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WRF C
, , , MEGAPOLI (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) [11], GURME (the GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment programme) [13], CLEAR (Cluster of European Air Quality Research) [12]. . . - . . , « » . [2]. . WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) [9]. 1. WRF WRF . NOAH LSM (National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Oregon State University, Air Force, Hydrology Lab-NWS Land Surface Model) [3]. NOAH : ; , ; ; ; ,


; . , , , , . . 1 «». , , .
1 «»



0,8 0,15 % 0,88 % 0,10 %

. WRF ­ (Urban Canopy Model, UCM) [6] (Building Environment Parameterization, BEP) [8]. , , , , . UCM ­ . , , . . 1 .

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. 1. , UCM ( [6])
HR, HW, HG ­ , ; Ha ­ ; H ­ ; Ta ­ Za; TR ­ Zr; ; TS ­ ZT+d ( ); TW, TG ­ .

[7], -, - ( . 1):

HW = CW (TW -TS) , HG = CG (TG -TS) , 7,51 U CW = CG = 6,15 + 4,18 US
CW
0 , 78 S

( US > 5 ms-1 ) ( US < 5 ms )
-1

,

CG

-

;

US - ,

. (Ha) , , : 3


rw Ha = 2hC HW + rw HG ,
rw ­ ( ); h ).
C

­

(

HA = r · HR + rw·Ha
).

,

r ­ ( UCM NOAH LSM « » , , , (, .), , . , , :

H = A H
­ ,

LSM

+A



HA ,
(,

H ­ ; A , , ); A ­ , (, , ); HLSM ­ , NOAH LSM; HA ­ , UCM. . ( [10]):

U = Ua

log[(z r - d ) / L] z exp - n 1 - z , log[(z a - d ) / L] r

Ua ­ 10 ; L ­ -. BEP UCM, 4


, , . :

C 1 C = K H + SC , t z z
C ­ ( , .); KH ­ ; S C. S. BEP , , , . . BEP , UCM . 2. WRF . 48 1 29 2007 00 . . 2 . NCEP/NCAR 0,5°, , , , 4 , , , , . 6 . ­ 120100 , ­ 2 . 2020 . 42 , ­ .


­

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. 2. ( , , WRF)

: - NOAH; UCM - ; BEP - . . 2 , UCM BEP .
2 UCM BEP



UCM 7,5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

BEP ­3% ­7% ­ 12 % ­ 18 % ­ 20 % ­ 18 % ­ 12 % ­7% ­3% 15 15



9,4 9,4

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, . , , . , ­ - z-, . ( ) 128, 305 503 , () ­ 100, 300 500 . . 3. . 3 4 (12 ) (00 ) 2 1 29 , . , , 1-2 °, 6 °. , . . 5 10 1 29 . , 1 /. , 3 /, ­ 4 /.
35 30 25 20


12

15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25


27 29

. 3. 2 12 ,

7


35 30 25 20


00

15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

. 4. 2 00 ,

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4



4-5

, /

. 5. ,

4. 4.1. . 6 29 2 . , 8


: (2-4 є 1-3 є ), ( 2 є 1,5 є ). BEP, 1-2 є , UCM. BEP . . , , - , , (. 2) . UCM BEP , [4, 5], , (, , ..). , , , . , . . (. 7). 100-128 BEP, . 4.2. 10 . 8. BEP,

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2 /, . . 9 1 29 . 450 , ­ . BEP. 300 , . WRF , . , , , . , 1 29 2007 , ( , ) 2 , . . , 1-2 /. . 09-05-00652- 10-08-00493-

.

1. Chen F. Applications of the Integrated WRF/Urban Modeling System to Regional Air Quality // 2009 CMAS Conference, 20 October 2009, Chapel Hill, NC. 2. Chen F. Developing an Integrated Urban Modeling System for WRF // NCEP EMC Seminar, Camp Springs, 18 October 2005. 10


3. Chen F. The Noah Land Surface Model in WRF // A short tutorial. LSM group meeting, 17 April 2007. 4. Chen F., Kusaka H., Tewari M., et al. Utilizing the coupled WRF/LSM/Urban modeling system with detailed urban classification to simulate the urban heat island phenomena over the Greater Houston area // Extended abstract of the Fifth Conference on Urban Environment, Vancouver, BC, 23 -26 August 2004. 5. Hamdi R., Schayes G. Validation of Martilli's urban boundary layer scheme with measurements from two mid-latitude European cities // Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - 2007. - . 7. - . 4513-4526. 6. Kusaka H., Kimura F. Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model: Impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case // Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. - 2004. - . 82. - . 67-80. 7. Kusaka, H., Kimura F. Thermal effects of urban canyon structure on the nocturnal heat island: Numerical experiment using a mesoscale model coupled with an urban canopy model // J. Appl. Meteor. - 2004. - 43. - . 1899­1910. 8. Martilli A., Clappier A., and Rotach M.W. An urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models // Boundary-Layer Meteorology. - 2002. - 104. - . 261-304. 9. Skamarock W.C., Klemp J.B., Dudhia J., Gill D.O., Barker D.M., Wang W., and Powers J.G. A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2. NCAR Tech Note, NCAR/TN468+STR., 2007. 88 p. 10. Swaid H. The role of radiative-convective interaction in creating the microclimate of urban street canyons. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. - 1993. - 64. - . 231­259. 11. http://megapoli.dmi.dk/. 12. http://tarantula.nilu.no/clear/index.htm. 13. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/urban.html.

11


5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6



5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 27







9

12

15

18

21





,


30 33 36 39 42 ,


45

48

5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6

5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 27





9

12

15

18

21





,

30 33 36 39 42 ,

45

48

-

- UCM

- BEP

. 6. ( ) ( ) 2 . ­ , ­ .

12


4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 -1,0 -2,0 -3,0 -4,0 0 3 6 0,0



4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 -1,0 -2,0 -3,0 -4,0






9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

36

39

42

45

48

,

, ,

4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0

,

4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0


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0,0 -1,0 -2,0 -3,0 -4,0 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 ,



-

- UCM

- BEP

. 7. ( ) ( ) 128 100 . ­ , ­ .

13


4 3 2 1 0 -1 0 3 6



4 3 2 1 0 -1



/

/

9

12

15

18

21

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

,


,

4 3 2 1 0 -1 0 3 6

4 3 2 / 1 0 -1



/

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

36

39

42

45

48

,

,

-

- UCM

- BEP

. 8. ( ) ( ) 10 . ­ , ­ .

14


600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 0 2

03

600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100

12

4 /

6

8

10

0

2

4 /

6

8

10

-

- UCM -

- BEP

. 9. 1 29 2007 . . ­ ( 00 3 ), ­ ( 00 12 )

15