Ecology
How differences in the mixing of the upper and lower layers of a water column influences the distribution of phytoplankton species and the outcome of competition between them?
Under what conditions a population will survive in a heterogeneouse environment and when a new species can invade in the presence of another?
Evolution
One species might evolve to better fit a landscape of a niche space, but what will happen if this landscape dynamically changes, reflecting locations of all other species?
Billiards
In billiards with perturbed boundaries a billiard ball will change its velocity, which is know as Fermi acceleration. What dynamical properties of unperturbed billiards are important to achieve high velocities of the billiard ball
Loskutov A., Chichigina O., and Ryabov A. (2008) Thermodynamics of dispersing billiards with time-dependent boundaries. Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos 18: 2863-2869
Fractals
To what extend can we predict the structure of a cluster growing on a specially assembled substrate