Solar flares with Hard X-rays (HXR) detected by SONG ( CORONAS-F) [2004, 2005]
It is well known that the Sun is the most energetic particle accelerator in the Solar system, producing ions of up to tens of GeV and electrons of up to tens of MeV. The information regarding peak gamma emission energy obtained by the SONG experiment allows us to estimate the flux and spectra of the charged particles accelerated in the Solar atmosphere.
The CORONAS-F duty cycle of solar flare detection was approximately 40% as a consequence of its orbital parameters; thus many major flares that occurred since August 14, 2001 till September 12, 2005 were not observed. Still, 9 flares with HXR emission have been detected by CORONAS-F during 2004 and 23 ones during 2005.
Characteristics of the SONG flares (detection time and peak gamma ray energy channel) as well as soft X-ray (SXR) GOES characteristics are presented in Table 1. Apparently HXR emission was observed not only in major X-class flares in SXR; there are several M and C class (in SXR) flares accompanied by HXR emission. Such hard spectra of energetic neutral emission indicate that the charged energetic particles were accelerated in this flare up to rather high energies.The comparison of number of gamma flares observed in different years shows that flares producing HXR and gamma emission also occur close to the minimum of Solar activity cycle.
Click the index of HXR emission to view the graphic representation of HXR-ray count rates detected by SONG and a RHESSY data to view the graphic representation of RHESSI data.
Solar flares with HXR and gamma-emission detected by SONG (CORONAS-F) experiment [2004] |
N |
Date |
SHR-flare UT (GOES) start-peak-end |
SONG UT (42-80keV) |
SXR-class |
Coordinates |
Active Region |
Maximum, MeV |
RHESSI data |
SONG data comments |
1 |
06.01 |
06:13-06:29-06:36 |
06:22-06:24 |
M5.8 |
N05E90 |
0537 |
5.2-9.1 |
Yes |
|
2 |
08.01 |
04:53-05:07-05:21 |
04:55-05:01 |
M1.3 |
N01E64 |
0537 |
0.07-0.18 |
Yes |
|
3 |
11.04 |
03:54-04:19-04:35 |
04:13-04.18 |
C9.6 |
S16W46 |
0588 |
0.07-0.18 |
Yes |
|
4 |
30.10 |
11:38-11:46-11:50 |
11:43-11:44 |
X1.2 |
N12W26 |
0691 |
0.07-0.18 |
No |
ERB from 11:45 |
5 |
30.10 |
16:18-16:33-16:37 |
16:24-16:25 |
M5.9 |
N13W28 |
0691 |
0.07-0.18 |
Partial |
ERB till 16:24 |
6 |
03.11 |
01:23-01:33-01:37 |
01:26-01:33 |
M2.8 |
N12W75 |
0691 |
0.07-0.18 |
No |
|
7 |
04.11 |
22:53-23:09-23:26 |
22:53-23:01 |
M5.4 |
N08E18 |
0696 |
0.07-0.18 |
Yes |
|
8 |
08.11 |
14:30-14:35-14:38 |
14:34-14:35 |
C7.7 |
N06W35 |
0696 |
0.07-0.18 |
No |
|
9 |
30.12 |
22:02-22:18-22:28 |
22:10-22:12 |
M4.6 |
N04E46 |
0715 |
0.07-0.18 |
No |
|
Solar flares with HXR and gamma-emission detected by SONG (CORONAS-F) experiment [2005] |
N |
Date |
SHR-flare UT (GOES) start-peak-end |
SONG UT (42-80keV) |
SXR-class |
Coordinates |
Active Region |
Maximum, MeV |
RHESSI data |
SONG data comments |
1 |
01.01 |
00:01-00:31-00:39 |
00:27-00:37 |
X1.7 |
N06E34 |
0715 |
2-6 |
No |
|
2 |
14.01 |
21:08-21:26-21:39 |
21:16-21:24 |
M1.9 |
N14E10 |
0720 |
0.08-0.225 |
Yes |
Several short peaks |
3 |
15.01 |
00:22-00:43-01:02 |
00:39-00:42 |
X1.2 |
N14E08 |
0720 |
0.225-0.75 |
Yes |
Middle latitudes |
4 |
15.01 |
05:54-06:38-07:17 |
06:24-06:32 |
M8.6 |
N16E04 |
0720 |
0.08-0.225 |
Partial |
ERB till 06:24 |
5 |
15.01 |
22:25-23:02-23:31 |
20:38-20:55 |
X2.6 |
N15W05 |
0720 |
0.225-0.75 |
Yes |
In a polar cap |
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
17.01 |
06:59-09:52-10:07 |
09:06-10:00 |
X3.8 |
N15W25 |
0720 |
2-6 |
Partial |
Gap in 09:16-09:52 |
8 |
18.01 |
15:38-15:51-15:59 |
15:46-15:47 |
M4.6 |
N15W42 |
0720 |
0.08-0.225 |
No |
|
9 |
19.01 |
08:03-08:22-08:40 |
08:08-08:15 |
X1.3 |
N15W51 |
0720 |
0.08-0.225 |
Partial |
Shade till 08:08 |
10 |
20.01 |
06:36-07:01-07:26 |
09:47-09:58 |
X7.1 |
N14W61 |
0720 |
90-150 |
Yes |
|
11 |
21.01 |
10:10-10:16-10:19 |
10:14-10:16 |
M1.7 |
N19W81 |
0720 |
0.225-0.75 |
Yes |
|
12 |
06.05 |
03:05-03:14-03:21 |
03:07-03:12 |
C9.3 |
S04W71 |
0756 |
0.08-0.225 |
Yes |
|
13 |
16.06 |
20:01-20:22-21:10 |
20:50-20:53 |
M4.0 |
N08W90 |
0775 |
0.08-0.225 |
Yes |
HXR after maximum |
14 |
14.07 |
05:57-07:25-07:43 |
07:22-07:24 |
M9.1 |
N09W90 |
0786 |
2-6 |
No |
|
15 |
14.07 |
10:16-10:17-10:55 |
10:25-10:28 |
X1.2 |
N12E60 |
0788 |
0.08-0.225 |
Partial |
|
16 |
28.07 |
21:39-22:08-22:24 |
21:49-21:55 |
M4.8 |
N09E82 |
0792 |
0.08-0.225 |
No |
|
17 |
30.07 |
06:17-06:35-07:01 |
06:12-06:28 |
X1.3 |
N12E60 |
0792 |
0.225-0.75 |
Partial |
|
18 |
23.08 |
14:19-14:44-16:08 |
14:36-14:40 |
M2.7 |
S14W90 |
0798 |
0.08-0.225 |
ERB |
|
19 |
08.09 |
20:52-21:06-21:17 |
21:04-21:06 |
X5.4 |
S12E75 |
0808 |
0.08-0.225 |
No |
Small peak |
20 |
09.09 |
19:13-20:04-20:36 |
20:00-20:16 |
X6.2 |
S12E67 |
0808 |
2-6 |
Partial |
Shade till 20:00 |
21 |
10.09 |
21:30-22:11-22:43 |
21:45-22:15 |
X2.1 |
S13E47 |
0808 |
0.75-2 |
Yes |
|
22 |
12.09 |
08:37-09:03-09:20 |
08:45-08:49 |
M6.2 |
S11E25 |
0808 |
2-6 |
Partial |
|