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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 9
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University

September 17th, 2010

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Outline

1

Morphology of shoot Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot Leaf Leaf mor phology

2

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Outline

1

Morphology of shoot Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot Leaf Leaf mor phology

2

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Exam 1

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Monday test

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Arrangement of leaves: phyllotaxis

One leaf per node: spiral arrangement Two leaves per node: opposite arrangement, they may be:
All in same plane Each pair will rotate on 90

> 2 leaves per node: whorled arrangement (each whorle can also rotates) Each type of phyllotaxis has its own angle of divergence

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Angles of divergence

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Spiral phyllotaxis 1

Multiple types of leaf spiral leaf arrangement mostly follow Fibonacci rule Formulas of leaf arrangements is very similar to Finobacci 5 fractions: 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 13 , et cetera* 2358 Numerator is number of spiral circulations, denominator is number of leaves

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Spiral phyllotaxis 2

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Life forms: ancient approach

Herbs: soft stems Shrubs: multiple shor t-lived trunks Trees: one trunk

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Life forms: dynamic approach

Hardiness: sensitivity to all negative influence Woodiness: % of cells with secondary walls Slenderness: amount of ver tical par ts

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Life cube
~ ~ ~ 6 ~

8

5 6

7

Slenderness

~

2 Woodiness
3 ~ ~ -

~ 4

1

Hardiness

3

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Life forms: Raunkiaer's approach

Phanerophytes: winter buds openly exposed Chamaephytes: winter buds under snow Hemicryptophytes: winter buds on soil surface Cryptophytes: winter buds in the soil Therophytes: no winter buds, only seeds

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Raunkiaer classification (after Raunkiaer, 1937)

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Raunkiaer classification again

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Life forms: architectural models

Developed for tropical trees, but also cover temperate forms which are less diverse Each model has a name of famous botanist, e.g. Thomlinson, Cook, Attims

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Attims architectural model

Many temperate trees are growing according to this model

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Modifications of shoots and stems

Rhizomes: underground stems Tubers: enlarged por tions of rhizomes Bulbs: storage shoots, leaves > 50% of mass Corms: storage shoots with minute leaves Thorns: defense shoots Cladophylls: leaf-like shoots Stolons (runners): aboveground horizontal shoots

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Bulbs and corms

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Tubers

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Thorns

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Cladophylls

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Goethe's primary plant

Famous Germat poet and writer Johann Wolfgang Goethe is also a founder of plant mor phology. He invented an idea of "primar y plant" where all organs were modifications of leaf.
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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

External function and modifications

Each external function requires a specific modification of organ. Function Expansion Storage Photosynthesis Defense Suppor t Insect catching Stem Rhizomes, stolons Bulbs, corms, tubers Cladophylls Thorns - Traps (bladderwor t) Leaf Root FU

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Phyllotaxis Life forms Modifications of shoot

Traps of bladderwor t (Utricularia)

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Definition, functions and features
Lateral flattened organ of plant with restricted growth Functions:
Photosynthesis Respiratoin Transpiration Synthesis of secondar y chemicals

Features:
Have bud in the axil Do not grow by apex Do not produce new leaves Have hierarchical mor phology

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Hierarchical levels in leaf morphology

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

General characters

General characters apply to the whole leaf Stipules (present or not, how many etc.) Leaf base (scheath etc.)

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Stipules

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Leaf base

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Repetitive characters

Repetitive characters are the same on each level of leaf hierarchy Form Dissection Petiole (stalked/non-stalked etc.) Repetitive characters of same type may combine: single leaf could have several of them*

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Form

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Dissection

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Terminal characters

Terminal (leaflet) characters are applicable only to terminal par ts (normally, leaflets) of leaves Form of base Form of tip Type of margin Surface Venation

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Morphology of shoot Leaf

Leaf morphology

Summary

Spiral arrangement of leaves follows Fibonacci rule Life forms classifications are based primarily on characteristics of shoot Storage, defense and underground growth result in extensive modification of shoot Leaves have general, repetitive and terminal characters

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Appendix

For Fur ther Reading

For Fur ther Reading

Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy. Plant Biology. 2nd edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006. Chapter 5.4 and 6.1.

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