1991} ............... 12 1991 , 12 1991 . "" -- 1234567890. , \let\old=\oldstyle 12 {\old 1991}. , \oldstyle ... : \oldstyle 12 12 416. \omega . . 385 , 423, 506. \Omega . . 423, 506. 111


\ominus \omit




. . 508.

\multispan1. 285, 289 , 335.


\openin

. \closein. 249 257, 331.


\openout \openup

. \closeout. 269, 302, 332, 493, 494 . , ( \baselineskip). : \openup 3mm\halign{...}. \openup \halign. (\halign{\openup 3mm...}), \openup : y y 1 1
1+x2 i=n i=0 1+x2 +y x2 x i=0
2

1+x

2

1+x2 +y x
2

2

ai bn

-i

f (x)dx

i=n

ai b

n-i x

f (x)dx

\halign{\openup 3mm...}

\openup 3mm\halign{...}

\openup . : \openup \matrix \cases. . \matrix, . 231, 282, 287, 428. \oplus . : $\dim(U\oplus V)=\dim U+\dim V$ ..... dim(U V ) = dim U + dim V \bigoplus. E
i I i

$\displaystyle E=\bigoplus_{i\in I}E_i$ ............. E =

12, 186, 508. \or


TEX. . \cases. 249-250, 252, 476 . . . 508.

\oslash \otimes

. . $(E\otimes F)\otimes G= \otimes(F\otimes G)$ .................. (E F ) G = E (F G) \bigotimes: 112


$\displaystyle E=\bigotimes_{i\in I}E_i$ ............ E =
i I

E

i

12, 508. \outer


\outer\def\toto{...}, . , TEX runaway argument ?. . TEX'e , . . 245, 249, 326, 420, 423, 489-490, 493 .


\output

, . \output={}, TEX , , , \output={\shipout\box255} . plain \plainoutput. 151, 302, 326, 430 , 437, 487 .

\outputpenalty , . 1515, 303 , 323, 413, 469, 488 . \over


. . : { \over } TEX \hfil. \hfill ( `l'). ( \textstyle, \displaystyle). (, 1+x2 1+a2 +b2 ) . ! : (1 + x2 )/(1 + a2 + b2 ). , "" 1 x 3 y 2 4 . , . \overwithdedims, \atopwithdelims, \atop \abovewithdelims. \overwithdelims , \over, ( ). , \atop, , , \atopwithdelims, , (, ). , , . , \over. 113


, \over, . , \over \sur: \def\sur{\above.2pt}. . \sur. 169, 183 , 349, 509, 517. \overbrace , . : $e=\bigl[2,\overbrace{1,2,1}^{k=1},\overbrace{1,4,1}^{k=2}, \overbrace{1,6,1}^{k=3},\ldots, \overbrace{1,2k,1},\ldots\bigr]$
k=1 k=2 k=3

e = 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 6, 1,..., 1, 2k, 1,... \overbrace, : \overbrace{\strut...}. :
k=1 k=2 k=3

e = 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 6, 1,..., 1, 2k, 1,... \overbrace . "" , . , \overbrace{$...$}. , , \underbrace. . \downbracefill ( \overbrace) \upbracefill ( \underbrace). 211 , 268, 425. \overfullrule , "overfull \hbox". , , , , \overfullrule=0mm. overfull \hboxes, , , \hfuzz=3pt. 325, 367, 413 . \overleftarrow ( ). : --- - - $\overleftarrow A=\overleftarrow{f(x,y)}$ .......... A = f (x, y ) 425. \overline


. . , $\overline{uvw}$ uv w. \underline. . \bar 114


. \overline , : . , \overline "" - \! : A+B+C +M +X +Y +Z A +B +C +M +X +Y +Z : \overline{...}, -- \overline{\!...}. 158, 165 , 172, 205, 515. \overrightarrow . . : $$\def\vect#1{\overrightarrow{\kern-2pt#1\kern 2pt}} AB^2=AC^2-2\,\vect{AB}\cdot\vect{AB}$$ - -- - AB 2 = AC 2 - 2AB §AB (\kern-2pt#1\kern 2pt) : - - \overrightarrow{AB} ......................................... AB - - \overrightarrow{\kern-2pt AB\kern 2pt} ..................... AB plain \vec: \vec{AB} AB . \vec -- : (i, , k ). 268, 425. \overwithdelims


. \abovewithdelims \over. 183 , 349, 517. . , . 427, 510.

\owns

\ni:

p
\P "" (- -- "") ґ. 68, 142, 422, 511. \pagebody plain \plainoutput. 304-306, 430. \pagecontents . \pagebody. 304, 430. 115


\pagedepth



, TEX . 139, 149, 254, 322.

\pagefilllstretch , TEX . 139, 254, 322. \pagefillstretch , TEX . 139, 254, 322. \pagefilstretch , TEX . 139, 254, 322. \pagegoal


, TEX . 139, 149, 254, 322.

\pageinsert , \midinsert \topinsert. \pageinsert ...\endinsert . . 141, 429. \pageno , . . \folio. 300, 305, 404 , 428, 476 .

\pageshrink , TEX . 139, 149, 254, 322. \pagestretch , TEX . 139, 254, 322. \pagetotal


, TEX . 139, 149, 254, 322. TEX . . \par . , TEX \indent, \leavevmode... . 60, 106-107, 123, 240, 244, 246, 295, 312, 335, 340-341, 404, 447 .

\par



\parallel . . \|, 116


( ). , \mid | . 508. \parfillskip , TEX ( ). : \parfillskip=0pt plus 1fil ( , `l'). 0 . . : , \parfillskip=0mm. TEX , , , : . . . . , , . , , , .6 {\parfillskip=0mm\sl...\par} ! , TEX , . \par, \parfillskip=0mm, . 123, 224, 325, 340, 367, 394, 413, 463, 490 . \parindent


. : \parindent=10mm \parindent 10mm ( `=' ). , \parindent=0mm \ind, : \def\ind{\hskip 1 cm\relax} 106, 124, 129, 312 , 325, 335, 340, 347, 406, 413, 420, 463, 476, 486 .

\parshape



, . . : \parshape=5 2cm 8cm 2.5cm 7.5cm 3cm 7cm 0cm 7cm 0cm 8cm \parshape=5 ( `=', , ) TEX' .

6

., .

117


2 8 , -- 2,5 5 .., 0 (, ) 8 . 5, TEX 6, 7 . \parshape , . , , . . \hangindent \hangafter. . \hangindent \hangafter. 125, 254, 322, 328, 335, 376 , 413, 440. \parskip


. , , : \parskip=2mm plus .5mm minus .5mm TEX 2 ( ). 99, 128-129, 312, 325, 335, 406, 413, 420, 476, 488 .

\partial

. : \let\\=\partial ${\\^2f\over\\x\\}={\\^2f\over\\x\\}$ ............
2f x

=

2f x

\let\\=\partial, ? 147 , 507. \patterns


plain TEX , - (. \language). 329, 528, 530. . \pausing=1, TEX , , , \show , . . 324, 362. : 1 pc = 12 pt. 71, 321, 486 .

\pausing



pc


\penalty

"". . : \penalty, , , 10000. ( 500). \penalty `=', TEX "" , . , , TEX "" (badness). . TEX 118


. (. \tolerance). TEX (\hskip \vskip), \penalty. , . , . , \def\nobreak{\penalty 10000} (10000 , badness). , , . : \penalty 100 , , ( ). , . , \penalty -200 TEX , TEX' . 99, 119, 135-136, 209, 332, 418 . \perp . . \top . 423, 508. , , , ""- ( ). "" , ( ). . "" , : \setbox2=\hbox{$\quad\alpha_p+\beta^q\quad$} \setbox3=\hbox{\phantom{\copy2}} \vrule\copy2\vrule .................................. p + q \vrule\copy3\vrule .................................. q \vrule\vbox{\hrule\box2\hrule}\vrule ............... p + \vrule\vbox{\hrule\box3\hrule}\vrule ............... : \hphantom, , , , \vphantom, , , . \smash -- , , . 159, 214, 250, 426, 482 . . \varphi: . . 156, 179 , 506. . . 385 , 506. 119

\phantom

\phi

\Phi


\pi

. \varpi: .

. 12, 107, 167, 179 , 506.

\Pi

. . \prod: $\Pi, \prod, \displaystyle\prod$ ...................... , , 12, 385 , 506, 507.

\plainoutput , plain. . \output. 304, 430. plus , minus . 89, 321, 400. ‘. . \mp, . 161 , 423, 508. , . . : J = 0 0 1 0 І0 0І

\pm

\pmatrix

: $$J=\pmatrix{ \pmatrix{\lambda&1\cr0&\lambda\cr} & 0\cr 0 & \pmatrix{\mu&0\cr 0&\mu\cr}\cr }$$ , TEX , -- : ! . \matrix . 212, 384 , 427. \pmod " -" . . \equiv ( ) \mod ( !): $x^p\equiv x\pmod p$ ............................ xp x (mod p) 198 , 384, 427. 120


\postdisplaypenalty , . 226, 323. \prec \preceq . . 508. . . ( ) \succeq. 508.

\predisplaypenalty , . 225-226, 323, 413 . \predisplaysize , . 224, 227, 325, 413. \pretolerance , , , TEX , (. \penalty). . (badness) \tolerance, . , TEX . , \pretolerance. , ("" ) , , "overfull \hbox". 119, 323, 378, 413, 430, 462, 526 . \prevdepth


, . 99-101, 322, 323, 334. , , . \prevgraf , , TEX, . 127, 224, 227, 254, 322. . . , : $y_1^\prime$ y1 . 158 , 187, 423, 507.

\prevgraf



\prime

\proclaim , plain . : \def\proclaim#1.#2\par{...}. , \par ( ) -- . : 121


\proclaim []. $p$ --- , $x$ $x^p\equiv x\pmod p.$\par {\rm : $x^{p-1} \equiv 1\pmod p$ $x\not\equiv 0\pmod p$.} : []. p -- , x xp x (mod p). : x (mod p).
p-1

1

(mod p) x 0

, #1 ( ) , #2 ( ) -- . 241, 245, 404 , 421. \prod : ( ).

$${\cal C}(n;a)=e^{-a}\prod_{i=1}^m (-a)^{n_i}\sum_{k\ge 0}\, \prod_{i-1}^m C_{n_i}^{(a)}(k){a^k\over k!}$$ C (n; a) = e-a
m m

(-a)n
i=1

i

k0 i-1

( Cna) (k ) i

ak k! 216-217 , 506.

\propto

. . \alpha, : $\propto, \alpha$ .......................................... , 508.

\psi

. . 387 , 506. . . 506. , TEX'. 12 pt. 32 , 71-72, 318-319, 321.

\Psi

pt

q
\qquad (\hskip 2em). 200, 221 , 417. 122


\quad

(\hskip 1em), .. 10 pt . . 116 , 200-201, 221, 277-278 , 417.

r

\radical



. plain : \def\sqrt{\radical"270370 189, 348, 515.

\raggedbottom , x cm y cm . , , , . TEX' , , . \raggedbottom. \raggedright. \raggedbottom \normalbottom. 136, 301, 305, 428, 476 . \raggedright (ragged : , ). TEX , overfull \hbox. , . \raggedright, : \vbox{\hsize 5cm\sevenrm\raggedright ... ...} \raggedright , TEX : \def\raggedright{\righskip=0pt plus 2em \spaceskip=.3333em \xspaceskip=.5em} , TEX (\righskip), , 2 . ( \spaceskip \xspaceskip plus minus). : ( ). , \raggedright. , {\raggedright\ninerm...}, \raggedright , \ninerm \spaceskip \xspaceskip. 29-30, 95, 124, 131, 136, 310-311 , 421, 461, 477 . 123


\raise



\raise 2mm\vbox{...} \raise -3mm\hbox{...}. . : \raise , .., , \hbox . : \raise 3pt{...} . : , . \left[\right], , , , ( ): k 4p2 tan2 k=1 2p , : \def\sur{\above .2pt} \def\crochet#1{\raise -5pt \hbox{$\left#1\vbox to 22pt{}\right.$}} $$\sin z=z\lim_{p\rightarrow\infty}\prod_{k=1}^{p-1} \crochet{[}\1-{z^2\sur\displaystyle 4p^2\tan^2{k\pi\over 2p}} \crochet{]}$$ , : sin z = z lim
p p-1

1 -

z

2

p-1

1 -

k 2p , . \hbox, TEX : \setbox1=\hbox{$\displaystyle 1-{z^2 ... 2p}} \showthe\ht1 \showthe\dp1 14,9 pt 21,4 pt. , 36,3 pt. , , 3 pt . , 44 pt. \left...\vbox to 22pt{}\right... \big. 22 pt, 15 pt. , 22 - (15 + 3) = 4 pt. 5 pt. \moveleft \moveright, .
p k=1

sin z = z lim

z

2



4p2 tan2

124


, \raise . . \smash, \raise \smash . \tvi -- 12 pt 5pt (\def\tvi{\vrule height12pt depth5pt width 0pt}), plain. exp log x/x \setbox1=\vbox{\haling{#\hfill\cr \cr \cr}} \haling{\tvi#\hfill&\qquad#\hfill + \cr\raise 6pt\hbox{}&% \smash{\box1}\cr\exp&$+\infty$ 0 \cr $\log x/x$&0\cr} 82 , 100, 182, 215, 230 , 339, 347, 478 .

\rangle

. >, . . , , \langle. 117 , 181, 425, 510. }. . \lbrace. 163 , 176, 425, 510. ]. . \lbrack. 176-177 , 416, 436, 510. . . \lceil. 176-177, 425, 510. " ": . . \Im. 507.

\rbrace \rbrack \rceil \Re \read


. \openin. \newread, \newbox. 0 15 , . , \read16 to \myname, \read `\myname=' . \myname, \message{, \myname!}. 255, 257-258, 327, 410.


\relax

TEX' ! , "" , . \parindent \def\ind{\hskip 1cm\relax}. \relax - : 125


\ind Plus pr\'ecis\'emment, on a ... TEX' {\hskip 1cm plus} pr\'ecis\'emment on a ... ( ). P \hskip 1cm plus, TEX ! . \righskip=0mm plus 1fil Les silences sont de natures..., : es silences sont de natures ... TEX' , fill `l': \rightskip=0mm plus 1fill ( `L' ). \relax . 31, 34, 89, 286, 327, 339, 367, 419 . \relbar , (-). . : \def\verylongrightarrow{\relbar\joinrel\longrightarrow} $\rightarrow\quad\longrightarrow\quad\verylongrightarrow$ - --

, : \hbox to 8mm{\rightarrowfill} ............................ - -- 424. \Relbar , . . , , : \def\Verylongrightarrow{\Relbar\joinrel\Longrightarrow} $\Rightarrow\quad\Longrightarrow\quad\Verylongrightarrow$ = == 424. \relpenalty , . plain \relpenalty=500. 124, 209, 323, 384, 413 , 520. \removelastskip , plain . 418. \repeat \rfloor . \loop. 258 , 417. . . \lfloor. 176-177, 425, 510. 126


\rgroup \rho

. \lgroup. 181, 212 , 425, 510. . , , , \varrho. . 165, 387 , 506. . . : \def\longhookleftarrow{\leftarrow \joinrel\relbar\joinrel\rhook} $\hookleftarrow\quad\longhookleftarrow$ ...............

\rhook

- 424.

\right



\left. . \left. 178-150 , 187-188, 206 , 233, 348, 510. 269, 509.

\rightarrow . . \Rightarrow . . 269, 509. \rightarrowfill , , . , \hbox, .. : \hbox to 5cm{ \rightarrowfill\ } ................ .................................... - --------- 269, 422. \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup . . 509. . . 509. \righthyphenmin . \language \righthyphenmin. 324, 430, 529, 530. \rightleftharpoons . . 426, 509. \rightline \line \hss, . , overfull hbox! , , , : 127


\hrule\medskip\rightline{, 12 1991 .\quad} , 12 1991 . 124, 379, 404 , 418. \rightskip


, TEX . ( ). . \leftskip \raggedright. 123, 325, 379, 421 , 462, 492 . , , , , , TEX , ! \rlap{...}. : \rlap , $, : \rlap{$(\Sigma)$}. . \llap. 102, 226, 294, 381 , 418, 389, 487 . . \rm... {\rm...}. . 17, 186, 197, 382 , 416, 430, 479, 484-485, 490 , 499. 181, 425.

\rlap

\rm

\rmoustache . \lmoustach. \romannumeral {\romannumeral 1991} mcmxci. , 1991 . MCMXCI, : \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral1991} ( ). "" copyright, : \copyright\ \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral\year}, c MCMXCIX. \root 51, 253, 255, 300 . : $\root 5\of{1+x^2}$ 5 1+ x2 5 \textstyle 1+ x2 \displaystyle (). , \sqrt{...}: $$\root\scriptstyle 3\of{-{q\over 2}+\sqrt{{q^2\over 4} +{p^3\over 27}}}+\root\scriptstyle 3\of{-{q\over 2} -\sqrt{{q^2\over 4}+{p^3\over 27}}}$$
3

q -+ 2

q2 p3 + + 4 27 128

3

q -- 2

q2 p3 + 4 27


\scriptstyle `3' . 3 \scriptscriptstyle ( ). 159, 215, 387 , 426. \rq , , . . \lq. 5, 62, 416, 436, 464 .

s
\S з. \S~4, з 4, \S\kern.15em 4, з 4. , 4 з . 68, 142, 422, 511. , - `_'. . 164, 423, 436. . . \font. 21-22, 75, 329, 415 , 505.

\sb

scaled

\scriptfont , \scriptstyle. , . : \scriptfont0=\sevenrm. , \tm, \rm, \it .. . 184, 203, 253, 322, 383, 416, 485 , 513. \scriptscriptfont , (\scriptscriptstyle). . . 184, 203, 253, 322, 416, 485 , 513. \scriptscriptstyle TEX , \displaystyle, \textstyle, \scriptstyle \scriptscriptstyle. ( ). plain 10 . \displaystyle \textstyle 10 , \scriptstyle -- 7 , \scriptscriptstyle -- 5 . . : $\displaystyle N=2^{2^{2^{2^2}}}$ .................... N = 2
2
2 22

\scriptstyle, -- \scriptscriptstyle. 10, 7 5 , plain, \textfont, \scriptfont \scriptscriptfont. 172, 215 , 348. 129


\scriptspace , . plain 0.5 pt. 325, 413, 518. \scriptstyle . : $${1\sur\Gamma(z)}=ze^{Cz}\prod_1^\infty\Bigl(1+{z\over n} \Bigr)e^{\scriptstyle z\over\scriptstyle n}$$ 1 = zeCz (z )


1+
1

z e n

z n

( \sur, . \over.) \scriptstyle . (. \atop). ${z\over n}$ , , \scriptstyle. \scriptstyle , `z' `n' \scriptscriptstyle, . ., 5 , 7 . : $e^{z\over n}$\quad z z $e^{\scriptstyle z\over\scriptstyle n}$ ................ e n e n 172, 175, 215 , 348. \scrollmode , TEX , . . \batchmode \scrollmode. 42, 329. \searrow \sec \setbox


(south east arrow).

. . 509.

. . 196, 427. ( 0 255). . . \box0 \box1, . , : , , \box100 \box0. 250: , . , \newbox . , . : 130


\setbox2=\vbox{...} \setbox2=\vtop{...\box2...} \setbox2=\hbox{...\box2...\box3...} TEX ( \copy, !), (. \showthe \showbox). \vcenter, .., ? TEX' \setbox2=\vcenter{...} $\setbox2=\vcenter{...}$. \vcenter : \setbox2=\hbox{$\vcenter{...}$} \hbox. \vbox, \box2 \hsize, overfull \hbox. "": "", . : \def\cbox#1{\hbox{$\vcenter{#1}$}} \setbox2=\cbox{\hsize=...}. \hsize \cbox, ( , \line). , : \setbox2=\cbox{\halign{...}}. . , . . : ! , \setbox2=\vbox{...}\wd2=0pt TEX', \box2 : \vphantom. \smash . 83, 97, 101, 145, 327, 454-460 . \setlanguage , . ., " ", \language. 341, 530. \setminus (\) ( ). . 508 . \settabs \sevenrm \sharp . \cleartabs \columns. 275, 419, 420. 7 . . \rm. 19, 184, 414, 415, 484-485 . . . 479 , 507. 131


\shipout




. . 270, 302, 331, 359, 360. TEX'. , \show\input > \input=\input., \input -- , \show\thinspace > \thinspace=macro: ->\kern .16667em ? CR (" "). 13 , 255, 330, 357.

\show

\showbox



. . CR. , \box0 TEX, \showbox0 : \hbox(6.83331+2.15277)x18.6108 .\tenrm T .\kern -1.66702 .\hbox(6.83331+0.0)x6.80557, shifted 2.15277 ..\tenrm E .\kern -1.25 .\tenrm X , \box0 -- , . . 83 , 146, 279, 330.

\showboxbreadth TEX , \showboxbreadth \showboxdepth. , plain 5, , , , 3, . 324, 361, 362, 413. \showboxdepth


. \showboxbreadth. 99, 324, 361, 362, 413.

\showlists

, , "" TEX'. , , . 109 , 117, 136, 152, 191 , 330, 349. \showthe\wd2, \showthe\ht2 \showthe\dp2, TEX , 132

\showthe




\box2. . CR. 146, 255, 330. \sigma . -- , \varsigma. . 232-233 , 506. . . ( ). $\Sigma$, $\sum$, $\displaystyle\sum$ ................ , , 199 , 506. \signed plain, (TEXbook, . 106): \def\signed#1 (#2){{\unskip\nobreak\hfill\penalty 50 \hskip 2em\null\nobreak\hfil\sl#1\/ \rm(#2) \parfillskip=0pt\finalhyphendemerits=0\par}} . ? : {\sl , , . \signed . ()} , , . . () {\sl , , , . \signed . ()} , , , . . () 130. \sim . . 162 , 508. \simeq . . \cong \approx, = . 162 , 508. . . {1\over\sin^2z}=\sum_{-\infty}^{+\infty}{1\over(z-n\pi)^2} 133

\Sigma

\sin


1 = sin2 z

+ -

1 (z - n )2 196, 427.

\sinh

. . . \cosh. "sh", "sinh", \def\sh{\mathop{\rm sh}\nolimits} 196, 427. , ^ ^ A. $\hat{\hat A}$, ^ ^ A. , .., , : $\skew6\hat{\hat A}$. 6 : ^ ^ ^ ^ $\skew7\hat{\hat A}$ A, $\skew5\hat{\hat A}$ -- A. 165 , 425.


\skew

\skewchar

( ). 254, 322, 324, 328, 415, 484 , 502, 503, 516. \count-, \box-, \dimen- , TEX 256 \skip-, . . 143-144, 322, 328, 411-412, 414, 417, 429, 462-463 .

\skip



\skipdef



\countdef . 145, 255, 328, 410-411 . (slanted). , , . 17, 199, 416, 479, 484-485, 490 . : /( ). , . . \bigm : $\displaystyle(a/b)\!\bigm/\!(x/y)$ ................ (a/b) (x/y ) 116, 418. 134

\sl

\slash


\smallbreak (\penalty 50) \smallskip. . \bigbreak. 135, 418, 492. \smallint , . . $\smallint$, $\int$, $\displaystyle\int$ ................ , ,

423, 508. \smallskip 3 pt ( 1 ) - . 89, 97, 134 , 133, 135, 217, 404 , 417, 420, 480-482 . \smallskipamount \smallskip. 414, 417 . \smash , . ! ( ): \smash{...} , \smash , TEX , , , . : $\overrightarrow{AB}$, , - - AB , . - - . $\smash{\overrightarrow{AB}}$, AB . . . : ..................... ............ \vbox{\hsize=60mm\leftline{\box1}\rightline{\box2}} , . , ( , , \vskip-5pt), : \vbox{\hsize=60mm\leftline{\box1}\rightline{\smash{\box2}}} : 135


..................... ............ , \smash, , \vskip, , . 159, 214, 389 , 426. \smile . . 508. sp , : 65536 sp = 1 pt. 71, 144, 321, 468, 470. \sp , - ^. . \sb. 164, 423, 436. \space . -- \ , . ., , . . 303, 366, 384 , 416, 446, 476 . \spacefactor . TEX' . 95, 322, 339, 341 , 505. \spaceskip


, . \xspaceskip, . . \raggedright. : \spaceskip 1 pt, 2 pt, ... 5 pt. \xspaceskip. ! ! --! . . ! ! --! . . ! ! --! . . ! ! --! . . ! ! --! . . \frenchspacing \nonfrenchspacing . 95, 325, 378, 421 , 501.

\spadesuit . . 423, 507. 136


\span



, , \span, . 255, 284, 289, 290, 291, 294, 335, 453.


\special

TEX' , (, Postscript). . . 257, 269, 271, 332. \vsplit , , \splitfirstmark \splitbotmark, . . 254, 308, 332.

\splitbotmark ,


\splitfirstmark


. \splitbotmark. 254, 308, 332. . 150, 325, 332, 413, 429, 488 .

\splitmaxdepth

\splittopskip , TEX , \vsplit. 151, 325, 332, 413, 429, 466, 488 . spread . , , \hbox spread 5pt{--}, 5 pt \hbox{--}. 96, 264, 283, 330. \sqcap \sqcup \sqrt . . 161 , 508. . . 161 , 508. . \sqrt{...}. . \root. , \strut \mathstrut : \sqrt{\strut...}. 158, 172, 176 , 189, 204 , 426, 515. \sqsubseteq \sqsupseteq . . 508. . . 508. 137


\ss

‹. , Stra‹burg Stra\ss burg. 67, 421. . . 508.


\star \string

Ord (). . , , \string\TeX 12: \, T, e, X. , (. \active). 50-51, 253-254, 255, 412, 443 . ( ), 8.5 pt, -- 3.5 pt. \strut \mathstrut ( , ). \mathstrut , \strut . (. \bar \root) . 102, 172 , 214, 286, 292-293, 377, 396 , 419, 465, 470, 492 .

\strut

\strutbox , \strut. 377 , 419, 465, 485 . \subset . . 162 , 508. \subseteq . . 162 , 508. \succ \succeq \sum . . 508. . . 508. : . .

$\Sigma$, $\sum$, $\displaystyle\sum$ ................ , , 169, 174, 180 , 424, 507. \sup , sup . . . \inf. 196, 427.

\supereject , . 141, 303-305, 418, 477 . 138


\supset

. . 508.

\supseteq . . 508. \sur plain, . , \over . \sur : \def\sur{\above .2pt} : \sur \over. , \over, \sur \let\over=\sur, . . , . : $\surd a+\surd\,(b+1)$ ............................ a + (b +1) . \root \sqrt. 423, 507. \swarrow (south west arrow). . . 509.

\surd

t
\t "" : T\t uut Tuut. 66, 422. \tabalign -\outer \+. \+ , \settabs. 420, 420. \tabs \+ \settabs \box\tabs -- , , . , \showbox\tabs. . 279, 419-420.


\tabskip

, TEX , . . 256, 282-283, 289, 293 , 325, 334, 340, 419 . : tan. . , tg, : 139

\tan


\def\tg{\mathop{\rm tg}\holimits}} 196, 427. \tanh tanh. , . th, . . 196, 427. . . 506. \tenbf 10 . : {\tenbf ...} \tenbf ... . , , \bf. 10 . . , \bf \it. 10 . . \tenbf, \bf \rm. 19, 36, 57, 184, 300, 397 , 414, 416, 484 . 10 . . \tenbf, \bf \sl. 19, 414, 416, 484 . " " (typewriter) 10 . . \tenbf. TEX. "" , : {\TeX}, \TeX{} \TeX\ . 11-10, 25, 83, 243, 268, 404-405 , 422, 489.


\tau

\tenit \tenrm \tensl \tentt \TeX

\textfont

, \rm, \it .., \textstyle \displaystyle. 184, 203, 225, 253, 322, 416, 484-485 , 513-514. § \item! : \textindent{$\bullet$} .... ( \parindent 1 cm). -- \parindent, $\bullet$ . . 142, 420.

\textindent .

\textstyle



, TEX, . , -- \displaystyle. \textstyle TEX , .., . , , , , \displaystyle, 140


, .. . 172, 348, 388 . \the


TEX' print BASIC write PASCAL. \count25, \the\count25 , . . \number. 254-256, 257, 440, 441, 493 . . \vartheta. . 156, 196 , 506. . . 506.

\theta

\Theta

\thickmuskip . \; 5 mu. 203, 325, 413 , 520. \thinmuskip ("-"). \, 3 mu. " -", \!. 203, 325, 413 , 520.
1 \thinspace , 6 . "-" \:

x\thinspace x $x\,x$ ..................................... x x xx 5 , 13, 365, 372 , 417, 479. \tilde . : $\tilde x+\tilde y$ ....................................... x + y ~~ \widetilde : $\widetilde {xyz}=\widetilde{xy}*\tilde z$ ......... xy z = xy z ~ 164, 198. \time


. TEX'a . , , . : \the\time , : \the\time ................................................... 778 324, 413.

\times

Ѕ. . 161 , 508. 141


to

, \hbox to ... \vbox to ... . 96, 257, 265, 283, 327, 330. . \rightarrow. 163 , 427, 510.


\to \toks

TEX' 256 " ", \toks0 \toks255, , TEX'. \toksdef, \toksdef\catch =22 \catch \toks22, \newtoks, . 251, 256, 312, 328.


\toksdef

. \toks. 251, 255, 328, 411, 444 .


\tolerance

. : \tolerance=200 \tolerance 200 ( `=', , ). TEX , , , , (badness) \tolerance (, , \pretolerance). 0 ( !) 10000 ( ). plain \tolerance=200. \tolerance , , 1000, . \vbox, , TEX' : \vbox{\hsize 5cm\tolerance 5000....} \vbox. . \pretolerance. 38 , 113, 116, 119, 131, 323, 378, 396, 406, 413, 526 . . . \perp, \dashv \vdash, , . 507. , ( ). 404 , 418. . \footins. 305, 429, 430 .

\top

\topglue

\topins

\topinsert , . : \topinsert\vglue 5cm\centerline{{\it Fig} 7}\bigskip\endinsert 142


TEX , \topinsert \endinsert \endinsert. , , \topinsert \endinsert. \vskip \vglue ( -- \null\vskip). \midinsert , TEX . \topinsert . 140, 299, 429. \topmark \topskip


. \mark. 254, 307, 332. , . 138-139, 151, 305, 325, 413 .



\tracingall \tracingall, TEX , . 146, 362, 430. \tracingcommands log , TEX. , TEX'a. , \tracingcommands=1. \tracingcommands=2 . , . 108-109, 252, 324, 357. \tracinglostchars , TEX' , , . 324, 360, 413, 470 . \tracingmacros , TEX , . 243-244, 252, 324, 392 . \tracingonline . , \tracingonline=1. 146, 252, 324, 362. \tracingoutput , , dvi-. 302, 324, 360 . \tracingpages , TEX' . 137 , 150, 324, 362. \tracingparagraphs , TEX' . 121 , 324, 362. 143


\tracingrestores , , . 324, 360, 362. \tracingstats


, . 324, 359, 362, 451 .

\triangle . . \Delta: $\Delta$, $\triangle$ ..................................... , \bigtriangleup, \triangle, . 507. \triangleleft . . 508. \triangleright . . 508. true , , , \magnification. , \hsize=6.5 true in. 74, 321, 477-478 . . : \tt ... {\tt ...} . 17, 67, 138, 199, 404 , 416, 447, 484-485 , 501.

\tt

\ttraggedright , \tt. : \ttraggedright ( \tt ). 421.

u
\u \uccode \uchyph


: \u a, \u e, \u\i, \u o a, e, i o. 66, 422. . \lccode. 51, 254, 322, 409, 412, 443, 463 .


, , . 324, 413 , 529.

\underbar , \hbox : \underbar{} ... ...................... ! 144


\underline: $\underline{u+v}_{\,t}$ .................................. u + v t 290 , 385, 418. \underbrace . . : $\displaystyle\underbrace{a-2b}_{>0} +\underbrace{y-z+t}_{>0}>0$ ................ a - 2b + y - z + t > 0
>0

-- \downbracefill. \overbrace \upbracefill . 211 , 268, 425. \underline


>0

, . : $\underline{b+q}=\underline b+\underline q$ ........ b + q = b + q , \strut : \def\strit{\vrule depth 1.5pt width 0pt} $\underline{\strit b+q}= \underline{\strit b}+\underline{\strit q}$ ......... b + q = b + q 158, 172, 347, 515. ( 0 255). "" , \hbox. TEX , , ( \it\unhbox1{...}, \it ). \box. 145, 335, 339, 420, 422, 427, 469 .

\unhbox



\unhcopy



\unhbox5, \box5 . , \unhcopy. 146, 335, 339, 419 . " " . , . 332.


\unkern



\unpenalty \unskip


, \unkern, . 332. (tokens), ( ). . : 145


\catcode`\;=\active \def;{\unskip\kern .2em\string;\ } , , . : aaa;bbb;ccc;ddd ( !), : aaa ; bbb ; ccc ; ddd \unskip ( ), . 2 pt (\kern 2pt), -- . 2 3 (, , 10 3 pt). TEX , "" , . , \string , , ";" ( TEX " "). 265, 332, 340, 374, 461, 490 . \unvbox


\unhbox, . \setbox5=\vbox{...}, \unvbox5 \box5, \vbox, . . \vsplit. . \unhbox . 146, 303, 334, 340, 419, 427, 429, 430, 460, 469, 487 .


\unvcopy

\unhcopy, \vbox. 146, 334, 340, 427 . . . \downarrow(). \big ( ), \left...\right. , "", ( . \big). 177, 182 , 425, 509. . . . . 177 , 425, 509.

\uparrow

\Uparrow

\upbracefill , . ( \underbrace): \setbox2=\hbox{, ! , !} \setbox3=\hbox to\wd2{\upbracefill} \vbox{\box2\nointerlineskip\box3} 146


: , ! , ! : 2, 3 2. \downbracefill. \overbrace. 268-269, 422. \updownarrow . . \big \left...\right. 177 , 425, 509. \Updownarrow . . . . 177 , 425, 509. \uplus . : , , 508. \uppercase


$\uplus$, $\biguplus$, $\displaystyle\biguplus$ ......

, , . , , {\uppercase...}. . \romannumeral . -- , , \lowercase. 51, 255, 258, 331, 368, 409, 412, 441, 443, 463 . . . `v', : $v$ $\upsilon$ v . 506, 575. . . , . 506.

\upsilon

\Upsilon

v
\v -"" : \v Ceby\v sev Ceby sev. \check. 66, 422. \vadjust


, . , \vadjust{\vskip 2mm} 2 . 147


, : . , , .7

, , \vadjust{\goodbreak} \vadjust{\vfill\eject}. : ? 2. : \def\leftnote#1{\vadjust{\setbox1=\vtop{\hsize 20mm \parindent=0pt\sevenrm\baselineskip=9pt \rightskip=4mm plus 4mm#1} \hbox{\kern-2cm\smash{\box1}}}} , \leftnote{...}. \box1, , 20 , ( , 7 , 9 ). \rightskip, TEX : 4 . 20 , 20 - 4 = 16 . , "" \smash. , TEX , ( ) . \vadjust\llap{...} . : . , . - , : , \vadjust{...}. TEX' : , .

...

: . . , \smash{\box1} \smash{\raise .5ex\box1}: . ? . , \line{\hfil...} \rlap. : \def\rightnote#1{\vadjust{\setbox1=\vtop{\parindent=0pt \hsize 17mm\sevenrm\baselineskip=9pt \leftskip=4mm \righskip=0mm plus 4mm#1} \line{\hfill\rlap{\smash{\raise .5ex\box1}}}}} 4 (\leftskip=4mm): . 7

. ,

148


, \rightnote{...}. 117, 128, 133, 134, 143, 308, 333, 378, 462, 467, 529. \valign


\halign, . . , -- 90 . 295, 335, 340, 391, 397, 467 .

\varepsilon . . \epsilon, . 156, 506. \varphi . . \phi: . 156, 178 , 506. . . \pi: . 506. . . -- \rho, . 156, 506.

\varpi

\varrho

\varsigma . . \sigma, . 506, 575. \vartheta . . \theta, . 156, 506. \vbadness


, . 323, 413, 467, 488 . , \vbox, . \vbox - ( -- !), \line (\hbox \hsize), . \vbox . , \vbox, , \hsize. . to spread. 81, 100, 126, 182, 230, 263-264, 330, 456-457.

\vbox



\vcenter



, "" , (\vbox) (\vtop). , : $...\vcenter{...}...$ . 149


\vcenter , , , : \setbox5=\hbox{$\vcenter{...}$} . to spread. 182, 192, 205, 230, 265, 287, 347, 427 , 515. \vdash . . \dashv : . 508. . , (. .). . 213 , 424. : $(\vec\imath,\vec\jmath,\vec k)$ ........................ (i, , k ) \overrightarrow, : - - $\overrightarrow{AB}, \vec{AB}$ ........................ AB , AB 164. \vee . . () -- \land. 161 , 508. |. , , . \big \left...\right: |||u|||=\sup_{x\hot=0}\left\{ {\|u(x)\|\over\|x\|}\right\} .............. |||u||| = sup u(x) x x=0 177 , 181, 222, 425, 510.

\vdots

\vec

\vert

\Vert

. -- \|. . \big \left...\right: $$u\cdot v=\left\|{u+v\over2}\right\|^2 +\left\|{u-v\over2}\right\|^2$$ u§v = u+v 2
2

+

u-v 2

2

142, 177 , 181, 425, 510. \vfil


. 90, 91, 135-136, 305, 333, 340, 488. 150


\vfill



, , . , \vfill \vfil. , \vfill\eject. 32, 33, 90, 91, 305, 333, 340.


\vfillneg

, \vfill. . \hfillneg. 90, 91, 136, 333, 340.

\vfootnote \footnote, , .., , \midinsert...\endinsert \topinsert...\endinsert. 142, 429. \vfuzz


\vfuzz=1mm TEX' overfull \vbox, \vsize . . , \hfuzz . 325, 413 . , . , \vglue 3cm , \vskip 3cm \kern 3cm . : \vglue=3cm, ! \vglue , \topinsert \midinsert. 404, 417.


\vglue

\voffset

. . \hoffset. 299, 301, 325, 406, 476 .

\vphantom , (width=0pt) c , . : \vphantom{$X)x^{2^K}$} \vphantom{ }. 214-215 , 250, 382 , 426. \vrule


. , , , \hbox . : \vrule height 12pt depth 5pt width 1pt : height, depth width . height , TEX , . , depth, . width -- : 0.4 pt. , 0 pt. 151


: . 80, 106, 182, 263, 291 , 333, 335, 422, 460, 491 . \vsize


. \vsize . \vbox to 5cm{...}, \vtop to 45pt{...} \vcenter to\dimen3{...}. \vbox to\vsize). "" ( , , ), TEX . 137, 299, 301, 325, 404, 413 , 470, 476 , 483, 486, 418 . . : \vskip 5mm plus 1mm minus 2mm. plus minus . : \vskip=5mm ( "="). plus minus : TEX , . , , , plus 1.4fil minus 3fil. \vfil, \vskip 0mm plus 1fil, " " \vss, \vskip 0mm plus 1fil minus 1fil. 32 , 89, 105, 228, 333, 340. .

\vskip



\vsplit




. 150, 264, 308, 329, 466, 487 . , ! . \vskip \hss. 90, 304 , 333, 340.

\vss

\vtop



, "" . , , : . . , \vtop , \hbox ( \vtop , \hsize!): \setbox1=\vtop{ \hbox{. . ,} \hbox{ } \hbox{ }} 152 :


--- , : \setbox1=\vtop{ \+ A. . ,\cr \+ \cr \+ \cr} : \line{:\hfill\box1\qquad} \vtop \vbox, : . . , : . to spread. 101, 182, 264, 330, 396 .

w
\wd


( 0 255) . . \box \setbox. 145, 322, 456-457, 391, 488 . . . , \land: \$u\wedge v, u\land v$ ............................... u v, u v 161 , 508. , . . : $\hat x,\widehat X,\widehat{AM\!B}$ ................. x, X, AMB ^ 165 , 425, 505.

\wedge

\widehat

\widetilde . . . . \tilde : $\tilde x$, $\widetilde X$, $\widetilde{XY}$, $\widetilde{XYZ}$ ............. x, X ,XY , XY Z ~ 165 , 425. \widowpenalty , TEX . plain 150. 128, 138, 323, 413 . width \wp . . \hrule \vrule. 263, 334, 400. . : $$\wp(z)={\1\over z^2}+\sum_{\omega\in \Omega^*} 153


\biggl[{1\over(z-\omega)^2}-{1\over\omega^2}\biggr]$$ (z ) = 1 + z2 1 1 -2 2 (z - ) 507. \wr . . " " , : $$\matrix{ A&\buildrel u\over{\hbox to 12mm{\rightarrowfill}}&B \cr \wr\bigg\downarrow^ &\bigg\downarrow\wr \cr A'&\buildrel u'\over{\hbox to 12mm{\rightarrowfill}}&B'\cr}$$ A - ----
u u



B

---- B A- : , . , . 508. \write


, \openout. . \read. 256, 257, 269, 302, 332, 410, 444, 493, 495 .

x
\xdef \xi \Xi \xleaders


\global\edef (. \edef). 255-256 , 326, 439, 489, 495 . . . 506, 520. . . 506. . \leaders. 266.

\xspaceskip . . \spaceskip, . \frenchspacing, \nonfrenchspacing \raggedright, . 95, 325, 378 , 421, 501, 505. 154


y
\year


, : \the\year ................................................... 1999 (\the write print . , {\oldstyle\the\year}, 1999 ( ). . \day . 52, 324, 413, 476 .

z
\zeta . . , 1 (s) = ns n=1 (s) =
i=1

1 1 1- s pi

,

(pi )i1 . : $$\zeta(s)={1\over\displaystyle\prod_{i=1}^\infty \Bigl(1-{1\over p_i^s}\Bigr)}\raise 2pt\hbox{,}$$ \displaystyle \raise2pt\hbox{,}, - . 506.

155



[1] . . TEX. ., , 1993. [2] Raymond Seroul Le petit Livre de TEX. Inter Edition, Paris, 1984. [3] . . TEX. 90н116, , 1990. [4] . ., . . TEX. , 1991. [5] . ., . ., . ., . . TEX . 1. . 91н54, , 1991. [6] . ., . ., . . TEX . 2. TEX LaTEX VAX'. 91н55, , 1991. [7] . ., . . . TEX . 5. . 92н127, , 1991.

17 1995 .

156