Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://herba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/biol_154/textbook/intro_botany.toc Дата изменения: Tue Dec 15 06:51:17 2015 Дата индексирования: Sun Apr 10 20:04:35 2016 Кодировка:

\contentsline {chapter}{Foreword}{6}{chapter*.2}
\contentsline {chapter}{Glossary}{7}{chapter*.3}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction to the Introduction}{12}{chapter.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Plants, Botany, and Kingdoms}{12}{section.1.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.1}Taxonomy}{13}{subsection.1.1.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.2}Methods of Taxonomy and Diagnostics}{19}{subsection.1.1.2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Cladistics}{19}{section*.9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Phenetics}{24}{section*.12}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Dichotomous keys}{26}{section*.13}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Styles of Life and Basic Chemistry}{27}{section.1.2}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Photosynthesis}{29}{chapter.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Discovery of Photosynthesis}{29}{section.2.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Light Stage}{31}{section.2.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Enzymatic Stage}{33}{section.2.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}C$_4$ Pathway}{37}{section.2.4}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Symbiogenesis and the Plant Cell}{40}{chapter.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction to Cells}{40}{section.3.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Mitochondria and Chloroplasts}{44}{section.3.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Cell wall, Vacuoles, and Plasmodesmata}{45}{section.3.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Other Parts of the Cell}{47}{section.3.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Protein Synthesis: from the Nucleus to the Ribosomes}{47}{subsection.3.4.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.2}Other Vesicles}{48}{subsection.3.4.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.3}Cellular Skeleton}{48}{subsection.3.4.3}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Multicellularity, the Cell Cycle and the Life Cycle}{49}{chapter.4}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Mitosis and the Cell Cycle}{49}{section.4.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Syngamy and Meiosis}{51}{section.4.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Sexual Process and the Syngamy}{51}{subsection.4.2.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Meiosis}{53}{subsection.4.2.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Life cycle of the Unicellular Eukaryote}{55}{section.4.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Life cycle of the Multicellular Eukaryote}{56}{section.4.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}General Life Cycle}{56}{subsection.4.4.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Sporic, Zygotic and Gametic Life Cycles}{57}{subsection.4.4.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Evolution of Life Cycles}{60}{subsection.4.4.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Life Cycle of Vegetabilia}{60}{subsection.4.4.4}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Tissues and organs; How the Plant is built}{64}{chapter.5}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Tissues}{64}{section.5.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.1}Epidermis and Parenchyma}{64}{subsection.5.1.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.2}Supportive Tissues: Building Skyscrapers}{65}{subsection.5.1.2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Cell types and tissues}{66}{section*.44}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.3}Meristems: the Construction Sites}{68}{subsection.5.1.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.4}Vascular Tissues}{68}{subsection.5.1.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.5}Periderm}{70}{subsection.5.1.5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.6}Absorption Tissues}{71}{subsection.5.1.6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.7}Other Tissues}{72}{subsection.5.1.7}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Organs and Organ Systems}{72}{section.5.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}The Leaf}{74}{section.5.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.1}Morphology of the Leaf}{74}{subsection.5.3.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.2}Anatomy of the Leaf}{84}{subsection.5.3.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.3}Ecological Forms of Plants}{87}{subsection.5.3.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}The Stem}{88}{section.5.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Morphology of the Stem}{88}{subsection.5.4.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Anatomy of the Primary Stem}{90}{subsection.5.4.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}The Root}{92}{section.5.5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.1}Morphology of the Root}{92}{subsection.5.5.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.2}Anatomy of the Root}{95}{subsection.5.5.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.3}Water and Sugar Transportation in Plants}{96}{subsection.5.5.3}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Growing Diversity of Plants}{100}{chapter.6}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Bryophyta: the mosses}{100}{section.6.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Pteridophyta: the ferns}{105}{section.6.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Diversity of pteridophytes}{106}{subsection.6.2.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}Heterospory: Next step on land}{109}{subsection.6.2.2}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}The Origin of Trees and Seeds}{113}{chapter.7}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Secondary Stem}{113}{section.7.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Branching Shoot}{118}{section.7.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.3}Modified Shoot}{119}{section.7.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.4}Life Forms}{121}{section.7.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4.1}Dynamic Approach}{121}{subsection.7.4.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4.2}Raunkiaer's Approach}{123}{subsection.7.4.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4.3}Architectural Models Approach}{123}{subsection.7.4.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.5}Origin of the Seed}{124}{section.7.5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.5.1}Seeds Structure and Germination}{129}{subsection.7.5.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.6}Spermatophyta: seed plants}{130}{section.7.6}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {8}The Origin of Flowering}{134}{chapter.8}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.1}Upgraded Gymnosperms}{134}{section.8.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.2}The Flower and the Fruit}{139}{section.8.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.1}The Flower}{139}{subsection.8.2.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Flower formula and diagram}{143}{section*.103}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{ABC model}{144}{section*.105}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Origin of flower}{144}{section*.107}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.2}The Inflorescence}{145}{subsection.8.2.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.3}Pollination}{146}{subsection.8.2.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.4}The Fruit}{150}{subsection.8.2.4}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.3}Three plant families you wanted to know but were too afraid to ask}{151}{section.8.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.1}Leguminosae, or Fabaceae---legume family}{152}{subsection.8.3.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.2}Compositae, or Asteraceae---aster family}{153}{subsection.8.3.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3.3}Gramineae, or Poaceae---grass family}{155}{subsection.8.3.3}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {9}Plants and Earth}{157}{chapter.9}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.1}Geography of Vegetation}{157}{section.9.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.2}Geography of Vegetabilia}{158}{section.9.2}