?????? ???ыа®/title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="ru"> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" width="700" id="table1" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td> <h3 ALIGN="CENTER">?????? ???ыа®/h3> <h4 ALIGN="CENTER">??-??? ? ????????? ??р®пem></h4> ????? ?????? ????тНК????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????роа€а????шма?шНК?????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??ыан "???uot; ??. ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????рма????????????юНК????????? ?????????шо®/p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="360" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_01.gif" alt="?со‘2.1" WIDTH="354" HEIGHT="181"> ?соа12.1 ??раН <img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">-??? К ??????????? 163Dy. ???сНК ?????? ?????? ???у®пtd> </tr> </table> ????????? ???хНК????? 1992 ??. ?? ?? юа®img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">--???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????H. Jung et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 #15, 1992, p.2164]. ?? 163Dy ? N-Z ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?????тма??? ???? ????? ??ьоа??????юма??? ??? ?????? ??рма?? 163Dy ????юоа?юНК???? ????хаи5/2+) ??????? тНК????? e-????????? ????яаи7/2+) ?? 163Ho. ?? 163Ho, ????? ??????????, <img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">-?????? ?? ??? ????? К????? ~104 ?тоа??? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ????шНК?????????шоа?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???. ??? ???? ??????ра®sup>163Dy ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? 163Ho ?????? ??????? ???ра®sup>163Dy (?сожnbsp;12.1) <table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><img SRC="images/i12_01.gif" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="28">.</td> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">(12.1)</td> </tr> </table> ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? »а??-???? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_02.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. €а????? ??? (12.1) ??????? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"><img src="../simages/arrow.gif" alt="------>" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="17"><img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">+ <img src="../simages/aneutrino.gif" alt="aneutrino" WIDTH="11" HEIGHT="14"> + e-(????? ????шй®/p> ???ша®img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">-???? ? K ?-???? ?????????юаи50.3+1) ?€Н шаи1.7+1) ?€о ?????????? ? ????????? K- ?-???? тНК??????????SR ?SI ?? ????юа‘08 ?????????????ра®img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. €а??????? ????? тНК????? <img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">+-??? К??????? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> (?сожnbsp;12.2). <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="330" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_02.gif" alt="?со‘2.2" WIDTH="324" HEIGHT="350"> ?соа12.2. ???? ????? ??тЎаран ?ъНК ?????? ??????????SR ???y66+ ? ??????????????рмаb - ????????? Dy66+ ?o67+, ????? ???? ????? ?????-????????????? ???????</td> </tr> </table> ??? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ???????? ? ? ?????/q, ?? ?? ????? ??ра®img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">, ?шНК?????????? ?? ? ???. ??яНК????? ????? ~ 30 ?эоа???юмН ??????????????? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">, ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. ????? ?????? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ???уНК???????????? ?????? ????? 6?1012 ??/?2, ????ьаЃ ?, ?????????????? ????? ????????????. ? ?? ??, ???ыа®img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ??????????, ?????? ????????ыоа?????? ????? ??????????юаІ00 соа????юНК?????? ??????? ???хНК????? ????????ыа®img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ??? ??????? (??хНК????? ??????) ????????? ?? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. ????????ьНК????? ???? ? 10 ? 85 ?эоН ??????? ??????? Ho66+ ?????? ? ?ьма??o66+ ???? ?????????ьоа???? ? ????ьНК??? ???????????? ??????????? ??яоа?????юНК?????????????? ??ра®sup>163Ho66+ ? ????? ?????? 163Ho67+. ??? ????????????яНК?????-??????? ????, ???ьНК???????? ????? ? ????ыа®sup>163Ho67+. ? ?сожnbsp;12.3 ???? ???????? ?????? ?????ха®img SRC="../simages/beta.gif" alt="??" align="texttop" width="10" height="20">-?????ра®sup>163Ho ? ????????яоа? ???????юНК???????? ????? ?????-????????????. ??????, ????? ??? 163Dy ?? 163Ho ???? ???????ьНК????????? <img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"><img src="../simages/arrow.gif" alt="------>" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="17"><img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">+ <img src="../simages/aneutrino.gif" alt="aneutrino" WIDTH="11" HEIGHT="14"> + e-(????? ????шй®/p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="340" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_03.gif" alt="?со‘2.3" WIDTH="332" HEIGHT="333"> ?соа12.3. ??????????? 163Ho66+ ????? 163Dy66+ ?????? ? ????????яоа? ??? ?ъа®sup>163Ho67+, ????????? ????? ?????</td> </tr> </table> ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21"> ?????????? ??ьНК?????? ??? ?????? <img SRC="images/i12_04.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">, ?????????фНК?????????? ??????????? <img SRC="images/i12_03.gif" align="texttop" WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="21">. ?????? ??? ~0.1 ??. ????????? ??? ?ыНК????? ?яа®sup>187Re75+. ?????хНК??? ???? ?????шоа?? ??, ?юНК???????? 187Re ?????фНК?????ра‡?1010 ?тНК???????? ????????ыоа??? ?????ра®sup>187Re75+ ????? ??юаЃ3+2 ??. ???? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????, ?. ???? 187Re ?? ??????? ????????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????хНК?????? ?????? ?????рмН ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????шо®/p> <h4 ALIGN="CENTER">????? ???????ь®пem></h4> ????????яа®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-??? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??, ???? ? ?? 4He? ????????? ? ?? ??? ??? та‘984 ??. ???????юНК?? ? ???????? ???? ???шНК[H.J. Rose,G.A. Jones Nature 1984, vol 307 245-247] ?CCP [Ђо€о ?????? ?. ??? ??©а1984 то‡0 152-154] ?????? ?????????фа®sup>223Ra сНК?????ра®sup>14C. 223Ra<img src="../simages/arrow.gif" alt="------>" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="17">14C + 209Pb + Q(31.85 ?€й. ? ???????????, ?юНК????????????ра®sup>14C ???ра‘0 ???? ??? ??????? ????? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???. ?? 14C ???????ьа®img src="../simages/delta.gif" alt="???" WIDTH="13" HEIGHT="13">E-E ????? ?????????????тма?юНК???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????ща®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-??? шНК???????? ?? 14C ? ? ??? шНК??хоа??????????????? ?????????? ??????????яНК?? 14C ?????? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???ра®img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11">¶®/sub>/<img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11">a = (8.5 + 2.5)?10-10 ша®/font> <img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11">¶®/sub>/<img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11">a = (7.6 + 3.0)?10-10. ???? ????, ???щНК??? ?????????????????, ???? ??????? ??. ???? ???шНК????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ъНК????? ?????????????юНК???? ????? ??????????яНК??????????роа????? ????ра®sup>14C ????????? ?? ??? ?? 221Fr, 221Ra, 222Ra. €а??????? ???? ??ха‘0 ????, ????? ????? ????? ???????ьоа??? сНК???????ра®sup>14C ??????????хНК?? 24Ne, 28Mg, 32Si. €а??. 12.1 ???? ???????? ????? ???????шоа????? ???? ??, ?????????ыма????яНК??????????????? ?????шНК????? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???ыаН <img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11">¶®/sub>/<img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11">a, ???ыНК????????????????????роН ? ???????????, ?????? ??????????????????? ??????????яа®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-????????? ????? ~10-10-10-13. ??? ????? ???хма????, ???хНК????? ???? 28,30Mg ???? ???? ? 10-17. ???ра‘2.1. ????????хНК????? ? ????????????уНК???у®пp> <table BORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">???? ??</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">?????????</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">???????, Q, ?€®/td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11">¶®/sub>/<img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11">a (?????????? ????? ???? ъНК ?????????????-???ый®/td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">T1/2, ?? (??? ????????????????яНК ????)</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">221Fr</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">14C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">31.28</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 5?10-14</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">>2?108</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">221Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">14C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">32.39</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 1.2?10-13</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">>7.4?106</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">222Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">14C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">33.05</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(3.7+0.6)?10-10 (3.1+1.0)?10-10</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">223Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">14C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">31.85</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(8.5+2.5)?10-10 (7.6+3.0)?10-10 (5.5+2.0)?10-10 (4.7+1.3)?10-10 (6.1+1.0)?10-10</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">224Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">14C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">30.54</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(4.3+1.2)?10-11</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">(2.3+0.6)?108</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">226Ra</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">14C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">28.21</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(3.2+1.6)?10-11 (2.9+1.0)?10-11</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">225Ac</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">14C</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">30,47</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 4?10-13</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 7?1010</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">231Pa</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">23F</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">51,84</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 4?10-14</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 8?1017</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">230Th</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">24Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">57.78</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(5.6+1.0)?10-13</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">(1.3+0.3)?1017</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">232Th</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">26Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">55.97</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 5?10-11</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">>3?1020</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">231Pa</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">24Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">60.42</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(3.8+0.7)? 10-12</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">(8.6+1.6)?1015</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">232U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">24Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">62.31</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(2.0+0.5)?10-12</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">(3.4+0.8)?1013</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">233U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">24Ne 25Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">60.50 60.85</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(7.5+2.5)? 10-13 (5.3+2.3)?10-13</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">234U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">24Ne 26Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">58.84 59.47</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(4.4+0.5)?10-13 (3.9+1.0)?10-13</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">235U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">24Ne 25Ne 26Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">57.36 57.83 58.11</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">< 5?10-12</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">> 1.4?1020</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">236U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">24Ne 26Ne</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">55.96 56.75</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">< 4?10-12</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">>6?1018</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">234U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">28Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">74.13</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">(1.4+0.2)?10-13 (2.3+0.7)?10-13</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">235U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">28Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">72.20</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 8?10-13</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 9?1020</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">236U</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">30Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">72.51</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 4?10-12</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 6?1018</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">237Np</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">30Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">75.02</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><4?10-14</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 5?1019</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">236Pu</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">28Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">79.67</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">~2?10-14</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">~1.5?1014</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">238Pu</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">28Mg 30Mg</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">75.93 77.03</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><img SRC="images/i12_05.gif" WIDTH="101" HEIGHT="37"></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">~1.5?1018</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP"> </td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">32Si</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">91.21</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><img SRC="images/i12_06.gif" WIDTH="100" HEIGHT="37"></td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="MIDDLE">~6.5?1017</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">240Pu</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">34Si</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">90.95</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 1.3?10-13</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">>5.1016</td> </tr> <tr> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">241Am</td> <td WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">34Si</td> <td WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP">93.84</td> <td WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP">< 5?10-15 < 3?10-12 < 4.2?10-13 < 7.4?10-16</td> <td WIDTH="27%" VALIGN="TOP">> 9?1016 > 1.4?1014 > 1.0?1015 > 5.8?1017</td> </tr> </table> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="240" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_04.gif" alt="?со‘2.4" WIDTH="230" HEIGHT="392"> ?сожnbsp;12.4. ?????????????? тНК ??? ????????? (??шйа?????? ???яаи????) ?????? ? ???? К ?????2/A</td> </tr> </table> ?????? ????????щНК????????????? ???? ?юНК???? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???? шНК??? ??????? ????. ????? ??????????тНК????????? ?? ?????? ??? К? ?? ????. ??????? ???? ?? ???хма????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????ьан ????ьоа???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????. €а????? ?????????????????хНК???????????. ???????? ??????? ????????ьоа? ?сожnbsp;12.4 ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????2/A ??????????тоа??юма??? ??????? ?????????, ?ъНК???юма????????????, ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????ьНК?????????. ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????. <ol> <li>???са®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-??? К ???????????що®/li> <li>????? ???????ра®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???? ??-???????? ?ъНК ????????? ???? ?шНК ?????????????.</li> <li>€а????? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-??? К ? ????? ????????? ????юНК ??.</li> </ol> ??????????? ??? К????? ??? ???? ??? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???рма?????? †о ???ьоа€а?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? <img src="../simages/nu.gif" alt="nu" WIDTH="7" HEIGHT="7"> ??????? ???????? ????. ?????ьНК??????? ???????????? ?????? ????шЎа?????? ?????? ???? ??????хма???? ??????????????? ??, ?????? ???????????? ?????????роа·охоа??? ?????ьНК????? ??? ??????1/2 ?????? ?????? <table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP"><img src="../simages/lambda.gif" alt="lambda1.gif (56 bytes)" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="11"> = <img src="../simages/nu.gif" alt="nu" WIDTH="7" HEIGHT="7">FP = ln2/T1/2,</td> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP">(12.2)</td> </tr> </table> ?ха®img src="../simages/nu.gif" alt="nu" WIDTH="7" HEIGHT="7"> - ????????? ???? ? ?????рмаF - ??? ?????? ????, P - ??????????. <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="370" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" align="right"> <tr> <td width="100%"> <img src="images/ef12_05.gif" alt="?со‘2.5" WIDTH="361" HEIGHT="271"> ?сожnbsp;12.5. ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????????юНК ???р®пtd> </tr> </table> ? ?сожnbsp;12.5 ???? ?????ьНК?????????????? ?????юНК????????? ????????????юНК??????? ???роа?????? ???хНК?????????? ?????? ??? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-???роа??юма??? ?? ????????????? ?? <img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH=" HEIGHT="7" 8">-?????? ??юНК???????????????. ???? ????та®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???? ????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????ха®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-????? ??хНК???? ???? ?????роа?????хНК?????????тма?????????фНК??? ????????????юа®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???уоа??????? ????? ?????? ?????????яНК?, ??????????????хНК?????? ???????? E?э®пsub>, ????? ? ??????????????юНК?????? ?????? <table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP">E?э®пsub> = Q(Ft/Fi),</td> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP">(12.3)</td> </tr> </table> ?? ? ????????? ???рмаFi ? ??????? ??, Ft ? ???? К????. ·охоа???? ????? ???????? ???? ????шоа????хНК????? ? ?????яаи12.3) ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ? ????ра®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????тоа??????, ???? ? ??? са®img src="../simages/alpha.gif" alt="??рваWIDTH="8" HEIGHT="7">-???? ???чНК???????таи?? ? ????) ???? ???????. ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ? ????<img src="../simages/arrow.gif" alt="------>" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="17">A1 + A2. <table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="100%"> <tr> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP">Q = [M(A) - M(A1) - M(A2)]c2.</td> <td WIDTH="50%" VALIGN="TOP">(12.4)</td> </tr> </table> ·охоа???? Q ???????????? ?яНК???? ??????? ????? A1?2. ??? ????????? A1 ?2 ????????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ????. ????????? ?????? ????? ????ыма??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???юНК????? = 8, 14, 20. ?????? ??юНК? ?сожnbsp;12.6, ? ????????????? ??????? Q ? ???????????? К?????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ????ра®sup>208Pb. <div align="center"><center> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="470" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="images/ef12_06.gif" alt="?со‘2.6" WIDTH="466" HEIGHT="433"> ?сожnbsp;12.6. ????????? ???? ? ??ыНК ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ????ра®sup>208Pb</td> </tr> </table> </center></div> ? ?сожnbsp;12.7 ???? ?????????ыНК???????????-Z ????хоа? ??? К??юма?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????. <div align="center"><center> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="470" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="images/ef12_07.gif" alt="?со‘2.7" WIDTH="467" HEIGHT="359"> ?сожnbsp;12.7. ?????????????? ????? ??????????</td> </tr> </table> </center></div> ????? ??? ?????? A1 = 208 (Z1 = 82, N1 = 126) ?2 = 14, 24, 28, 34 (N2 = 8, 14, 20). ??? ???? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????????????тНК????????????????? ??юНК??? ????±о ???, о ?????. ?? 1990 ·о 20 ?яаґ ?ра‘405], [€о ???? ?. ?? то‘1, ?яоґ, ?ро‘405], ??? [Џо¶о ???эмН €оёо ???, ¶о№о ?????, €о«о ???, ¶о†о ?????, Џо±о ?????. ?? 1990 ·о 21, ?яо’, ?ро‡67] ???? ????Џо±о ?????. ????? ???????ьма?фоа??.?-?. 1997, 166?. <a href="ind.html"><img src="../react/images/sod.gif" alt="[?????]" border="0" WIDTH="118" HEIGHT="25"></a> <a href="e13.html"><img src="../introduction/images/next.gif" alt="[?????]" border="0" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="25"></a>  <a target="_blank" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.gif" alt="єЭєђ єЃє¬єЁє¬є’є¶Г¶О ¶Б¶В¶Аєђєє¦¶Ж¶Г" border="0" align="right" width="22" height="28"></a>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _tmr = _tmr || []; _tmr.push({id: "110751", type: "pageView", start: (new Date()).getTime()}); (function (d, w) { var ts = d.createElement("script"); ts.type = "text/javascript"; ts.async = true; ts.src = (d.location.protocol == "https:" ? 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