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HUMIC SUBSTANCES IN THE BIOSPHERE
D. S. ORLOV Humic substances (HS) are formed in soils, peats, coals and other natural bodies. HS accumulate nutrients and energy, participate in cations migration, decrease negative impact of toxicants, influence the development of living organism and the heat balance of the planet. HS are stable and have high molecular mass, are polydispersed and contain different functional groups such as amino acids, polysaccharides, and benzoic fragments. ÉÛÏËÌÓ,œÂ ,ÂÂÒÚ, ÓžÁÛÚÒfl , ÔÓ~,i, ÚÓ Ùi, Û,,Îfli, Û,,Ëi Ô ËÓÌœi ÚÂÎi. éÌË ÌÍÔÎË,Ú ÎÂÏÂÌÚœ ÔËÚÌËfl Ë ÌÂ ,,Ë, Û~ÒÚ,ÛÚ , ÏË,, ^ËË ÍÚËÓÌÓ,, ÒÌËÊÚ ÌÂ,,ÚË,ÌÓÂ ÂÈÒÚ,ËÂ ÚÓÍÒË~Ìœi ,ÂÂÒÚ,, ,ÎËflÚ Ì Á,ËÚËÂ Ó ,,ÌËÁÏÓ, Ë ÚÂÔÎÓ,ÓÈ žÎÌÒ ÔÎÌÂÚœ. éÌË ÛÒÚÓÈ~Ë,œ, ,œÒÓÍÓÏÓÎÂÍÛÎfl Ìœ, ÔÓÎËËÒÔÂ ÒÌœ, ÒÓÂ ÊÚ ÁÎË~ÌœÂ ÙÛÌÍ^ËÓÌÎåÌœÂ ,, ÛÔÔœ, ÏËÌÓÍËÒÎÓÚœ, ÔÓÎËÒi Ëœ, žÂÌÁÓËÌœÂ Ù ,,ÏÂÌÚœ.

Ñ. ë. éêãéÇ
åÓÒÍÓ,ÒÍËÈ ,,ÓÒÛ ÒÚ,ÂÌÌœÈ ÛÌË,Â ÒËÚÂÚ ËÏ. å.Ç. ãÓÏÓÌÓÒÓ,

ÇÇÖÑÖçàÖ

2-3 1012 . , . 50 109 , 40 109 . 2 2, () - , 0,6 2,5 109 . , . , , , . ( . humus - , ) . (F. Achard) 1786 200 . . , " " ("Lehrbuch der Chemie", 1839) , , , , . , XIX 1, 2, ( 3),
1 (humic acids) - , , , , . 2 - , , . 3 - , . 1919 "" "" ; - ( . fulvus - -, ).

56

¿ é ÎÓ, Ñ.ë., 1997

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <2, 1997

. , : .. , .. , .. , .. , , . (), . (), . (), . (), . (), ... () . 1981 (International Humic Substances Society - IHSS), .. (R.L.Malcolm), . 1983 (). . , , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , . , , .. (), .. , .. , . : , , , , , , . . , - , , . : 1) , ; 2) , () ; 3) , , ; . , , .. , , ; 4) - .

(, ), , , ( , , ), , , .
ÅàéëîÖêçõÖ îìçäñàà ÉìåàçéÇõï ÇÖôÖëíÇ

() . . , , , , . , , - , , , , . , . , , . , . (. 1), , -
% 100

50

1

2

3

4

5

. 1. : - , - ; 1 - , 2 - - , 3 - , 4 - , 5 -

éêãéÇ Ñ.ë. ÉìåàçéÇõÖ ÇÖôÖëíÇÄ Ç ÅàéëîÖêÖ

57

- - - , . , . . , . 1. . , . , , ( ), . 40 60% , 3-5% N, 30-40% , , , , , . - , , . . , , . , , , , , . , . 2. . , , , . , , . 3. . , . :

1) - ; 2) ; 3) - - ; 4) ; 5) , . 4. , , , , , , . , . 5. . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , .
é ÇõÑÖãÖçàà ÉìåàçéÇõï ÇÖôÖëíÇ

. : " , , . -, , ". . , , , (. 2). : + NaOH -COONa + -Na + -Na, - , , - , - , - ( -

58

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <2, 1997

, , , + 0,1 . NaOH -COONa + -COONa + + -OONa + Hl pH 1-2 -COOH + + -COOH + C2H5OH -COOH -COOH

ùãÖåÖçíçõâ ëéëíÄÇ à îìçäñàéçÄãúçõÖ Éêìèèõ

-OOH + + 0,1 . NaOH -OONa H-

- -COOH

-OOH - - -COOH -COOH

. 40 60 % . , . , - 3-5 %. 3-6 %, - 33-37%. - 0,7-1,2 % - 0,5 %. , , , . , SiO2 , FeOOH, . . 1. , 100%. ( 40 . %) , , . - , , . , . -, -, ==, -NH2 . , -, , , , . , ( 17-20), . , -1 . , : - - 1500-5700, - - 2100-5700,
1. , %

. 2.

hymatomelanic acid - , ; . 1889 ). - 1-2, , : -Na + -Na + -Na + + 3Cl - + - + + - + 3NaCl. , . , , , . - - ( ) . , , , , 2+, Fe3+, . . ; .

C
66,0 66,0 59,0 58,0 53,0 58,0

H
4,4 4,6 5,5 6,3 4,4 4,3

N
1,8 1,3 2,2 4,8 4,2 4,1

O
27,8 28,1 33,3 30,9 38,4 33,6

éêãéÇ Ñ.ë. ÉìåàçéÇõÖ ÇÖôÖëíÇÄ Ç ÅàéëîÖêÖ

59

- - 200-4900, -= - 100-5600, -= - 1700, -3 - 300-800. , -N2 . , .. , , pK = - lg K, K - (. 2).
ÉãÄÇçõÖ îêÄÉåÖçíõ ÉÇ

, , .
2. , -1 3,0 4,77 10 14

1860 1500 1120 1790

3370 3280 2920 4020

5270 5140 4210 5970

6000 5780 5110 7230

, , , , , , , , . 25% , 20%. . 1,2,4- () - 63()3 , 1,2,4,5- () 62()4 6()5 . , . , . , .
åéãÖäìãüêçõÖ åÄëëõ à èéãàÑàëèÖêëçéëíú ÉÇ

, : 1) - , 2) - . , , , . 17 22, -, , , , . ( ) -2-N2-, - 2- 2-CHNH 2-, -2NH2 , 3C-CHNH2-, (3)2--N2-, 32-(3)-CHNH2-COOH, (3)2--2-N2-, 65-2-CHNH2-COOH, (2)2-2- -N-- , - 2 -CHNH 2 - -, 3-()-CHNH2-, 3-S-(2)2-N2-, - 6 4- 2-CHNH 2-, S2-(2)2-(CHNH2)2 , 2N-(2)4- -N 2 - , NH-(CH) 2 =NC- -CH2-CHNH2-COOH, H2N(HN)C-NH- -(CH2)3-CHNH2-COOH. 6-10%.

, () . . . 80-90 1400 (...), , , . , 10-15 . ..., - 20-30 . 100-150 . ... 80- XX , , , . - () -. . 3 , G-75, - . , , . ,

60

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <2, 1997

D 0,2 1 CH2, CH OH ... H
3

COOH N-C C=C CH3, CH 50
2

0,1

2

3440

2920 2860

1720 1650

1600 1370

1225

V

0

50

100

CO

. , . . 3 . , , , . , - , .
ùãÖäíêéççõÖ à åéãÖäìãüêçõÖ ëèÖäíêõ

O C O - -CO 2 C= 200 150 100 CH2- 0

, ppm . 4. ( ) ( )

( ) , "" . . ( - 220 750 ) . , , , . , - . . , , , , . . 4.

ëïÖåõ ëíêéÖçàü åéãÖäìã ÉÇ

, , , , . , : , -, . -, . . 1959 , , (. 5). , ,

-CH2OH -OCH3

-(CH2)n-

. 3. - : 1 - , 2 -

1025

OH .

COOH

éêãéÇ Ñ.ë. ÉìåàçéÇõÖ ÇÖôÖëíÇÄ Ç ÅàéëîÖêÖ

61

O O

HHO NCCO R HHOHHO

N

O O C C O- C OH

NCCNCCO CO O C6H9O6 C OH C C6H11O5 O C O P O- O O- C O Ca O P O- O- R O CH
3

R

Al2O3, Fe 2O3, CaO, SiO2 P2O5

,

H C

HH CC R
1

O N H

OCH3 H H H OCCC H CH CH CH

R CH

2

CH COOH NH2

2

(C 6H10O5) 2, (COOH) n, (NH 2) n, (OH) n, (CH 2)
n

R H3 NCH OH CO CH2 O CO H CH H COH (CH 2) n R2

OH O

. 5. - ( ), ( )

. . , .
áÄäãûóÖçàÖ

, - - . , : 1) - ;

2) , . - , 2 , - . , , . , .. , , - "", , - "". , .

62

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <2, 1997

, , . . , . , , , , . .
ãàíÖêÄíìêÄ
1. .. . .: - , 1990. 325 . 2. .., .., .. . : . , 1995. 304 .

3. / . .. . .: , 1993. 238 . 4. .., .. . .: - , 1981. 272 . 5. ., III. . .: , 1991. 400 .

*** , . . .. , , , , , . .. , . .. , 1995 . 500 , , , 12 .

éêãéÇ Ñ.ë. ÉìåàçéÇõÖ ÇÖôÖëíÇÄ Ç ÅàéëîÖêÖ

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