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.., ..







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: = r· [· ] 1- : = 100-1000 · 19 70 - ; ; ­ « » 2- : = 10 -10 0 · 19 80 - ; (d edi ca ted ) 3- : =1 -10 · 19 90 - ; - . 4- : 0.01 ·








40 (1 99 7 .: 75 , .. ) . ( ) SIAM (B ES SY I) SESAME (L URE )


/
: NSL S (B NL, ), AP S (A NL , ), CHESS ( , ), CAM D ( , ), AL S (LB NL, ), S RC ( , ) , SS RL ( ) : CL S ( ) ­ : L NLS ( ) ­




: ESRF ( ), DCI () ­ Sol eil ( ) : HAS YL AB ( ), A NKA ( ), DE LTA ( ), ELSA ( ), BE SS Y ( ) : DL ( ) ­ DIAM OND ( ) : S LS ( , ) : Ele ttra ( ), Da fne ( ) : MA X II () : A ST RID ( )
: A LBA ( ) ­


: S P Ring-8 ( ), Ph oton Fa cto ry ( ), ( , .) :BS RF ( ), SS RF ( ) - : INDUS 1 , INDUS 2 ( ) : S RRC ( ) : PLS ( )




SPRing-8 (S up er Ph oton Ring) , E = 8 I = 100 L = 1436 = 5. 6 · ~60


E S RF (Europ ean Synchrotron Rad iation Facility) , E = 6 I = 200 L = 844 = 4 · ~40






APS (Advan ced Ph oton S ou rce) , E = 7 I = 300 L = 1104 = 8 · ~70


Da re sbury Laboratory ( , ) P hoton Factory ( , ) DE SY ( , ) NS LS ( , ) 2-3 , 30 -50







A LS (Advanced Li gh t Source ), , BESSY II, , E lettra, , M AX II, ,


Department of Energy (DOE), 1984 ., - : 10- , 102-104 · (5-6 , $168 .) (1. 5 , $73 .) , · · " " ALS (1. 9 ): 1987-1993, AP S (7 ): 1989-1996, DOE -, ., . . $99. 5 . $991 ., 812 ., 160 ., 19 . ( )

APS , 2005 .: 25 00



DOE 1997 .: ~$1 . 25% - SS R L, NS LS , ALS , APS National S cience F oundation (NSF ) - Univ. of Wisconsin (Alladin) C ornell Univ. (C HESS ) S URF : Nat. Inst. of S tandards (NIST ) C AMD (1.4 ): DOE 2005 .: $3. 4



1. & (SS R L) 2. P articipating R esearch T eam (P RT ): 75% : 25% 3. C ollaborative Access T eam (C AT ) - 20 (APS ) 4. C ollaborative Development T eam - 3 , 100% 0% : Midwest Universities C AT (MU-C AT ): 9 + F orschungcentrum Julich IFF 1990 . + 3 AP S, ~10 APS 1990-97 . .




DOE, 1997 .,
($.) 6740 4690 1910 1317 1134 1040 574 17405 , ( $.) 183 126 55.5 41.0 32.6 41.8 8.7 488.6 / ( % ·103) 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.9 4.0 1.5 2.8 , $ 0.73 1.01 0.68 0.71 0.57 0.72 0.30 0.74

Dares bury Laboratory (), 20 01 .
: DARTS - , WELLCOM E - , EU- TM R - > 80% -

G7 -G7

:

2934

82.6

2.8

0.26



2003 . DL 410


ES RF (

)

- ESRF , 2003 .
, , , ,

2003 .: 73.44 . , -

64.89 . ( 88% )
14.4% 13.4% 3.84% 3.84% 5.76 % 24. 5%

3.13 .

1.28 .


0.67 . 2.17 . (3%) 1.30
26.4%

3. 84% 2. 88% 1. 19%




ESRF, 2 003 .


. , 197 0- -3 (2 , (5 , 4 0 ) ­ 11 ( , ) ­ 12 0 ), -4 ( ~30 0 · )

( , ) ~75 · ), 8
-1 ( , 450 ) ­ 4 - -2 ­ , (2. 5 , 30 0 ,

( , ) ­

30 , 11 Col bories ch Groups la at v R e ear


- BE SS Y II ( ):


-3, 2005 .


- : « » : , , - . : 85%-90% . - · , · , · , · .


2001 . : 1932 . , 212 (.. )