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PHYSICS OF SUBCRITICAL NUCLEAR REACTOR
B. A. ARBUZOV


Å. Ä. ÄêÅìáéÇ

The physical principles of the design of a subcritical nuclear reactor serving as an amplifier of energy of accelerated protons or more heavy nuclei are discussed in this article. This design is nowadays considered as a future basis for a safe nuclear power industry. Fundamental study of elementary processes involving relativistic nuclei is highly important for an optimal choice of an accelerated beam. ëÚÚåfl ÔÓÒ,flÂÌ ÙËÁËÍ ÔÓÍ ËÚË~ÂÒÍÓ,,Ó ÂÍÚÓ , žÓÚÂ,,Ó ÍÍ ÛÒËÎËÚÂÎå Ì ,,ËË ÛÒÍÓÂÌÌœi Ô ÓÚÓÌÓ, ËÎË žÓΠÚflÊÂÎœi fl . ùÚÓÚ , ËÌÚ , ÌÒÚÓfl , ÂÏfl ÒÒÏÚ Ë,ÂÚÒfl ÍÍ ÓÒÌÓ, žÂÁÓÔÒÌÓÈ fl ÌÓÈ Ì ,,ÂÚËÍË. îÛÌÏÂÌÚÎå̜ ËÒÒÎÂÓ,ÌËfl ÎÂÏÂÌÚ Ìœi Ô Ó^ÂÒÒÓ, Ò Û~ÒÚËÂÏ ÂÎflÚË,ËÒÚÒÍËi fl Ó~ÂÌå ,ÊÌœ Îfl ÓÔÚËÏÎåÌÓ,,Ó ,œžÓ ÛÒÍÓÂÌÌÓ,,Ó ÔÛ~Í.

åÓÒÍÓ,ÒÍËÈ ,,ÓÒÛ ÒÚ,ÂÌÌœÈ ÛÌË, ÒËÚÂÚ ËÏ. å.Ç. ãÓÏÓÌÓÒÓ,

ÇÇÖÑÖçàÖ

. 6% . (, ) . , . , , . , , . , , , , - . , . - . , , . . , , . . , , .

¿ Ä žÛÁÓ, Å.Ä., 1997

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, .
Äíéåçõâ êÖÄäíéê

1 (1 = 1,6 10-19 ). , , 235U: E = 180 = 180 106 . (4)

(., , [1]). , , . Z Ze: , A - . , , , . , : 238U, 235U, 233U, ... M , M, E = ( A ) Ac 2 ( E = Mc 2) M = Zmp + (A - Z )mn - (A )A,
2

, . . , . , . , . (, ), , , . N0 - , n - , (1 3). , . N N = N0nl , (5) l - ( ) E, . (5), (2). : , . , , , , , . , . , , A1 A2 . k . n+A A1 + A2 + kn. (6) (6) , , A, , . k > 1, , , . . -, A:

(1)

(A )c - , . (A ) . . , , , A, A. , A M A1 A2 M1 M2 , A1 + A2 A , . A1 + A2 = A. , , A1 A2 , (A1) = (A2), M = M - M1 - M2 = -(A )A + (A1)(A1 + A2) = (2) = A((A1) - (A )). A , A1 (A1). , M > 0 , , E = Mc 2. (3) , , ((A1) - - (A ))c 2 1 . A 200 E 200 . , - () - , ,

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, , . , k , (6), k , . . . . , , , , , , , . ? , . . 1 ( -, , ). 1 = 10- 24 2. : (233U, 235 U, 239Pu) (232Th, 238U). , , , . (5). N = N0 = 1 1 l = ---------- . n n - , n = ------- , Am - m = 1,66 10- 24 - . n = = 4,8 1022 - 3. 235U l = 10 , 232 Th l = 35 . , , 233U, 235U, 239Pu. 235U , 238U, , 235U. 1
232

- 239 Pu.
238

U+n

()239U

()239Np

()239Pu, (8)

, - - Z (Z + 1) + e + . (9)

(7)

Z , (9) A, e - - . , A1 A2 , , , , , , . , . , , , . , -, , , , , . , , .
üÑÖêçõâ êÖÄäíéê Ç èéÑäêàíàóÖëäéå êÖÜàåÖ äÄä ìëàãàíÖãú ùçÖêÉàà

, , k . N0 . ( , k) , N0k . k , 2 N 0 k .. , , , N = N0(1 + k


,

+k

2

+k

3

+ ...) = N

0

Th 233 U 235 U 238 U 239 Pu

0,006 2,784 1,972 0,025 1,781


n=0



k .

n

(10)

k 1, (10) , . k < 1,

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N0 N = --------------- . 1 - k

(11)

180 10 22 0,6 R 0 = ------------------------------------------- = 120 . 9 10 0,02
6

(16)

() (4) N 0 E P = NE = --------------- , 1 - k (12)

< 1 - , , , . , .. . , , = 0,6. (13) , N0 . , , , , . , , , 1 (109 ), n = 22 . -, . In N 0 = ---- , e (14)

120, , , . (16) , , . (16) r r . R = rrR0 . , 1 r = 0,43. 0,42. R = rrR0 = 21,8, (17) - , 4,6% . , .
ÇéëèêéàáÇéÑëíÇé íéèãàÇÄ

e - , . -, (4), , E = eV, V - , , - . , (14) (12) V In P = --------------- . 1 - k V n P = ------------------------ VI = R 0 P 0 , V ( 1 - k ) (15)

. : 239Pu, 235U, 233U. , 233U. , . , , 232Th 233U. , , , : -, 233U , , , -, 232Th
232

Th + n

()233Th

()233Pa

()233U. (18)

V - , , VI : P0 = VI, R0 (15) . k = 0,98, . , 1

233U, (18) . (18), 233 U , . (5). 233U: n(232Th)(232Th) = n(233U)(233U), (19) n( ) - . (233U) = 2,784

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, (232Th) = 0,387 . 233U 232Th ( Th ) 0,387 n( U) -------------------- = -------------------- = ------------- = 0,14. 232 233 2,784 n ( Th ) ( U)
233 232

(20)

, 88% 12% 233U, . , . , 233U . , . , . . ( ). 12,5 1 28,41 . ThO2 233UO2 . 232 Th 5,58 1028. 1,72 1018 . (19) (5) , 2,7 1025 . , 1% . 5 .
233

, , . , , , , , , .. . . , . , , , , . E * = E / A. , E, A E * . , A A , ( - , ). . n (14), , : E A, A *. , , - . 2H, A . . (), . , , (), (), (). : , 12C 44 (E * = = 3,65 ), , (., , [2]). E, , , 22 .

, U, , , , , , , , . , . . , , , (17). , , .

é ÇõÅéêÖ ëéêíÄ óÄëíàñ Ç ìëäéêàíÖãÖ

, . , . , , .

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. , , 44 , 12C. , . -, E 40 . , 40Ar E * = 1 . , , . , . , . , . . . ,

, . , , , . , , .
ãàíÖêÄíìêÄ
1. .., .. . : , 1991. 2. .. . // . . 1990. . 68. . 449; 1991. . 71. . 563.

*** , - , . .. , ( .). . : , . 120 , .

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