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XI. . , - -. , , .. , , ( ), (proximity) . , , - , . - . 3 : , . (exchange bias). , () () . 1956 . [ 1] /. =0 , HEB=(H1+H2)/2, . 11.1. / ,

. 11.1. . (TN) , () , - - , - - (.11.2). N Hfc , . 11.2b, /- .11.2. . . , . 10.2,d,e. , - , [2].

. 80- , // -, . Fe- Fe/Cr/Fe (100) , 11.3. : ) Cr 9 е , ) - [9]. [4=Gru86]. - [5] , , ,

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. . 11.3, -

. 11. 4. GMR = 4.2 ( ) 300 ( ).

, (100) . 11.3. . 11.5. . Fe- , . , ( Fe- ) , , . Fe-, (Cr). (GMR) (giant magnetoresistive (GMR effect) 1988 . [5, 6]. (Peter Gruenberg of the KFA research institute in Julich, Germany, and Albert Fert of the University of Paris-Sud 2007 . ).

GMR «» (100) Fe/Cr (. 11.3) , - ( = ). , , GMR. . GMR ( ). GMR [7,8] ( 65% [8]). . 11.4 Cu 9е, . , - , . ( ) = 4.2, 300. , GMR 75% 130% 4.2 K, .. , , .

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GMR Cu . 11.5. 3 . GMR (3- ). , GMR=0. . 11.5 , 1- Cu 9е 3е. () (UHV) [4]. , , [9]. . 11.5 , . (- ) . , GMR . GMR- 7-10 , 50-60% 20% . Cu . . GMR , , . . , . , , - . . 11.6, . , - . , . 11.6. , - . - . . , , , «» «» . « » , , . , . : 1) , , , 2) 3) . - (). . 11.7 - , GMR [10]. 4 FeMn NiFe, : Co, .11.7. - . FeMn, NiFe, . . FeMn, (pinning layer), (pinned layer) . NiFe (free layer) FeMn- . NiFe Cu (spacer), . ( buffer) . GMR 100е, 300е,

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Si- . FeMn , NiFe. . - . 1/2 -- (SNR) N , N , Mrt , Mr , t . , KuV, V , ; [11,12]. ( antiferromagnetic coupling-AFC), (.. , -) [12, 13]. - AFC- : (1) (2), Mr t (Mrt)2>(Mrt)1. AFC , : 1) 2) . - . FeTaN (20nm)-[IrMn(10nm) FeTaN(20 nm)]9 45 - oCrTaPt -Cu (20nm)IrMn(10nm)[Co35Fe65(50nm)-IrMn(10nm)]4-Co35Fe65(25nm) [14]. XIV. . , , .11.8. . , . , , . { Co/Cu/Fe/Cu}xN, (). «» - . . . GMR (TMR ), (TMJ = ). , . , CPP-, . . [15] TMR:

. 11.9.

R, R|| , P1, P2 .

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P=(n-n)/(n+n), n, - «,» ; 0.4-0.5. TMR , , . - 2 5 2 . 10 -10 · , . , . Al2O3. TMR 70% [8]. MgO; TMR 200% [ 9,10]. . (1-2 ), : . 5-10 [1].

GMR/TMR. GMR , , , . 11.10. GMR- . . , . 11. 10, , . , NiFe . GMR , . IBM GMR 1998 . GMR . GMR , , , .. GMR , , , . . . .11.11. . . , . , , (. 11.11). , , . , , . GMR- , ( , ), , , , , , , ,

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. 11.12. . [Smith99].

( 15 ) .. - : - , , . GMR- . , , , / . . GMR- . . 11.12 , GMR- , .

(1D )
, , . , ( VIII). , .11.13. () () [16, 17]. CoNiFe ( ) [19]. (2D) , 3- , ( ) (1D). , , , [18], [19], [20], [21,22], [23]. , , . 11.13. . 11.14 Si- [24]. , .
. 11.14. Si [24].

.11.15. .

() , . , «--» ("head-to-head"), . 11.15. ,

.11.16. 30 , .

12 (), 6 () 0 () [26].

,

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, [25]. , . 11.16, [26]. . . . [28,29]. . 11.17. [23]. , . . 11.17. . [23] , , . , , . 1. W .H. Meiklejohn and C.P. Bean, "New Magnetic Anisotropy" Phys. Rev. 102 (1956) p. 1413; Phys. Rev. 105 (1957) 904-913 2. R.E. Scheuerlein, W .J. Gallagher, S.S.P. Parkin, C.A. Lee, S.T. Roy, R. Robertazzi, W .R. Reohr, ISSCC Dig. Techn. Pap. 43 (2000) 128; R.H.Kodama, J. Magn. and Magn. Mater, 200 (1999)359; P. K. Naji, M. Durlam, S. Tehrani, J. Calder, M.F. DeHerrera, ISSCC Dig. Techn. Pap. 44 (2001) 122 3. H.J. Richter IEEE Trans Magn.,v.35,(1999) p.2790 4. P. Grunberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M. B. Brodsky, and H. Sowers, "Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for Antiferromagnetic Coupling of Fe Layers Across Cr Interlayers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, No. 19, 2442 (1986). 5. M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, "Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices," Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472 (1988). 6. G. Binasch, P. Grunberg, F. Saurenbach, and W . Zinn, "Enhanced Magnetoresistance in Layered Magnetic Structures with Antiferromagnetic Interlayer Exchange," Phys. Rev. B 39, No. 7, 4828 (1989). 7. S. S. P. Parkin, R. Bhadra, and K. P. Roche, "Oscillatory Magnetic Exchange Coupling Through Thin Copper Layers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2152 (1991). 8. S. S. P. Parkin, Z. G. Li, and D. J. Smith, "Giant Magnetoresistance in Antiferromagnetic Co/Cu Multilayers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2710 (1991); S. S. P. Parkin, "Origin of Enhanced Magnetoresistance of Ma gnetic Multilayers--Spin-Dependent Scattering from Magnetic Interface States," Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1641 (1993). 9. S. S. P. Parkin, N. More, and K. P. Roche, "Oscillations in Exchange Coupling and Magnetoresistance in Metallic Superlattice Structures: Co/Ru, Co/Cr, and Fe/Cr," Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2304 (1990). 10. B. Dieny, V. S. Speriosu, S. S. P. Parkin, B. A. Gurney, D. R. W ilhoit, and D. Mauri, "Giant Magnetoresistance in Soft Ferromagnetic Multilayers," Phys. Rev. B 43, 1297 (1991). 11. D.W eller and A Moser IEEE Trans Magn.,v.35,(1999) p.4423 12. E. N. Abarra et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) p.2581 13. E.E. Fullerton et al Appl.Phys.Lett 77 (2000) p. 3806 14. H.S. Jung and W .D.Doyle, IEEE Trans Magn.,v.38,(2002) p.2015 15. M. Julliere, Tunneling between ferromagnetic films. Phys. Lett. A 54 (1975) 225-226 16. S. S. P. Parkin, "Systematic Variation of Strength and Oscillation Period of Indirect Magnetic Exchange Coupling Through the 3d, 4d and 5d Transition Metals," Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3598 (1991). 17. R.H.Kodama, J. Magn. and Magn. Mater, 200 (1999)359 18. S. Jing, et al, Science 271 (1996) 937 19. Y.Henry, et al., Eur.Phys.J. B 20 (2001) 35. 20. G.C. Han, et al, IEEE Trans. Magn., 38 (2002) 2562 21. K.Matsuyama, S. Komatsu, Y.Nozaki, J. Appl. Phys. 87 (2000) 4724; 22. M. Hehn et al, Sci, 272 (1996) 1872 23. R. Morales et al, IEEE Trans. Magn., 38 (2002) 2565 24. V. Raposo, C. Luna, M. V!azquez, J. of Magn. Magn. Mater. 242245 (2002) 14311434 25. K. Nielsch et al , IEEE Trans. Magn., 38 (2002) 2571 26. H.Riedel, A.Seeger, Phys. Stat. Sol.B 46 (1971) 377. 27. .Thiaville et al. J. Magn. and Magn. Mater.242245 (2002) 10611063 28. W .H. Meiklejohn and C.P. Bean, Phys.Rev. 102 (1999)p.203

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29. H. Chiriac, C.S. Marinescu, T.-A. Ov!ari, IEEE Trans. Magn. 33 (1997) 3349 30. F.J. Castano, M. V!azquez, D.-X. Chen, M. Tena, C. Prados, E. Pina, A. Hernando, G. Rivero, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 2117

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