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LS(1) User Commands LS(1)



NAME
ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.

-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .

-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..

--author
with -l, print the author of each file

-b, --escape
print octal escapes for nongraphic characters

--block-size=SIZE
use SIZE-byte blocks

-B, --ignore-backups
do not list implied entries ending with ~

-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime

-C list entries by columns

--color[=WHEN]
control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN
may be `never', `always', or `auto'

-d, --directory
list directory entries instead of contents, and do not derefer-
ence symbolic links

-D, --dired
generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

-F, --classify
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

--file-type
likewise, except do not append `*'

--format=WORD
across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1,
verbose -l, vertical -C

--full-time
like -l --time-style=full-iso

-g like -l, but do not list owner

--group-directories-first
group directories before files

-G, --no-group
in a long listing, don't print group names

-h, --human-readable
with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line

--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link that points to a direc-
tory

--hide=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
by -a or -A)

--indicator-style=WORD
append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

-i, --inode
print the index number of each file

-I, --ignore=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

-k like --block-size=1K

-l use a long listing format

-L, --dereference
when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa-
tion for the file the link references rather than for the link
itself

-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries

-n, --numeric-uid-gid
like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

-N, --literal
print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters spe-
cially)

-o like -l, but do not list group information

-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories

-q, --hide-control-chars
print ? instead of non graphic characters

--show-control-chars
show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is
`ls' and output is a terminal)

-Q, --quote-name
enclose entry names in double quotes

--quoting-style=WORD
use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
shell-always, c, escape

-r, --reverse
reverse order while sorting

-R, --recursive
list subdirectories recursively

-s, --size
print the size of each file, in blocks

-S sort by file size

--sort=WORD
sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S,
time -t, version -v

--time=WORD
with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime
-u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified
time as sort key if --sort=time

--time-style=STYLE
with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT
is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-',
STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

-t sort by modification time

-T, --tabsize=COLS
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access
time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time

-U do not sort; list entries in directory order

-v sort by version

-w, --width=COLS
assume screen width instead of current value

-x list entries by lines instead of by columns

-X sort alphabetically by entry extension

-Z, --context
print any SELinux security context of each file

-1 list one file per line

--help display this help and exit

--version
output version information and exit

SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of fol-
lowing: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T,
P, E, Z, Y.

By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is con-
nected to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can
influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.

Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.

AUTHOR
Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to .

COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU
GPL version 3 or later
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com-
mand

info coreutils 'ls invocation'

should give you access to the complete manual.



GNU coreutils 6.10 April 2008 LS(1)