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STRUCTURE OF MATTER
L. I. SARY CHEV A

A short description of the main working particle accelerators used in experimental studies of the structure of elementary particles is given. The main characteristics of the fundamental particles and four types of interactions are described. The data on proton structure from experiments of electron­proton scattering are also presented. , . , , .

, . , , , , . , , d, , , d. () , , P, : = / P, = = h /(2), ­ , h = 6,6 10- 27 . , , . , . , ­ , . ( ), ( , , ). , , E * E * . 1 2 * * E 1 + E 2 E ,

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( ), E = ( E * + E * )2/(2mp), mp 1 2 1 /c2 ­ (1 = 109 , 1 = 1,6 в в 10-19 ). 900 , . . (). , , (-2M). 0,7 . 1994 6 (-4M). (, ) . PS, 30 . PS SpS, 315 . . SppS -. ( p p ) 315 . SpS, , LEP ­ - . (PS, SpS, LEP) 100 . . 1 . SLC- , 50 . , 3 . LEP/LHC

. 50- . 60- 20 , . , ­ . , , , , . 1991 HERA (Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator). 30 820 . , . , , - ­ . : , , - . . , 10-16 . . - (, ) - (, ) - : , , , d = = 2 sin d. d / d . , q - -. * * q = 2 P sin ----- , 2 P ­ -.

SpS

, PS p, e+, e- EPA

LIL e+,e-

. 1. ()

, ,

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: , , (. [4]). (), . (1918­1988) , (. 2). , , . . ( , ) . , . . ( ). , = g2 /( c), g ­ .
a a R b ~, W± p d µ c

, . . 1 , . . , . . e 1 = ----- = -------- . c 137 , -, - , ­ . ­ ­ . . - . , : p n + e+ + e , - n p + e + e . : e- + p n + e e+ + n. e + p 1934 , GF = 1,4 10- 49 3. , , gw ( ) . 1983 SppS - . W± Z0, m W± = 80 /2 m Z0 = = 90 /2. : GF w = --------------------- = 1,02 10- 5. c -------- m p c (. 2, ) , W±-. . Z0- .
2

e+ ~ q g q

e

-

. 2. : ­ , a b ­ , , c d ­ , R, a b , , , a b; ­ W±-; ­ e+e--

..

115



1. ( ) 15 1 10 10 10
-3







gs s = ----c 1 s ------------------------2 2 ln ( q / ) e = ----c gw w = ----c gG G = ----c
2 2 2

2





Z0-, W±-

, -,

-5



- 38



. , . , . , . . (). 1964 . . () . ep- . , , . u, d, s, c, b, t . up, down, strange, charm, beauty, truth. , + 2/3 (u-, c-, t-) -1/3 (d-, s-, b-). . (, ­ uud, ­ udd), ­ (, +- ­ ud , -- ­ du ). , -(sss)-, ++(uuu)- -(ddd)- .. , .. .. , .. . "", , "", "", "", , , "" . , . .

, . , "" "", () : "", "", "" ­ . , . . . ­ . e+e-- (. 2, ). , , . : , r rN , , r rN . ( ). s = g s / ( c ) 15. - ( = 100­300 /), q2 , q2:
2

1 2 s ( q ) ------------------------2 2 ln ( q / )

1.

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s < 1, . (> rN) , . . . G = 6,67 10-11 2/2, 2 ­ 38 G = Gm N / ( c ) 10 , mN ­ . . , , (. . 1). , , GM 2 / r = = Mc2. , . r r = = /(Mc), ­5 M = c / G 10 . M Mc2 1019 . . , , l 10
- 33

. 2 , , . 3 ­ . . . .
2. (J = n , n = = 0, 1, ...) , 2 1 1 1 0
2

G 0 0 0 < 3 10- 27 W+ W- ±1 81,0 /c2 Z g, ... H 0, H
± 0

0 92,4 / 0 0, ? 0

60 /2, ? 0

, (), () (). . 1911 . - . . : d ------ d Z (e / 4) = ---------------------------- , 2 4 4 P 0 sin -2
2 2 2

= --------M

.

- 10 ­43 ­ = -------------2 M c . , . , 2. . , t : , ­ J = n , n = 0, 1, ...; 1 : J = (n + -- ) , 2 n = 0, 1, ...; : .



2 P sin -- = q ­ 2 , d = 2 sin d, d ­ . , . .. . - , d d ------ = ------ d d F(q ) ,
2 2

(1)

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1 3. ( J = n + -- , n = 0, 1, ... ) 2 0
e 2

1 e
2

-1/3 d 7 / s
2 2

+ 2/3 u 3 / c
2 2

<15 /

0,511 /



µ 2

µ
105,7 /
2

< 0,17 /


0,15 / b 4,9 /

1,5 / t

2

< 24 /

1784 /

2

2

180 /

2

. .




F(q ) =
2

­



iqr 3 ( r ) exp ------ d r

­

-1 , -- , 2 d d ------ = ------ d d
2

- , ( r ) ­ -. , - , ( r ) . - , , F ( q ) = e b ­ , 2 ­q b / 4
22 2



G 2 ( q 2 ) + bG 2 ( q 2 ) 2 2 E M -------------------------------------------- + 2 bG M tg 1+b

-- , 2

(2)

( r ) = 0 e

­( r / b )

2

, -

q b = -------------- , m ­ , ­ , 22 4m c GE(q2) GM(q2) ­ . q2 = 0 - GE GM : G E ( 0 ) = 1,
p

32 2 r = -- b . 2 , . , . (r) : (r) = r ­ R c ­1 = 0 1 + exp ------------- , Rc = r0A 1/3 ­ t , r0 = 1,1 10-13 , 0 0,17 /3, t ­ . ( ) (1) , . 1 , -- , ­ 2 . - F (q2), , -.

G M ( 0 ) = 2 ,79 µ N ;
p

G E ( 0 ) = 0,
n

G M ( 0 ) = ­ 1 ,91 µ N ,
n

µN = e /(2mc) ­ . 21 , , - : 2 p n 2 2 GM ( q ) GM ( q ) 1 2 2 G E ( q ) = ----------------- = ----------------- = G D ( q ) = ------------------- , (3) 2 µp µn q 1 + ---------- 0 ,71 G E = 0, µp µn ­ . . 3 q2 - GD(q2).
n

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GM -----------µ / µN 0 10

- . , , , E '. d ------------- q2. dE d E ' . 4. q2, . q2, . ?
2

10

-1

GM 1 ------------ = ------------------------------2 µ / µN 1 + q / 0 ,71 10
-2

2

10

-3

10

20 30 q2, (/)2

. 3. - q2. ­ -

(3), : 1) , - q2; 2) ; 3) n ; 4) -, G E , 2 q ; 5) ( r ) = 0 exp ­ r -- , a (4)

, - , - . . ,
d /( dE ' d ) ----------------------------------( d / d ) 0 10
2

10

-1

4 10
-2

3 2

a = / q0 = 0,23 . , , : 2 2 2 r E p r M p r M n 0 ,7 2. , , , , . 2 r E n , , - , , . 2 , r E n = 0 ,008 ± 0 ,006 2. , , .

10

-3

1

10

-4

0

1

2

3

4

5 6 7 q2, (/)2
2

d . 4. ---------------dE ' d q2 E '. ( 1). 2, 3, 4 2; 3; 3,5

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F(x) 1,8 1,6 1,4 3 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 q 0,2 0,4 x 0,6 0,8 xF3 F 2
2

, . . 5 (v), (s). x = / Ep , . , xv = 0,4, xs = 0,1. x = 0,5 , . . ­ , - . ­ , . HERA.
1. .. . .: , 1988. 224 . 2. : . .: . , 1980. 450 . 3. ., .. : // : . . .: , 1979. . 153­167. 4. .. // . 1997. 5. . 66­73.

1

0

. 5. F (x) , x = / Ep ( ­ , Ep ­ ), : 1 ­ (s); 2 ­ (v); 3 ­ ( )

. . , , ­ . , r / q < 10-14 . q , , , . - . - e-p-, µp p-

.. ***
, - , , . , . .. . 300 , .

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