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ÂÛä. 1. ?Ú ÒÔåáãäÝáÕá ÖÛää×ãåÒéÛáààáÕá (Ph. D. thesis) ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒ Ô Òåáßàîè âæêÝÒè [1]: 1 ü ÛäåáêàÛÝ ÒåáßáÔ, 2 ü ÒåáßàîÜ âæêáÝ, 3 ü ÞÛàÚÒ, 4 ü ÛäåáêàÛÝ äÔ×åÒ, 5 ü ÚÒåÔáã, 6 ü ëâÛÞïÝÒ, 7 ü ßÒäääâ×Ýåãáß×åã, 8 ü ÛäåáêàÛÝ ÛáàáÔ, 9 ü âæêáÝ ÛáàáÔ, 10 ü ðÞ×ÝåãáààîÜ æßàáÙÛå×Þï, 11 ü ÛäåáêàÛÝ ãÒÖÛáÔáÞà, 12 ü ßáÖæÞòåáã, 13 ü ÛäåáêàÛÝ ÚÔæÝáÔîè ÝáÞ×ÓÒàÛÜ, 14 ü æÚÝáâáÞáäàîÜ æäÛÞÛå×Þï, 15 ü ÚÒâÛãÒñìÛÜ Ö×å×Ýåáã, 16 ü ÚÒâÛäîÔÒñì×× æäåãáÜäåÔá. "Ãè×ßÒ æäåÒàáÔÝÛ. ?Þò âãáäåáåî ÛäåáêàÛÝ äÔ×åÒ ÛÚáÓãÒÙ×à äÓáÝæ áå æäåÒàáÔÝÛ, àá Ô Ö×ÜäåÔÛå×ÞïàáäåÛ áà ãÒäâáÞáÙ×à Ôîë× æäåÒàáÔÝÛ. ?ÒÕàÛå Ã, áÓ×äâ×êÛÔÒñìÛÜ áÖàáãáÖàá× âáÞ× ÔàæåãÛ "ëâÛÞïÝÛ", à× âáÝÒÚÒà ÖÞò âãáäåáåî. ÁáÞáÙ×àÛ× ë×äåÛ Ôà×ëàÛè âãòßáæÕáÞïàÛÝáÔ, áÓáÚàÒêÒñìÛè áäàáÔàî× Ýáßâáà×àåî ðÞ×ÝåãáàÛÝÛ, à× äááåÔ×åäåÔæ×å ã×ÒÞïàáßæ ãÒäâáÞáÙ×àÛñ".

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?ÒãåÛà . Á×ãÞ (Martin L. Perl). Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309

Û ÒààÛÕÛÞÛãæñå. Ñ ÔÛÙæ ß×ÞïêÒÜë×× äçáãßÛãáÔÒÔë××äò áÓÞ ÒêÝá ðà×ãÕ ÛÛ, Ýáåáãá× ßî å×èàÛê×äÝÛ àÒÚîÔÒ×ß ÔÛãåæÒÞïàîß çáåáàáß, gwirt ;X Û ÚÒå×ß ò ÔÛÙæ, êåá ðåá áÓÞÒêÝá âã×ÔãÒìÒ×åäò Ô ÖÔ× ß×ÞïêÒÜëÛ× êÒäåÛéî àáÔáÕá Ô×ì×äåÔÒ ü âáÞáÙÛå×ÞïàîÜ t-Þ×âåáà, t , Û áåãÛéÒå×ÞïàîÜ t-Þ×âåáà, tÐ . ? ßá×ß ÖÛää×ãåÒéÛáààáß ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå× ò Ôâ×ãÔî× ÛäâîåÒÞ æÖáÔáÞïäåÔÛ×, åã×ÔáÕæ Û ÛàáÕÖÒ ÓáÞï, äáâæåäåÔæñìÛ× ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒÞïàáÜ ãÒÓáå×: æÖáÔáÞïäåÔÛ×, ÝáÕÖÒ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå ÚÒÔ×ãë×à Û ÖÒààî× àÒÖ×Ùàá ÚÒâÛäÒàî; åã×ÔáÕæ, ÝáÕÖÒ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå ãÒÚÔÛÔÒ×åäò âÞáèá ÛÞÛ âã×ãÔÒà; ÓáÞï, ÝáÕÖÒ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå âãáÔÒÞÛÔÒ×åäò ÛÞÛ ÝáÕÖÒ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáã äáÔ×ãëÒ×å ÕÞæâáäåï. ? ðåáß ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå× áÓãÒÓáåÝÒ ÖÒààîè ÚÒàÛßÒÞÒ áÝáÞá áÖàáÕá Öàò, Û âáðåáßæ ÚÒ à×Ö×Þñ â×ãÛáÖî åã×ÔáÕÛ Û ãÒÖáäåÛ äß×àòÞÛ ÖãæÕ ÖãæÕÒ âá à×äÝáÞïÝæ ãÒÚ. ?áÕÖÒ ò äÞáßÒÞ ÔÒÝææßàîÜ ÛÚß×ãÛå×ÞïàîÜ âãÛÓáã ?ÒÝ?ÞÒæÖÒ (McCloud), Û ãåæåï ãÒÚÞÛÞÒäï Ô ÔÒÝææßàáÜ ÝÒß×ã×, ÓáÞï áå à×áÓèáÖÛßáäåÛ ÔáääåÒàÒÔÞÛÔÒåï âãÛÓáã ãÒäåòàæÞÒäï àÒ à×äÝáÞïÝá à×Ö×Þï. ÁãÛ áåÝãîåÛÛ t ðßáéÛáàÒÞïàî×
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ÂÛä. 2. ?áÔîÜ åã×ÝáÔîÜ Ö×å×Ýåáã, ÞñßÛà×äé×àåàÒò ÝÒß×ãÒ, ãÒÚãÒÓáåÒààÒò áæã×àäáß ?Ùáàäáß Û ÒÔåáãáß [4] Öá âáòÔÞ×àÛò áâåÛê×äÝáÜ ÛäÝãáÔáÜ ÝÒß×ãî. (Ò) Ãááåàáë×àÛò ß×ÙÖæ ãÒÚã×ë×àÛ×ß åã×ÝÒ, Ò, ÕÞæÓÛàáÜ âáÞò, d, Û ÛàçáãßÒéÛ×Ü á åã×Ý×, n, ÖÞò áÖàáãáÖàáÜ ÞñßÛà×äé×àåàáÜ ÝÒß×ãî. ?Þò NaI (Tl) Ûß××ß N 105 , n 1Y 7 ßß âãÛ d 10 Û n 10 çáåáðÞ×ÝåãáàáÔ àÒ 1 äß åã×ÝÒ Ô ÝãÛäåÒÞÞ×; 1 ü äéÛàåÛÞÞòéÛáààîÜ ÝãÛäåÒÞÞ, 2 ü ÞÛàÚÒ, 3 ü çáåáæßàáÙÛå×Þï, 4 ü çáåáÝÒåáÖ ä ÝÔÒàåáÔáÜ ðçç×ÝåÛÔàáäåïñ e; MIP ü åã×Ý ßÛàÛßÒÞïàá ÛáàÛÚÛãæñì×Ü êÒäåÛéî (N ÝÔÒàåáÔ äßÐ1 ), n ü êÛäÞá çáåáðÞ×ÝåãáàáÔ àÒ 1 äß åã×ÝÒ Ô ÝãÛäåÒÞÞ× 1 (n NOe, ÕÖ× å×Þ×äàîÜ æÕáÞ â×ã×ÝãîÔÒ×ßîÜ ÞÛàÚáÜ O a2 ad 2 ); ÖÞò n 1aa a d 2 aNe1a3 . (Ó) Ãè×ßÒ ÞñßÛà×äé×àåàáÜ ÝÒß×ãî, ÛäâáÞïÚæ×ßáÜ Ô àÒäåáòì×× Ôã×ßò. ÁãáäßÒåãÛÔÒñìÒò ÝÒß×ãæ áâåÛÝÒ Û äéÛàåÛÞÞòéÛáààî× äê×åêÛÝÛ, áâã×Ö×ÞòñìÛ× âáÞáÙ×àÛ× âæêÝÒ, æâãáì×àî Û áÓáÓì×àî àÒ ÖÛÒÕãÒßß×. 1 ü äéÛàåÛÞÞòéÛáààîÜ äê×åêÛÝ, 2 ü ÝãÛäåÒÞÞ NaI, 3û6 ü äÛäå×ßÒ ÞÛàÚ, 7 ü ã×ÕÛäåãÛãæñìÒò çáåáÒââÒãÒåæãÒ, 8 ü é×âï äáÔâÒÖ×àÛÜ, 9, 10 ü "ÔáãáåÒ", 11 ü ÞÛàÛò ÚÒÖ×ãÙÝÛ, 12 ü ÒÔåáßÒåÛê×äÝÒò âáÖÒêÒ çáåáâÞ×àÝÛ.

Ãæì×äåÔáÔÒÞá ÖÔ× ÚÒÕÒÖÝÛ, äÔòÚÒààî× ä ðÞ×Ýåãáàáß Û ßñáàáß. Á×ãÔÒò ÚÒÕÒÖÝÒ: ÝÒÝ âáÝÒÚÒàá Ô åÒÓÞÛé×, äÔáÜäåÔÒ ðåÛè êÒäåÛé âá áåàáë×àÛñ Ý ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛòß áÖÛàÒÝáÔî, àá ßñáà Ô 206,8 ãÒÚ åòÙ×Þ××. Ááê×ßæ? ?åáãÒò ÚÒÕÒÖÝÒ ÓîÞÒ äÔòÚÒàÒ ä å×ß, êåá ßñáà ÓîÞ à× äåÒÓÛÞ×à Û ãÒäâÒÖÒÞäò ÚÒ Ôã×ßò 2Y 2 Ò 10Ð6 ä. ?áÙàá ÓîÞá áÙÛÖÒåï, êåá áà ÓæÖ×å ãÒäâÒÖÒåïäò äÞ×ÖæñìÛß áÓãÒÚáß: mÐ 3 eÐ g Y m 3 e g X 2


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? Ö×ä ï g áÓ áÚà Òê Ò ×å ç áå áà, Ýá åá ãî Ü æà áä Ûå ÛÚ Óî å áÝ ðà×ãÕÛÛ, áÓãÒÚáÔÒÔëÛÜäò ÛÚ-ÚÒ ãÒÚàÛéî ßÒää ßñáàÒ Û ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ. ?Ò äÒßáß Ö×Þ× ßñáà ãÒäâÒÖÒ×åäò Ô ã×ÚæÞïåÒå× äÞáÙàáÕá âãáé×ääÒ mÐ 3 eÐ ne nm Y m 3 e ne nm Y 3

SLAC, Þ×âåáàî Û åòÙ×Þî× Þ×âåáàî
? 1962 Õ., ÝáÕÖÒ ?áÞïçÕÒàÕ ?.Ç. ÁÒàáÔäÝÛ (Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky) Û ?ÙáÚ×ç ?×Þ×ß (Joseph Ballam) âã×ÖÞáÙÛÞÛ ßà× ÖáÞÙàáäåï Ô Ãå×àçáãÖäÝáß é×àåã× ÞÛà×Üàîè æäÝáãÛå×Þ×Ü (SLAC), ÝáåáãîÜ åáÕÖÒ ×ì× åáÞïÝá äáÓÛãÒÞÛäï äåãáÛåï, æ ß×àò âáòÔÛÞÒäï ÔáÚßáÙàáäåï Ôä×ãï×Ú ÚÒÖæßÒåïäò áÓ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå× ä ÚÒãòÙ×ààîßÛ Þ×âåáàÒßÛ âãÛ ÔîäáÝÛè ðà×ãÕÛòè. ?Ö×äï ÓîÞÒ ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛò, ÝáåáãÒò ßáÕÞÒ Óîåï áäàÒì×àÒ â×ãÔÛêàîßÛ âæêÝÒßÛ ðÞ×ÝåãáàáÔ; ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛò, Ô ÝáåáãáÜ ßáÙàá ÓîÞá áÓáãæÖáÔÒåï èáãáëÛÜ ßñáààîÜ âæêáÝ; ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛò, Ô ÝáåáãáÜ ßáÙàá ÓîÞá Þ×ÕÝá âáÞæêÛåï èáãáëÛÜ âæêáÝ çáåáàáÔ ÖÞò áÓãÒ ÚáÔÒàÛò Þ×âå áààîè âÒã. ? à å×àçáãÖäÝ áß Ýáß âÞ×Ýä×, Ô ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ ÆÛÚÛÝÛ ÔîäáÝÛè ðà×ãÕÛÜ ãÒÓáåÒÞá âãÛàäåáà-äå×àçáãÖäÝá× e eÐ àÒÝáâÛå×Þïàá× ÝáÞïéá [10, 11]. ?áÕÖÒ ò âãÛÓîÞ Ô 1963 Õ. Ô SLAC, åá àÒêÒÞ ãÒÚãÒÓÒåîÔÒåï ãÒÚàááÓãÒÚàî× âÞÒàî àÒäåæâÞ×àÛò àÒ ðÞ×Ýåãáàßñáààæñ âãáÓÞ×ßæ. Çáåò ÞÛà×ÜàîÜ æäÝáãÛå×Þï ßáÕ àÒêÒåï ãÒÓáåæ à× ãÒàïë× 1966 Õ., ò Û ßáÛ ÝáÞÞ×ÕÛ âãÛäåæâÛÞÛ Ý âãá×ÝåÛãáÔÒàÛñ Û äáÚÖÒàÛñ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒÞïàáÕá áÓáãæÖáÔÒàÛò. Áã×ÖâáÞÒÕÒ×ßî× ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛò ÓîÞÛ ÖÔæè åÛâáÔ. ? â×ãÔáßæ åÛâæ áåàáäÛÞÛäï ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛò, Ô Ýáåáãîè ò âÞÒàÛãáÔÒÞ ÛäÝÒåï à×ÛÚÔ×äåàá× ãÒÚÞÛêÛ× ß×ÙÖæ ðÞ×Ýåãáàáß Û ßñáàáß, Ô åá Ôã×ßò ÝÒÝ ×ÖÛàäåÔ×ààî× ÛÚÔ×äåàî× ãÒÚÞÛêÛò äáäåáòÞÛ Ô ãÒÚàÛé× ßÒää Û áåäæåäåÔÛÛ ãÒäâÒÖÒ mÐ 3 eÐ g. ?åáãáÜ åÛâ ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛÜ áäàáÔîÔÒÞäò àÒ ßáÛè ãÒÚßîëÞ×àÛòè á åáß, êåá ÖáÞÙàî äæì×äåÔáÔÒåï Þ×âåáàî, âáÖáÓàî× ðÞ×Ýåãáàæ Û ßñáàæ ü à×ÛÚÔ×äåàî× åòÙ×Þî× ÚÒãòÙ×ààî× Þ×âåáàî. Ñ âã×ÖâáÞÒÕÒÞ, êåá ×äÞÛ æÖÒäåäò àÒÜåÛ àáÔîÜ Þ×âåáà, åá ×Õá äÔáÜäåÔÒ âáßáÕæå àÒß ãÒäÝãîåï ä×Ýã×åî ðÞ×Ýåãáà-ßñáààáÜ ÚÒÕÒÖÝÛ. ? ßá×ß â×ãÔáß àÒäåæâÞ×àÛÛ àÒ âãáÓÞ×ßæ ò ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒÞ áê×ÔÛÖàæñ ÛÖ×ñ. ?àå×àäÛÔàîÜ âæêáÝ çáåáàáÔ (g) ßáÙàá ÓîÞá äÖ×ÞÒåï Ô SLAC×, ÛäâáÞïÚæò ã×ÒÝéÛñ eÐ qdro 3 g F F F 4 ÀÓãÒÚáÔÒààî× åÒÝÛß áÓãÒÚáß çáåáàî ßáÕÞÛ Óî ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔáÔÒåï ä ÖãæÕÛß òÖãáß, áÓãÒÚæò âÒãæ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè êÒäåÛé x Û xÐ : g qdro 3 x xÐ F F F 5 ñÓÒò âÒãÒ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè êÒäåÛé ßáÙ×å áÓãÒÚáÔÒåïäò Ô ðåáß âãáé×ää×, ×äÞÛ g áÓÞÒÖÒ×å ÖáäåÒåáêàáÜ ðà×ãÕÛ×Ü. ?Þò ßáÞáÖáÕá ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãÒ ò ÚÒß×êæ, êåá à×å àÛê×Õá âÞáèáÕá Ô áê×ÔÛÖàáÜ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒÞïàáÜ ÛÖ×× Öá å×è âáã, âáÝÒ Ôî â×ãÔîÜ, Ýåá ÛäâáÞïÚæ×å ðåæ ÛÖ×ñ. Ñ àÒÖ×òÞäò àÒ åá, êåá ßî äßáÙ×ß àÒÜåÛ àáÔæñ êÒäåÛéæ x, ÔáÚßáÙàá, àáÔîÜ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîÜ Þ×âåáà, ÝÒÝ-åá äÔòÚÒààîÜ ä ðÞ×Ýåãáàáß Û ßñáàáß. Ïåá ÓîÞÒ äáßàÛå×ÞïàÒò àÒÖ×ÙÖÒ, ×äÞÛ äæÖÛåï ä âáÚÛéÛÛ àÒëÛè ä×ÕáÖàòëàÛè ÚàÒàÛÜ âá çÛÚÛÝ× ðÞ×ß×àåÒãàîè êÒäåÛé. ?î áâã×Ö×Þ×ààá ÓîÞÛ àÒÛÔàî Ô 1960-è ÕÕ. ?î à× àÒëÞÛ àáÔîÜ Þ×âåáà ÛÞÛ ÝÒÝæñ-ÞÛÓá ÖãæÕæñ àáÔæñ êÒäåÛéæ [12]. ?ÒÝ ßî ÚàÒ×ß ä×ÜêÒä, à× äæì×äåÔáÔÒÞá àáÔîè êÒäåÛé, Ýáåáãî× ßáÙàá ÓîÞá àÒÜåÛ Ô ðåáß âáÛäÝáÔáß ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå× âãÛ äæì×äåÔáÔÒÔëÛè ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒÞïàîè áÕãÒàÛê×àÛòè. ? âãáé×ää× âáÛäÝÒ ßî ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒÞÛ ÔîêÛäÞ×àÛò ÄäÒò (Tsai) Û ?ÛåÛäÒ (Whitis) âá ãáÙÖ×àÛñ âÒã [13]. Ïåáå ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå âáÞáÙÛÞ àÒêÒÞá ÖáÞÕáßæ Û áê×àï âÞáÖáåÔáãàáßæ äáåãæÖàÛê×äåÔæ ä ßáÛß ÝáÞÞ×ÕáÜ Ð.-Ã. (ÁÒæÞ×ß) ÄäÒ×ß.

Ô Ýáåáãáß ãáÙÖÒñåäò à×ÜåãÛàá Û ÒàåÛà×ÜåãÛàá. Ãæì×äåÔæ×å Ô âãÛãáÖ× ßñáàÒ à×êåá åÒÝá×, êåá áåÞÛêÒ×å ×Õá áå ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ. ?á ÝáàéÒ 1950-è ÕÕ. ðÞ×Ýåãáà-ßñáààÒò âãáÓÞ×ßÒ (e -m âãáÓÞ×ßÒ) äáäåáòÞÒ ÛÚ ÖÔæè êÒäå×Ü: 1) âáê×ßæ ßñáà Ô 206,8 ãÒÚ åòÙ×Þ×× ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ; 2) âáê×ßæ ßñáà à× ãÒäâÒÖÒ×åäò âæå×ß mÐ 3 eÐ g. ? åá Ôã×ßò, ÝáÕÖÒ ò ãÒÓáåÒÞ Ô ?ÛêÛÕÒàäÝáß æàÛÔ×ãäÛå×å×, ß×àò ÚÒÛàå×ã×äáÔÒÞÛ åáêàî× áâîåî âá ÛÚß×ã×àÛñ (gÐ2) ßñáàÒ, ÔîâáÞà×ààî× Ô È?Â?× [6], Û âá ÛÚß×ã×àÛñ (gÐ2) ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ, âãáÔ×Ö×ààî× Ô ?ÛêÛÕÒà× [7]. ?×àò Ûàå×ã×äáÔÒÞÛ åÒÝÙ× âã×éÛÚÛáààî× ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛò âáÚÛåãáàÛò Û ßñáàÛò, àÒèáÖÛÔëÛ×äò åáÕÖÒ Ô âãáé×ää× ÔîâáÞà×àÛò, Ò åÒÝÙ× ÖãæÕÛ× âã×éÛÚÛáààî× ÛÚß×ã×àÛò Ô ÒåáßàáÜ çÛÚÛÝ×. ÏåÛ ÛÚß×ã×àÛò âãÛ àÛÚÝáÜ ðà×ãÕÛÛ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè Þ×âåáàáÔ àÒèáÖÛÞÛäï Ô àÒÖ×Ùàîè ãæÝÒè, Û ò à× ÔÛÖ×Þ, ÝÒÝáÜ ÔÝÞÒÖ Ô ðåæ áÓÞÒäåï ßáÕ Óî Ôà×äåÛ ò. Ñ ÚàÒÞ á âÛáà×ãäÝáß à×ÜåãÛààáß ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå× Ô áÓÞÒäåÛ ßÒÞîè ðà×ãÕÛÜ, ÔîâáÞà×ààáß Æã×Ö×ãÛÝáß ÂÒÜà×äáß (Frederick Reines) Û ?ÞÒÜÖáß ?áæðàáß-ßÞÒÖëÛß (Clyde Cowan, Jr.). Ñ ÖáÞÙ×à âã×ãÔÒåï äÔáÜ ãÒääÝÒÚ, êåáÓî âãáéÛåÛãáÔÒåï ÖÔÒ ÔÒÙàîè âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛò ÛÚ ãÒÓáåî ÂÒÜà×äÒ Û ?áæðàÒ [8]: "ÏÝäâ×ãÛß×àå ÓîÞ ÔîâáÞà×à ÖÞò åáÕá, êåáÓî ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒåï äÔáÓáÖàá× à×ÜåãÛàá. ?×ãáòåàá, ßî ÖáäåÛÕÞÛ é×ÞÛ, èáåò ÖÒÞïà×ÜëÒò ãÒÓáåÒ âá âáÖåÔ×ãÙÖ×àÛñ àÒë×Õá ã×ÚæÞïåÒåÒ âãáÖáÞÙÒ×åäò". Ïåá ÓîÞÛ êã×ÚÔîêÒÜàá åãæÖàî× ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåî, Û äàáÔÒ ò à× ÔÛÖ×Þ, ÝÒÝáÜ ÔÝÞÒÖ ò ßáÕæ Ôà×äåÛ Ô ðåÛ ÛÚß×ã×àÛò. Ñ ÕáãÖ å×ß, êåá ßà× ÔãæêÛÞÛ ?áÓ×Þ×ÔäÝæñ âã×ßÛñ âá çÛÚÛÝ× ÚÒ ðåáå ÕáÖ Ôß×äå× ä Æã×Ö×ãÛÝáß ÂÒÜà×äáß, Û ò áÕáãê×à, êåá ?ÞÒÜÖÒ ?áæðàÒ-ßÞÒÖë×Õá à×å Ô ÙÛÔîè, Û áà à× ßáÙ×å ãÒÚÖ×ÞÛåï ä àÒßÛ ðåæ ê×äåï. ?ÒÖ à×ÜåãÛààîßÛ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒßÛ Ô áÓÞÒäåÛ ÔîäáÝÛè ðà×ãÕÛÜ æÙ× ãÒÓáåÒÞÛ àáÓ×Þ×ÔäÝÛ× ÞÒæã×Òåî ×áà ×Ö×ãßÒà, ?×ÞÔÛà ÊÔÒãé Û ?Ù×Ý ÊåÒÜàÓ×ãÕ×ã [9]. Ñ âáÖæßÒÞ, êåá àÒÛÓáÞ×× âáÞ×Úàá ÖÞò ß×àò ÓîÞá Óî äáäã×ÖáåáêÛåïäò àÒ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒè âá ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛñ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè Þ×âåáàáÔ Ô áÓÞÒäåÛ ÔîäáÝÛè ðà×ãÕÛÜ ü ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒè, Ýáåáãî× ßáÕÞÛ Óî âãáòäàÛåï âãÛãáÖæ Þ×âåáàÒ ÛÞÛ ã×ëÛåï ðÞ×Ýåãáà-ßñáààæñ âãáÓÞ×ßæ. ÏåáÜ ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒå×ÞïäÝáÜ äåãÒå×ÕÛÛ ò äÞ×ÖáÔÒÞ à×äÝáÞïÝá ãÒÚ Ô ßá×Ü ÙÛÚàÛ. Ñ áäåÒÔÒÞäò ÔÖÒÞÛ áå àÒâãÒÔÞ×àÛÜ ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛÜ, ÕÖ× ãÒÓáåÒÞá ßàáÕá ÞñÖ×Ü, Û Ô êÒäåàáäåÛ, ò áäåÒÔÒÞäò ÔÖÒÞÛ áå àÒâãÒÔÞ×àÛÜ ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛÜ, ÕÖ× ãÒÓáåÒÞÛ áê×àï æß×Þî× Û Ýáßâ×å×àåàî× ÞñÖÛ. Ñ àÒèáÙæ ÓáÞ×× æÖáÓàîß ãÒÓáåÒåï Ô à×àÒä×Þ×ààîè áÓÞÒäåòè çÛÚÛÝÛ. Ñ âã×Öáäå×ã×ÕÒñ ßáÞáÖîè æê×àîè áå äÞ×âáÕá äÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛò ðåáÜ äåãÒå×ÕÛÛ. ÁáêåÛ Ôä×ÕÖÒ ÞæêëÛ× ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãî (Û ÓáÞïëÛàäåÔá ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãáÔ) ãÒÓáåÒñå Ô àÒÛÓáÞ×× âÞáÖáåÔáãàáÜ áÓÞÒäåÛ àÒæÝÛ. ?äÞÛ àÒÖ âãáÓÞ×ßáÜ ãÒÓáåÒñå åáÞïÝá à×äÝáÞïÝá ê×ÞáÔ×Ý, ÛÞÛ ÔááÓì× àÛÝåá à× ãÒÓáåÒ×å, åá äÝáã×× Ôä×Õá ðåÒ âãáÓÞ×ßÒ Ó×äâÞáÖàÒ. ? Ýáàé× ÝáàéáÔ, ðåá Ôáâãáä å×ßâ×ãÒß×àåÒ Û æÖáÓäåÔÒ.


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Ç á åò à ÒëÒ â × ãÔ Òò âá â îåÝ Ò â ã á àÛ Ýà á Ô× à Ûò Ô åÒ Üà î ßñáàÒ Û ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ âãáÔÒÞÛÞÒäï, ßî æÙ× ÕáåáÔÛÞÛäï Ý ÛÚæê×àÛñ ßñáà-âãáåáààáÕá à×æâãæÕáÕá ãÒää×òàÛò mÐ p 3 mÐ adrony Y Ö Þò åá Õ á ê åáÓ î ä ã ÒÔà Ûå ï × Õ á ä ð Þ× Ýå ãá à -â ã áå áà à îß à×æâãæÕÛß ãÒää×òàÛ×ß eÐ p 3 eÐ adrony X ? SLAC× âÞÒàÛãáÔÒÞÛäï ëÛãáÝáßÒäëåÒÓàî× ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛò ×-ã à×æâãæÕáÕá ãÒää×òàÛò. ?×ÜäåÔÛå×Þïàá, à×Ýáåáãî× ÛÚ ðåÛè ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛÜ âãÛÔ×ÞÛ Ý ?áÓ×Þ×ÔäÝáÜ âã×ßÛÛ, Ý á å á ã Òò Ó î Þ Ò Ô ã æ ê × à Ò Ô 19 9 0 Õ . ? Ù × ã á ß æ Æ ã Û Ö ß Ò à æ (Jerome Friedman), ?×àãÛ ?×àÖÒÞÞæ (Henry Kendall) Û ÂÛêÒãÖæ Ä×ÜÞáãæ (Richard Teylor). Ñ àÒÖ×òÞäò àÒ åá,êåá ß î ä ß á Ù × ß à ÒÜ å Û á å Þ Û êÛ × ß × Ù Ö æ m Û e Ö ã æ Õ á × , ê × ß ã ÒÚà Û éî Ô ßÒä ä× Û Þ ×â åá àà á ß êÛ ä Þ× . ? êÒä åà áä åÛ , ò àÒÖ×òÞäò, êåá ßî ßáÕÞÛ Óî àÒÜåÛ áåÞÛêÛ× Ô â×ã×ÖÒêÒè ÓáÞïëÛè ÛßâæÞïäáÔ ü ×ì× áÖàÒ àÒÛÔàÒò àÒÖ×ÙÖÒ, ×äÞÛ ãÒääßÒåãÛÔÒåï ä âáÚÛéÛÛ àÒëÛè äáÔã×ß×ààîè ÚàÒàÛÜ çÛÚÛÝÛ êÒäåÛé. ?ÒâãÛß×ã, ò âáÞÒÕÒÞ [14], êåá ßñáà ßáÕ Óî Ûß×åï áäáÓá× ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛ× ä ÒÖãáàÒßÛ, Ýáåáãîß à× áÓÞÒÖÒ×å ðÞ×Ýåãáà (ãÛä. 3).
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ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛò ß×ÙÖæ m Û ÒÖãáàÒßÛ ÛÞÛ ÛÚ-ÚÒ åáÕá,êåá m à× òÔÞò×åäò åáê×êàáÜ êÒäåÛé×Ü. ÀÖàÒÝá ßî à× àÒëÞÛ ÚàÒêÛßîè áåÝÞáà×àÛÜ, êåá Û áåãÒÙ×àá Ô [15]. ?ãæÕÛ× ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãî ÛÚæêÒÞÛ ÖÛçç×ã×àéÛÒÞïàá× ä×ê×àÛ× æâãæÕáÕá m-p ãÒää×òàÛò Û äãÒÔàÛÔÒÞÛ ×Õá ä ÖÛçç×ã×àéÛÒÞïàîß ä×ê×àÛ×ß æâãæÕáÕá ×-ã ãÒää×òàÛò [18 û 20], àá äåÒåÛäåÛê×äÝÛ ÚàÒêÛßÒò ãÒÚàÛéÒ ß×ÙÖæ m-p Û ×-ã ä×ê×àÛòßÛ à× ßáÕÞÒ Óîåï àÒÜÖ×àÒ ÝÒÝ Ô äÞæêÒ× æâãæÕáÕá ãÒää×òàÛò, åÒÝ Û Ô äÞæêÒ× à×æâãæÕáÕá ãÒää×òàÛò. ?áÞ×× åáÕá, Ô äãÒÔà×àÛÛ m-p Û ×-ã ä×ê×àÛÜ, ÛÚ-ÚÒ ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒàÛò ãÒÚÞÛêàîè å×èàÛÝ ÛÚß×ã×àÛò äæì×äåÔáÔÒÞÛ äÛäå×ßÒåÛê×äÝÛ× âáÕã×ëàáäåÛ âáãòÖÝÒ 5 û 10 %. ÏÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒÞïàÒò àÒæÝÒ ü ðåá ÞáÔÝáäåï Û ÛäÝæääåÔá, Û êÒäåÛêàá ÛäÝæääåÔá äáäåáÛå Ô åáß, êåáÓî ÚàÒåï, ÝáÕÖÒ à×áÓèáÖÛßá ÚÒÝáàêÛåï Ó×äâÞáÖàîÜ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå. Ãæì×äåÔæ×å áâÒäàáäåï äåÒåï áÖ×ãÙÛßîß ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåáß, ÖÒÙ× ×äÞÛ áà Ô×Ö×å Ô àÛÝæÖÒ. Ñ ÛÚÓ×ÙÒÞ ðåáÕá Û áåÝÒÚÒÞäò áå ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒ. Ïåá áÝÒÚÒÞáäï âãÒÔÛÞïàîß ã×ë×àÛ×ß, âáåáßæ êåá ÛÚ äáÔã×ß×ààîè ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛÜ ÛÚÔ×äåàá, êåá ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå âá ãÒää×òàÛñ à× ÔîòÔÞòÞ àÛÝÒÝáÜ ãÒÚàÛéî ß×ÙÖæ ðÞ×Ýåãáàáß Û ßñáàáß Ýãáß× ãÒÚàÛéî Ô ßÒääÒè.

ÄòÙ×ÞîÜ Þ×âåáà Ô 1960-è ÕÕ.
?á Ôã×ßò âáÖÕáåáÔÝÛ àÒë×Õá ßñáà-âãáåáàáÕá ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒ Û Ô â×ãÔî× ÖàÛ àÒÓáãÒ ÖÒààîè ò ãÒÚßîëÞòÞ á ÖãæÕáß âæåÛ âáÛäÝÒ àáÔáÕá ÚÒãòÙ×ààáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ, L, ä ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒàÛ×ß ã×ÒÝéÛÛ e eÐ 3 L LÐ X Áã×ÙÖ×, ê×ß âãÛäåæâÛåï Ý åã×åï×Ü ÒåÒÝ× àÒ ðÞ×Ýåãáàßñáààæñ âãáÓÞ×ßæ, ò áâÛäÒÞ áäàáÔàî× âã×ÖäåÒÔÞ×àÛò 1960-è ÕÕ. á ÔáÚßáÙàáäåÛ äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò Û åÛâÒè àáÔîè Þ×âåáàáÔ. ? àÒêÒÞæ 1960-è ÕÕ. âáòÔÛÞÛäï âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛÛ á ÔáÚßáÙàáäåÛ äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè Þ×âåáàáÔ ÓáÞ×× ßÒääÛÔàîè, ê×ß × Û m ü åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàáÔ. Ñ âãáê×Þ Ô 1963 û 1964 ÕÕ. äåÒåïÛ ?×ÞïÖáÔÛêÒ [21], ÛâßÒàáÔÒ [22] Û ÀÝæàò [23]. ÄÒÝ ÝÒÝ âáàòåÛ× âáÝáÞ×àÛò êÒäåÛé Ô åá Ôã×ßò à× äåÒÞá ×ì× áÓì×âãÛàòåîß Ô àÒë×Ü áÓÞÒäåÛ, ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒÞÛäï ÓáÞ×× äåÒãî× ßáÖ×ÞÛ ÔÚÒÛßáäÔòÚÛ êÒäåÛé. ?ÒâãÛß×ã, ×äÞÛ âã×ÖâáÞáÙÛåï [24], êåá äæì×äåÔæ×å ðÞ×ÝåãáßÒÕàÛåàá ÔáÚÓæÙÖ×ààá× äáäåáòàÛ× ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ eÓ , åá äááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÒò ã×ÒÝéÛò ÔîÕÞòÖ×ÞÒ Óî äÞ×ÖæñìÛß áÓãÒÚáß: eÐ qdro 3 eÐÓ F F F Y eÐÓ 3 eÐ g X 6

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ÂÛä. 3. ?ÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛ× ßñáàÒ ä ÒÖãáàáß ê×ã×Ú áÓß×à êÒäåÛé×Ü X. ÁãÛß×ã ãÒääßáåã×àÛò ßáÖ×ÞÛ, Ô ÝáåáãáÜ æ ßñáàÒ ×äåï äâ×éÛÒÞïàá× ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛ× ä ÒÖãáàÒßÛ, áåäæåäåÔæñì×× æ ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ (ÛÚ [14]): (Ò) áÖàáçáåáààîÜ áÓß×à, (Ó) áÖàáêÒäåÛêàîÜ áÓß×à.

?Þò ãÒÚßîëÞòñì×Õá ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãÒ Ôä×ÕÖÒ èáãáëá Ûß×åï ÖÔÒ Ö×ÜäåÔæñìÛè ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒ ÛÞÛ âá ÝãÒÜà×Ü ß×ã× áÖÛà Ö×ÜäåÔæñìÛÜ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå Û áÖÛà Ô âãáé×ää× âáÖÕáåáÔÝÛ. ?áà×êàá, ðåá ÓîÞá Þ×Õê× ÔîâáÞàÛåï Ô 1960 Õ., ê×ß ä×ÜêÒä, åÒÝ ÝÒÝ ÓáÞïëÛàäåÔá äáÔã×ß×ààîè ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåáÔ Ô çÛÚÛÝ× ÔîäáÝÛè ðà×ãÕÛÜ áê×àï Ô×ÞÛÝÛ Û äÞáÙàî. ?á å×ß à× ß×à×× ðåá ×ì× ßáÙàá áäæì×äåÔÛåï Û ä×ÜêÒä. ? àÒäåáòì×× Ôã×ßò Ôß×äå× ä ÝáÞÞÒÓáãÒéÛ×Ü CLEO, ÝáåáãÒò âãáÔáÖÛå ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå àÒ ðÞ×Ýåãáà-âáÚÛåãáààáß ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ã× CESR Ô ?áãà×ÞïäÝáß æàÛÔ×ãäÛå×å× (10 ?ð?), ò ÚÒàÛßÒñäï ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛòßÛ Ô áÓÞÒäåÛ t-çÛÚÛÝÛ. ?á äæì×äåÔæ×å åÒÝÙ× à×ÓáÞïëáÜ à×æäÝáãÛå×ÞïàîÜ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå Ô SLAC×, Ô Ýáåáãáß ÔîâæäÝàÛÝÛ æàÛÔ×ãäÛå×åÒ (ÏãÛÝ Û (Eric Lee), ?×àäæ ?ðã (Nancy Mar), ?ÒàæðÞï Àãå×ÕÒ (Manuel Ortega)), à×äÝáÞïÝá ßáÛè ÝáÞÞ×Õ Û ò ÚÒàÛßÒ×ßäò âáÛäÝáß äÔáÓáÖàîè ÝÔÒãÝáÔ. ?×ãà×ßäò Ý Ýáàéæ 1960-è ÕÕ., ÝáÕÖÒ ò Û ßáÛ ÝáÞÞ×ÕÛ ÛÚß×ãòÞÛ ÖÛçç×ã×àéÛÒÞïàá× ä×ê×àÛ× à×æâãæÕáÕá ãÒää×òàÛò ßñáàáÔ àÒ âãáåáàÒè, Û ÚÒå×ß äãÒÔàÛÔÒÞÛ m-p ä×ê×àÛ× ä äááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÛß e-p ä×ê×àÛ×ß [15, 16]. ?î ÛäÝÒÞÛ ãÒÚàÛéæ Ô Ô×ÞÛêÛà× ÛÞÛ ãÒÚàÛéæ Ô âáÔ×Ö×àÛÛ ä×ê×àÛÜ. ?ÒÝ áÓäæÙÖÒÞáäï Ô [17], ðåÒ ãÒÚàÛéÒ ßáÕÞÒ ÔáÚàÛÝàæåï Ô ã×ÚæÞïåÒå× äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò àáÔáÕá à×ðÞ×ÝåãáßÒÕàÛåàáÕá

?äÞÛ âã×ÖâáÞáÙÛåï [22], êåá äæì×äåÔæ×å mH , âãÛàÒÖÞ×ÙÒìÛÜ Ý ä×ß×ÜäåÔæ mY nm Y mH , åá äááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÒò ã×ÒÝéÛò ÔîÕÞòÖ×ÞÒ Óî äÞ×ÖæñìÛß áÓãÒÚáß: nm qdro 3 mÐH F F F 7

?àå×ã×äàá áåß×åÛåï Ô äÔ×å× âáÛäÝÒ Ö×äòåïñ ÕáÖÒßÛ âáÚÙ× ãÒäâÒÖÒ tÐ 3 nt pÐ , êåá ÛâßÒàáÔ [22] ÔîêÛäÞÛÞ áåàáäÛå×Þïàæñ Ô×ãáòåàáäåï ðåáÕá ÝÒàÒÞÒ ãÒäâÒÖÒ. ?á ÔåáãáÜ âáÞáÔÛà× 1960-è ÕÕ. ÓîÞÒ ãÒÚÔÛåÒ Ýáàé×âéÛò åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ L Û ×Õá à×ÜåãÛàá nL , áÓãÒÚæñìÛè âÒãæ L, nL . ÄÒÝ Ô äåÒåï×, àÒâÛäÒààáÜ Ô 1968 Õ., ÂáÚ× Û ?áÞïäÝÛÜ [25] áÓäæÙÖÒÞÛ àÛÙàÛÜ âã×Ö×Þ àÒ ßÒääæ åÒÝáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ, âáÞæê×ààîÜ àÒ áäàáÔÒàÛÛ åáÕá, êåá ðåáå Þ×âåáà à× ÓîÞ àÒÜÖ×à Ô ãÒäâÒÖÒè K-ß×ÚáàáÔ. ÀàÛ åÒÝÙ× ãÒä-


1344

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[ÅÆ? 1996

äßÒåãÛÔÒÞÛ äÞ×ÖæñìÛ× ÝÒàÒÞî ãÒäâÒÖÒ åÒÝáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ: L 3 e"e nL Y m"e nL Y pnL X n n

ÁæêÝÛ äåÒÞÝÛÔÒñìÛèäò ðÞ×ÝåãáàáÔ Û âáÚÛåãáàáÔ Û âáäÞ×ÖæñìÛ× Þ×âåáàî
ÃåãáÛå×ÞïäåÔá Û ðÝäâÞæÒåÒéÛò ðÞ×Ýåãáà-âáÚÛåãáààîè ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ãáÔ àÒêÒÞÛäï Ô 1960-è ÕÕ. [26]. ? ä×àåòÓã× 1967 Õ. àÒ Ê×äåáÜ ß×ÙÖæàÒãáÖàáÜ Ýáàç×ã×àéÛÛ âá æäÝáãÛå×Þòß ÔîäáÝÛè ðà×ãÕÛÜ ÇáÔÒãÖ [27] ßáÕ àÒÚÔÒåï åáÞïÝá à×äÝáÞïÝá ðÞ×Ýåãáà-âáÚÛåãáààîè ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ãáÔ. Ãæì×äåÔáÔÒÞ â×ãÔîÜ (500 ?ð?) ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ã ADA, ÝáåáãîÜ ãÒÓáåÒÞ Ôá ÆãÒäÝÒåÛ (Frascati) æÙ× ä àÒêÒÞÒ 1960-è ÕÕ., Û åÒß Ù× Ôá ÆãÒäÝÒåÛ äåãáÛÞäò ADONE. ÂÒÓáåÒÞÛ: 1 ?ð? ü ACO Ô Àãäð (Orsay) Û 1,4 ?ð? ü ?ÏÁÁ-2 Ô ?áÔáäÛÓÛãäÝ×. ? ?× ß ÓãÛÖ Ù × âã áè áÖÛÞ Ûä âî åÒ àÛ ò ÝáÞ ÞÒ ÜÖ× ã C EA àÒ 6 ? ð ? Û Ó î Þ Û â ã × Ö Þ á Ù × à Û ò â á ä å ã á Û åï Ýá Þ Þ Ò Ü Ö × ã î Ô DESY Û SLAC× [28]. ? âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛÛ SLAC [28] (ãÛä. 4) æÙ× áÓäæÙÖÒÞÒäï ã×ÒÝéÛò e eÐ 3 x xÐ X 8

?ß×ààá ðåá âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛ× 1964 Õ. Û âÞáÖáåÔáãàÒò äåÒåïò ?ÒÓÛÓÓá Û ?Òååá [29], áÚÒÕÞÒÔÞ×ààÒò "ÏÝäâ×ãÛß×àåî âá äåáÞÝàáÔ×àÛñ âæêÝáÔ ðÞ×ÝåãáàáÔ Û âáÚÛåãáàáÔ", âáßáÕÞÛ ßà× äÝáàé×àåãÛãáÔÒåï äÔáÛ æäÛÞÛò àÒ âáÛäÝÒè àáÔáÕá ÚÒãòÙ×ààáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ àÒ e eÐ ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ãÒè. ÁáäÞ× ÔîâáÞà×àÛò ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåáÔ, áâÛäÒààîè ãÒà××, ò ÓîÞ ÚÒàòå âáÛäÝáß ßáÖ×ÞÛ àáÔîè Þ×âåáàáÔ, ßáÖ×ÞÛ, ÝáåáãÒò Óî áâã×Ö×Þ×ààá âãÛÔáÖÛÞÒ Ý ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛòß àÒ äåÒÞÝÛÔÒñìÛèäò âæêÝÒè, áäåÒÔÒòäï Ô åá Ù× Ôã×ßò ÖáäåÒåáêàá áÓì×Ü. ? ã×ÚæÞïåÒå× áÓäæÙÖ×àÛÜ ä ßáÛßÛ ÝáÞÞ×ÕÒßÛ ÁÒæÞ×ß ÄäÒ×ß Û ?ÒãÛ Æ×ÞïÖßÒàáß (Gary Feldman) ò âãÛë×Þ Ý åáßæ, êåá âáÚÙ× àÒÚÔÒÞ ßáÖ×Þïñ âáäÞ×Öæñì×Õá Þ×âåáàÒ. Ñ ÖæßÒÞ á âáäÞ×ÖáÔÒå×ÞïàáäåÛ âÒã: eÐ mÐ LÐ LHÐ ne nm nL nLH Y 9

PROPOSAL FOR A HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLIDING BEAM STORAGE RING AT THE STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER March 1964

âãÛê×ß ÝÒÙÖÒò âÒãÒ Ûß×ÞÒ æàÛÝÒÞïàá× Þ×âåáààá× êÛäÞá. Ñ áÓîêàá ãÒääßÒåãÛÔÒÞ Þ×âåáà ÝÒÝ åáê×êàæñ ÖÛãÒÝáÔäÝæñ êÒäåÛéæ. ?áà×êàá, âã×ÖâáÞáÙ×àÛò áÓ æàÛÝÒÞïàáß Þ×âåáààáß êÛäÞ× Û åáê×êàáÜ âãÛãáÖ× êÒäåÛé à× òÔÞòÞÛäï à×áÓèáÖÛßîßÛ, àá ò ÞñÓÛÞ âãáäåáåæ. ? Ýáàé× ÝáàéáÔ, ò Ô×Öï áÓãÒåÛÞäò Ý çÛÚÛÝ× Þ×âåáàáÔ Ô àÒêÒÞ× 1960-è ÕÕ. Ô âáÛäÝÒè âãáäåáÜ çÛÚÛÝÛ. ?Ö×ò äáäåáòÞÒ Ô âáÛäÝ× ã×ÒÝéÛÜ e eÐ 3 L L
Ð

10a

c âáäÞ×ÖæñìÛßÛ ãÒäâÒÖÒßÛ, L 3 e nezaregistrirowannye LÐ 3 mÐ nezaregistrirowannye ÛÞÛ L 3 m LÐ 3 eÐ
nezaregistrirowannye nejtrinoY unosq}ie |nergi` Y nezaregistrirowannye nejtrinoY unosq}ie |nergi` X nejtrinoY unosq}ie |nergi` Y nejtrinoY unosq}ie |nergi`

10b

It is proposed that the Atomic Energy Commission support the construction at Stanford University of a Colliding-Beam Facility (storage ring) for high-energy electrons and positrons. This facility would be locatedat the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and would make use of the SLAC accelerator as an injector. This proposal wasprepared by the following persons: Stanford Physical Department D. Ritson Stanford Linear Accelerator Center S. Berman A.Boyarski F.Bulos E. L. Garvin W. Kirk B.Richter M.Bands ÂÛä. 4. ÀÓÞáÙÝÒ âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛò SLAC áå 1964 Õ. á âáäåãá×àÛÛ ðÞ×Ýåãáà-âáÚÛåãáààáÕá ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ãÒ [28]: "Áã×ÖÞÒÕÒ×åäò, êåáÓî ?áßÛääÛò âá ÒåáßàáÜ ðà×ãÕÛÛ âáÖÖ×ãÙÒÞÒ äáÚÖÒàÛ× Ô Ãå×àçáãÖäÝáß æàÛÔ×ãäÛå×å× äåÒÞÝÛÔÒñìÛèäò âæêÝáÔ (àÒÝáâÛå×ÞïàáÕá ÝáÞïéÒ) ðÞ×ÝåãáàáÔ Û âáÚÛåãáàáÔ. Ïåá àÒÝáâÛå×Þïàá× ÝáÞïéá ÓæÖ×å ãÒäâáÞáÙ×àá Ô SLAC× Û ÓæÖ×å, ÔáÚßáÙàá, ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒåï æäÝáãÛå×Þï SLACÒ ÝÒÝ ÛàÙ×Ýåáã".

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Å åÒÝáÕá ß×åáÖÒ ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛÜ ÓîÞá ßàáÕá âãÛÔÞ×ÝÒå×Þïàîè äÔáÜäåÔ. 1) ?äÞÛ L òÔÞò×åäò åáê×êàáÜ êÒäåÛé×Ü, åá ßáÙàá ÓîÞá ÛäÝÒåï L ä ßÒääáÜ ÔâÞáåï Öá ðà×ãÕÛÛ âæêÝÒ âãÛ æäÞáÔÛÛ, êåá ßî áÓÞÒÖÒ×ß ÖáäåÒåáêàáÜ äÔ×åÛßáäåïñ. 2) ÁáòÔÞ×àÛ× e m ÛÞÛ eÐ m äáÓîåÛÜ ä âáå×ã×Ü ðà×ãÕÛÛ Ûß×Þá Óî ÖãÒßÒåÛê×äÝÛ× âáäÞ×ÖäåÔÛò. 3) ÅäåÒàáÔÝÒ, Ýáåáãæñ ßî âã×ÖÞÒÕÒÞÛ ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒåï ÖÞò ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛÛ ã×ÒÝéÛÜ (10) ßáÕÞÒ Óî äÞÒÓá ãÒÚÞÛêÒåï åÛâî ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè êÒäåÛé (Ýáà×êàá, âá äáÔã×ß×ààîß äåÒàÖÒãåÒß), àá ÛÖ×àåÛçÛéÛãáÔÒåï × Û m ÓîÞá Þ×Õê× Ôä×Õá. 4) ÁãÒÝåÛê×äÝÛ à× àæÙàá ÓîÞá å×áã×åÛê×äÝÛè âã×ÖäÝÒÚÒàÛÜ á äÞÒÓîè ãÒäâÒÖÒè L: " LÐ 3 nL eÐ ne Y Ð Ð n L 3 nL m "m Y c äááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÛßÛ ãÒäâÒÖÒßÛ L . ?áÙàá ÓîÞá âãáäåá æåÔ×ãÙÖÒåï ðåá âá ÒàÒÞáÕÛÛ ä ÛÚÔ×äåàîß ãÒäâÒÖáß mÐ 3 nm eÐ "e X n Ñ ÔÝÞñêÛÞ ß×åáÖ âáÛäÝÒ, áÓáÓì×ààîÜ Ô (10), Ô àÒë× âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛ× ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒ Mark I Ô 1971 Õ. àÒ ×ì× à× âáäåãá×ààîè àÒÝáâÛå×Þïàîè e eÐ ÝáÞïéÒè SPEAR. ?áÛß ÛÖ×òß á âáäÞ×ÖáÔÒå×Þïàîè Þ×âåáàÒè Û áÓ ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒàÛÛ ã×ÒÝéÛÜ (10) ÖÞò Ûè âáÛäÝÒ äÛÞïàá äâáäáÓäåÔáÔÒÞÛ ÖÔ× âÞáÖáåÔáãàî× ãÒÓáåî ÁÒæÞò ÄäÒò. ? 1965 Õ. áà áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒÞ Ôß×äå× ä ÏàåáàÛ Ç×ãàáß (Antony Hearn)

?áà×êàá, x ßáÕ Óîåï ÚÒãòÙ×ààîß Þ×âåáàáß. Ïåá âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛ× à× âãÛÔ×Þá à×âáäã×ÖäåÔ×ààá Ý âáäåãá×àÛñ e eÐ ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ãÒ Ô SLAC×, âáåáßæ êåá ßî à× âáÞæêÛÞÛ Ö×à×Õ. É×ã×Ú âòåï Þ×å âãÛ åÔ×ãÖáÜ âáÖÖ×ãÙÝ× ÖÛã×ÝåáãÒ SLAC ?áÞïçÕÒàÕÒ ÁÒàáçäÝÛ Û âãÛ æêÒäåÛÛ ÝáßÒàÖî âãá×ÝåÛãáÔìÛÝáÔ Û ÝáàäåãæÝåáãáÔ âáÖ ãæÝáÔáÖäåÔáß ?ÒãåáàÒ ÂÛèå×ãÒ (Burton Richter) Ô SLAC× àÒêÒÞÒäï ÝáàäåãæÝéÛò e eÐ ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ãÒ SPEAR.


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äåÒåïñ "?Ûçç×ã×àéÛÒÞïàá× ä×ê×àÛ× ÖÞò e eÐ 3 W WÐ 3 eÐ ne m nm " [30]. ? ðåáÜ ãÒÓáå× áÓäæÙÖÒ×åäò âáÛäÝ âÒãî Ô×Ýåáãàîè ÓáÚáàáÔ W WÐ âá Ûè ãÒäâÒÖæ àÒ em. ÄÒÝÛß áÓãÒÚáß, ÛÖ×ò ðåáÜ äåÒåïÛ ÓîÞÒ å×äàá äÔòÚÒàÒ ä ßá×Ü ÛÖ××Ü âáÛäÝÒ âÒãî L LÐ âá ãÒäâÒÖæ àÒ em, áâÛäÒààáÜ Ôîë×. ÀâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒààÒò Ô 1971 Õ. äåÒåïò ÄäÒò, áÚÒÕÞÒÔÞ×ààÒò "?áãã×ÞòéÛÛ Ô ãÒäâÒÖÒè åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ Ô ã×ÒÝéÛÛ e eÐ 3 L LÐ ", Ö×åÒÞïàá ãÒÚÔÛÞÒ å×áãÛñ, âáÚÔáÞÛÔëæñ âãÛß×àÛåï ßáÖ×Þï âáäÞ×ÖáÔÒå×ÞïàáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ Ô àÒëÛè ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛòè [31]. ÄÒÝ×ã Û ÃÒÝæãÒÛ [32] åÒÝÙ× áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒÞÛ äåÒåïñ ä å×áãÛ×Ü ãÒäâÒÖáÔ âáäÞ×ÖáÔÒå×ÞïàáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ, àá áàÒ à× ÓîÞÒ äåáÞï Ûäê×ãâîÔÒñì×Ü, ÝÒÝ ãÒÓáåÒ ÄäÒò. ÄÒÝÙ× ÔÒÙàáÜ ÖÞò ß×àò äåÒÞÒ áäàáÔàÒò äåÒåïò "ÃâáàåÒààî× àÒãæë×àÛò ÝÒÞÛÓãáÔáêàîè å×áãÛÜ äÞÒÓîè ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛÜ Û åòÙ×ÞîÜ Þ×âåáà" ?Ù×ÜßäÒ ?ï×ãÝ×àÒ Û ?ãÛäÒ ×Ô×ÞÞÛàÒÃßÛåÒ [33].

Áã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛ× SLACûLBL
ÁáäÞ× ßàáÕáêÛäÞ×ààîè ÚÒÖ×ãÙ×Ý ä ÔîÖ×Þ×àÛ×ß äã×ÖäåÔ ÕãæââÒ âáÖ ãæÝáÔáÖäåÔáß ? ÒãåáàÒ ÂÛè å×ãÒ (B urt on Richter) Û ?Ù áàÒ ÂÛÛäÒ ( John Rees) ÛÚ Õãæââî Ã Ô SLAC× âãÛäåæâÛÞÒ Ý äåãáÛå×ÞïäåÔæ e eÐ ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ãÒ SPEAR Ô Ýáàé× 1960-è ÕÕ. ?ÒãÛ Æ×ÞïÖßÒà Û ò, Ò åÒÝÙ× àÒëÒ ÕãæââÒ ? âãÛäá×ÖÛàÛÞÛäï Ý Õãæââ× Ã Û Õãæââ× ÛÚ ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ ?×ãÝÞÛ âáÖ ãæÝáÔáÖäåÔáß ?ÛÞïòßÒ ÉÛàáÔäÝÛ (William Chinowsky), ?Ù×ãäáàÒ ?áÞïÖèÒÓ×ãÒ (Gerson Goldhaber) Û ?ÙáãÖÙÒ ÄãÛÞÞÛàÕÒ (George Trilling) ÖÞò åáÕá, êåáÓî âáäåãáÛåï Ö×å×Ýåáã Mark I. ? 1971 Õ. ßî ÔîâæäåÛÞÛ âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛ× SLACûLBL [34] âá ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒàÛñ Ö×å×ÝåáãÒ ?ark I àÒ SPEAR. (Á×ãÔá× Ôã×ßò Ö×å×Ýåáã àÒÚîÔÒÞäò SLACûLBL Û åáÞïÝá åáÕÖÒ, ÝáÕÖÒ ßî àÒêÒÞÛ ä á Ú Ö ÒÔ Ò åï Ö × å × Ý åá ã ? ar k I I, á à Ó î Þ â × ã × Û ß × à á ÔÒ à Ô ?a rk I. ?Þò âãáäå áå î ò ääîÞÒ ñäï àÒ à×Õá, Ý ÒÝ àÒ Ö×å×Ýåáã ?ark I.) Áã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛ× (ãÛä. 5) ÔÝÞñêÒÞá Ô ä×Óò âòåï ãÒÚÖ×ÞáÔ: "Å. ?Ô×Ö×àÛ×; ?. ÆáãßçÒÝåáãî ÓáÚáàÒ; ?. ÆáãßçÒÝåáãî ÓÒãÛáàÒ; ?. ?×æâãæÕÛ× ã×ÒÝéÛÛ; ?. ÁáÛäÝÛ åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ" Û ÖáâáÞà×àÛ×.

êåá ðåá ßáÕÞá âãÛÔ×äåÛ Ý à×äÓÒÞÒàäÛãáÔÒààáäåÛ âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛò. ?î äáëÞÛäï àÒ ÔÝÞñê×àÛÛ 10-äåãÒàÛêàáÕá ÖáâáÞà×àÛò, Ýáåáãá× àÒÚîÔÒÞáäï "?áâáÞà×àÛ× Ý âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛñ SP-2 âá âáÛäÝæ åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàáÔ Û ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛÜ Þ×âåáàáÔ ä ÒÖãáàÒßÛ". ?áâáÞà×àÛ× àÒêÛàÒÞáäï äÞ×ÖæñìÛßÛ äÞáÔÒßÛ: "? åá Ôã×ßò, ÝÒÝ Ö×å×Ýåáã ÓæÖ×å ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒåïäò ÖÞò ÛÚæê×àÛò âãáé×ääáÔ ãáÙÖ×àÛò ÒÖãáàáÔ, áÖàáÔã×ß×ààá ÔáÚßáÙàá àÒÓÛãÒåï ÖÒààî× ÖÞò áåÔ×åÒ àÒ äÞ×ÖæñìÛ× Ôáâãáäî: 1. Ãæì×äåÔæñå ÞÛ Þ×âåáàî ä ßÒääáÜ ÓáÞïë×Ü, ê×ß ßÒääÒ ßñáàÒ? ?î áÓîêàá âáÖãÒÚæß×ÔÒ×ß, êåá ÚÒãòÙ×ààî× åòÙ×Þî× Þ×âåáàî áÓÞÒÖÒñå äâÛàáß 1/2, àá âã×ÖÞáÙ×ààîÜ ß×åáÖ âáÛäÝÒ à× êæÔäåÔÛå×Þ×à Ý äâÛàæ êÒäåÛéî. ÁáÛäÝ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàáÔ åÒÝÛß äâáäáÓáß ÒÔåáßÒåÛê×äÝÛ âáÖãÒÚæß×ÔÒ×å Û âáÛäÝ âãáß×ÙæåáêàáÕá Ô×ÝåáãàáÕá ÓáÚáàÒ, ÔÔ×Ö×ààáÕá Ô å×áãÛñ, êåáÓî áÓíòäàÛåï äÞÒÓî× ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛò. 2. Ãæì×äåÔæñå ÞÛ ÒàáßÒÞïàî× ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛò ß×ÙÖæ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîßÛ Þ×âåáàÒßÛ Û ÒÖãáàÒßÛ? ? ðåáÜ êÒäåÛ âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛò ßî âáÝÒÙ×ß, êåá ä âáßáìïñ Ö×å×ÝåáãÒ ßî ßáÙ×ß äáÓãÒåï áâã×Ö×Þ×ààæñ ÛàçáãßÒéÛñ ÖÞò áåÔ×åÒ àÒ â×ãÔîÜ Ôáâãáä Ô ÖÛÒâÒÚáà× ßÒää, â×ã×ÝãîÔÒ×ßáß ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåáß. ?î ßáÙ×ß âáÞæêÛåï âã×ÖÔÒãÛå×Þïàæñ ÛàçáãßÒéÛñ âá Ôåáãáßæ Ôáâãáäæ ü ÛàçáãßÒéÛñ, ÝáåáãÒò ÓæÖ×å áê×àï âáÞ×ÚàÒ âãÛ âãá×ÝåÛãáÔÒàÛÛ âáäÞ×ÖæñìÛè ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåáÔ, áãÛ×àåÛãáÔÒààîè àÒ ã×ë×àÛ× ðåáÕá ÔáâãáäÒ. ?î ßáÙ×ß äáÓÛãÒåï ðåæ ÛàçáãßÒéÛñ Ô åá Ôã×ßò, ÝÒÝ Ö×å×Ýåáã ÓæÖ×å ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒåïäò ÖÞò ÛÚæê×àÛò âãáé×ääáÔ ãáÙÖ×àÛò ÒÖãáàáÔ. ?áâáÞàÛå×ÞïàîÜ ä×Òàä àÒÓáãÒ äåÒåÛäåÛÝÛ âáåã×Óæ×åäò åáÞïÝá ÖÞò åáÕá, êåáÓî âáÖåÔ×ãÖÛåï äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛ× åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ, ×äÞÛ ðåá ÓæÖ×å à×áÓèáÖÛßá". ?áÜ áäàáÔàáÜ Ûàå×ã×ä äáäåáòÞ Ô âáÛäÝ× åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàáÔ, àá æ ß×àò áäåÒÔÒÞäò ×ì× ßáÜ ÖÒÔàÛÜ Ûàå×ã×ä Ý âáÛäÝæ ÒàáßÒÞïàîè Þ×âåáààîè ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛÜ. Ïåá Û âãÛÔ×Þá ß×àò Ý ÛÚæê×àÛñ ßñáà-âãáåáààáÕá ãÒää×òàÛò.

ÁáÛäÝÛ Þ×âåáàÒ àÒ ADONE
? åá Ôã×ßò ÝÒÝ SPEAR Û Ö×å×Ýåáã Mark I äåãáÛÞÛäï, â á Û ä ÝÛ Þ × â å á à Ò Ô â ã á é × ä ä × Òà à Û Õ Û Þ ò é Û Û ð Þ × Ý åã á à Ò Û âáÚÛåãáàÒ ÓîÞÛ ÔîâáÞà×àî àÒ àÒÝáâÛå×Þïàîè e eÐ ÝáÞïéÒè ADONE ÖÔæßò ÕãæââÒßÛ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãáÔ. Á×ãÔÒò ÕãæââÒ áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒÞÒ ã×ÚæÞïåÒåî Ô 1970 Û 1973 ÕÕ. [35, 36]. ? ãÒÓáå× [36] áàÛ äááÓìÒÞÛ á âáÛäÝÒè äåÒàÖÒãåàáÕá åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ ä ßÒääáÜ Öá 1 ?ð? Û åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ ä ßÒääáÜ Öá 1,4 ?ð?. ?åáãÒò ÕãæââÒ ð Ýä â × ã Û ß × à å Òå á ã á Ô ã Ò Ó á å Ò Þ Ò â á Ö ã æ Ýá Ô á Ö ä å Ô á ß Ê æÛ À ã Û åá (S h u ji O ri to ) Û ? Òã ä× Þ Þ á ? á àÔ ×ã ä Û (M arc e ll o Conversi). ?ÛÒâÒÚáà Ûè âáÛäÝÒ [37] åÒÝÙ× áÕãÒàÛêÛÔÒÞäò ßÒääÒßÛ Öá 1 ?ð?.

ÂÛä. 5.

ÀåÝãîåÛ× s Ô ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå× Mark I: 1974 û 1976 ÕÕ.
SPEAR Û Ö×å×Ýåáã Mark I. SPEAR e eÐ ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ã àÒêÒÞ ã Ò Ó á åæ Ô 1 9 73 Õ . ? á Ýá à ê Òå × Þ ïà á ß Ô Ò ã Û Ò à å × , S P E A R ãÒÓáåÒÞ âãÛ âáÞàáÜ ðà×ãÕÛÛ áÝáÞá 8 ?ð?, àá Ô â×ãÔî× à×äÝáÞïÝá Þ×å ßÒÝäÛßÒÞïàÒò ðà×ãÕÛò, âãÛ ÝáåáãáÜ ×ì× Ö á ä åÛ Õ ÒÞ Òä ï à × áÓ è áÖ Û ß Òò ä Ô× åÛ ßá ä åï , Ó îÞ Ò 4, 8 ?ð ? . ?áÕÖÒ ßî àÒêÒÞÛ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå ?ark I, æäåÒàáÔÝÒ ÔîÕÞòÖ×ÞÒ åÒÝ, ÝÒÝ âáÝÒÚÒàá àÒ ãÛä. 6. ?ark I ÓîÞ áÖàÛß ÛÚ â×ãÔîè Ö×å×ÝåáãáÔ, âáäåãá×ààîè ÖÞò ãÒÓáåî àÒ äåÒÞÝÛ-

ÁáÛäÝÛ åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ ÓîÞÛ áâÛäÒàî Ô Ýáàé× âã×ÖÞáÙ×àÛò Û àÒ àÛè ÓîÞá áåÔ×Ö×àá åáÞïÝá åãÛ äåãÒàÛéî, âáåáßæ êåá ßàáÕÛß ðåÒ ÛÖ×ò ÝÒÚÒÞÒäï áåÖÒÞ×ààáÜ ß×êåáÜ. ?á ðåÛ åãÛ äåãÒàÛéî äáÖ×ãÙÒÞÛ áäàáÔàæñ ÛÖ×ñ âáÛäÝÒ åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàáÔ ä âáßáìïñ em-äáÓîåÛÜ (äß. (10)). ?à× èáå×Þáäï àÒâÛäÒåï ÚàÒêÛå×Þïàá ÓáÞïë× á åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàÒè Û e-m âãáÓÞ×ß×, àá ßáÛ ÝáÞÞ×ÕÛ âáäêÛåÒÞÛ,


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ÂÛä. 6. Á×ãÔáàÒêÒÞïàÒò çáãßÒ Ö×å×ÝåáãÒ Mark I: 1 ü ßñáààî× âãáÔáÞáêàî× ÝÒß×ãî, 2 ü Ù×Þ×Úá (20 äß), 3 ü ÞÛÔà×Ôî× äê×åêÛÝÛ (24 ëå.), 4 ü áÓßáåÝÒ ßÒÕàÛåÒ, 5, 8 ü åãÛÕÕ×ãàî× äê×åêÛÝÛ (48 Û 4 ëå. äááåÔ×åäåÔ×ààá), 6 ü éÛÞÛàÖãÛê×äÝÛ× âãáÔáÞáêàî× ÝÒß×ãî, 7 ü âæêáÝ, 9 ü áâáãàÒò äåáÜÝÒ (6 ëå.), 10 ü âãáâáãéÛáàÒÞïàî× ÝÒß×ãî (2 ëå.).

Introduction A. Heavy Leptons B. Heavy Mesons C. Intermediate Boson D. Other Elementary Bosons E. Other Interpretations Experimental Method Search Method and Event Selection A. The 4.8 GeV Sample B. Event Selection Backgrounds A. External Determination A. Internal Determination Properties of em Events Cross Section of em Events Hypothesis Tests and Remarks A. Momentum Spectra B. qcoll Distribution C. Cross Section and Decay Ratios Compatibility of e eÐ and m mÐ Events Conclusions

üüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüü üüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüü ÂÛä. 7. ÄÒÓÞÛéÒ 2. (?ÚòåÒ ÛÚ [38].) ÃáÓîåÛò ä ÖÔæßò ÚÒãòÙ×ààîßÛ êÒäåÛéÒßÛ, ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒààî× âãÛ ðà×ãÕÛÛ 4,8 ?ð? ä âáßáìïñ Ö×å×ÝåáãÒ ?ark I 24 em-äáÓîåÛò ä âáÞàîß ÚÒãòÖáß ãÒÔàîß àæÞñ Û âãÛ áåäæåäåÔÛÛ çáåáàáÔ, òÔÞòÞÛäï äÒßîß äÛÞïàîß ÖáÝÒÚÒå×ÞïäåÔáß äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò t Ô åá Ôã×ßò. ÁáÖâÛäï Ô [38] ÕÞÒäÛå: "ÂÒäâã×Ö×Þ×àÛ× 513 ÖÔæÞæê×Ôîè äáÓîåÛÜ âãÛ ðà×ãÕÛÛ 4,8 ?ð?, Ýáåáãî× áåÔ×êÒñå ÝãÛå×ãÛòß áåÓáãÒ: pe b 0Y 65 ?ð? äÐ1 , pm b 0Y 65 ?ð? äÐ1 , fcopl b 20 ." ÉÛäÞá çáåáàáÔ= ee em mm eh mh hh ÃæßßÒ ÁáÞàîÜ ÚÒãòÖ =0 0 40 24 16 18 15 13 126 1 111 8 15 23 16 11 184 >1 55 8 6 32 31 30 162 ÁáÞàîÜ ÚÒãòÖ=Ö2 0 0 0 0 2 4 10 16 1 0 0 0 3 0 4 8 >1 0 3 0 3 5 6 17

ÔÒ ñì Ûèäò âæ êÝÒè êÒäåÛé, â×ã×Ý ãî ÔÒñ ì Ûè ÓáÞïë áÜ å ×Þ×äàî Ü æÕáÞ Û âã× ÖàÒ ÚàÒê ×ààî è ÖÞò Ûää Þ×ÖáÔ ÒàÛ Ü á Óì × Õ á èÒã ÒÝå× ã Ò. ? äâ á Þ ïÚ áÔÒ àÛ × åã× Ýá Ôá Ü ä Û ä å× ßî ÖÞò ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛÛ êÒäåÛé Û äÛäå×ßî ÛÖ×àåÛçÛÝÒéÛÛ êÒäåÛé, â×ã×ÝãîÔÒñìÛè ÓáÞïë áÜ å×Þ×äàîÜ æÕáÞ, ÝÒÙ×åäò ×äå×äåÔ×ààîß Ô àÒë× Ôã×ßò, àá à× ÓîÞá áê×ÔÛÖàîß ÖÔÒÖéÒåï Þ×å àÒÚÒÖ. ÃÛäå×ßÒ ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛÛ ðÞ×Ýåãáà á Ô ä á ä åá òÞ Ò Û Ú ä ê× åêÛ ÝáÔ , âã × Ö äå ÒÔÞ òñì Û è ÛÚ ä ×Ó ò äðàÖÔÛêÛ ÛÚ äÔÛàéÒ Û äéÛàåÛÞÞòåáãÒ, Û ÓîÞÒ âáäåãá×àÒ àÒë Ûß Û ÝáÞÞ ×ÕÒß Û ÛÚ ?×ãÝÞ Û. à Ûäå×ß Ò ã×Õ ÛäåãÒ éÛÛ ßñáàáÔ ÓîÞÒ ÕãæÓáÜ Û ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒÞÒ Ù×Þ×Úàá× òãßá ßÒÕàÛåÒ, äáäåÒÔÞòñì×× âá åáÞìÛà× Ôä×Õá 1,7 òÖ×ãàîè ÖÞÛà âáÕÞáì×àÛò. ?áÝÞÒÖî Ô ?ÒàÒÖ× Ô 1975 Õ. ? Ûñà× 1975 Õ. ò ÔîäåæâÛÞ ä â×ãÔîß ß×ÙÖæàÒãáÖàîß ÖáÝÞÒÖáß âá em-äáÓîåÛòß [38] àÒ Þ×åà×Ü ëÝáÞ× 1975 Õ. ?ÒàÒÖäÝáÕá ÛàäåÛåæåÒ çÛÚÛÝÛ êÒäåÛé. Ïåá ÓîÞÒ âáäÞ×Öàòò ÛÚ ÖÔæè ßáÛè Þ×ÝéÛÜ âá ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ Û âáÚÛåãáàÒ àÒ ëÝáÞ×. ÁãÛÔ×Öæ äáÖ×ãÙÒàÛ× ÖáÝÞÒÖÒ (ãÛä. 7): "1. ?ÔÔ×Ö×àÛ×: Å. ÄòÙ×ÞîÜ Þ×âåáà; ?. ÄòÙ×ÞîÜ ß×Úáà; ?. Áãáß×ÙæåáêàîÜ ÓáÚáà; ?. ?ãæÕÛ× ðÞ×ß×àåÒãàî× ÓáÚáàî; ?. ?ãæÕÛ× Ûàå×ãâã×åÒéÛÛ. 2. ÏÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒÞïàîÜ ß×åáÖ. 3. ?×åáÖ âáÛäÝÒ Û áåÓáã äáÓîåÛÜ: Å. ÀÓãÒÚ×é äáÓîåÛÜ ä ðà×ãÕÛ×Ü 4,8 ?ð?; ?. ÀåÓáã äáÓîåÛÜ. 4. Æáàî: Å. ? à×ëà×× áâã×Ö×Þ×àÛ×; ? . ? à æ å ã × à à × × á â ã × Ö × Þ × à Û × . 5 . Ã Ô á Ü ä å Ô Ò e m- ä á Ó î å Û Ü . 6. Ã×ê×àÛ× em-äáÓîåÛÜ. 7. ÁãáÔ×ãÝÒ ÕÛâáå×Ú Û ÚÒß×êÒàÛò: Å. ?ßâæÞïäàîÜ äâ×Ýåã, ?. ycoll ãÒäâã×Ö×Þ×àÛ×; ?. Ã×ê×àÛ× Û áåàáë×àÛ× Ô×ãáòåàáäå×Ü ãÒäâÒÖÒ. 8. ÃáÕÞÒäáÔÒààáäåï e eÐ - Û m mÐ -äáÓîåÛÜ. 9. ?ÒÝÞñê×àÛ×". Ïåáå ÖáÝÞÒÖ âã×äÞ×ÖáÔÒÞ ÖÔ× é×ÞÛ. Á×ãÔÒò ÚÒÝÞñêÒÞÒäï Ô áÓäæÙÖ×àÛÛ ÔáÚßáÙàîè ÛäåáêàÛÝáÔ em-äáÓîåÛÜ: åòÙ×ÞîÜ Þ×âåáà, åòÙ×ÞîÜ ß×Úáà ÛÞÛ âãáß×ÙæåáêàîÜ ÓáÚáà; ÔåáãÒò ü Ô Ö×ßáàäåãÒéÛÛ åáÕá, êåá æ àÒä ×äåï èáãáëÛ× äÔÛÖ×å×ÞïäåÔÒ äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò em-äáÓîåÛÜ. ÀÓãÒÚ×é ä àÒÛÓáÞïëÛß êÛäÞáß äáÓîåÛÜ âãÛ çÛÝäÛãáÔÒààáÜ ðà×ãÕÛÛ (åÒÓÞ. 2) ÓîÞ àÒÓãÒà âãÛ 4,8 ?ð?, äÒßáÜ

ÔîäáÝáÜ ðà×ãÕÛÛ, âãÛ ÝáåáãáÜ åáÕÖÒ ãÒÓáåÒÞ SPEAR. ?ÔÒÖéÒåï ê×åîã× em-äáÓîåÛò (Ô ÝáÞáàÝ×, ÕÖ× âáÞàîÜ ÚÒãòÖ =0, êÛäÞá çáåáàáÔ =0) äÞæÙÛÞÛ àÒëÛß äÒßîß äÛÞïàîß ÖáÝÒÚÒå×ÞïäåÔáß. ÀÖàÛß ÛÚ ÝãÒ×æÕáÞïàîè ÝÒßà×Ü ðåáÕá ÖáÝÒÚÒå×ÞïäåÔÒ òÔÞòÞäò à×áçÛéÛÒÞïàîÜ ÒàÒÞÛÚ, ÔîâáÞà×ààîÜ ?ÙÒäâ×ãáß ?ÛãÝÓÛ (Jasper Kirkby), ãÒÓáåÒÔëÛß åáÕÖÒ Ô Ãå×àçáãÖäÝáß æàÛÔ×ãäÛå×å×. Àà âáÝÒÚÒÞ ßà×, êåá, ÛäâáÞïÚæò åáÞïÝá êÛäÞÒ ÛÚ ÝáÞáàáÝ "ÁáÞàîÜ ÚÒãòÖ=0" Û "ÉÛäÞá çáåáàáÔ=0" Ô åÒÓÞ. 2, ßáÙàá ÔîêÛäÞÛåï Ô×ãáòåàáäåï à×âãÒÔÛÞïàáÜ ÛÖ×àåÛçÛÝÒéÛÛ ÒÖãáàÒ ÖÞò ðåáÕá ÝÞÒääÒ äáÓîåÛÜ. Å àÒä à×ÖáäåÒåáêàá eh-, mh- Û hh-äáÓîåÛÜ ÖÞò åáÕá, êåáÓî áÓíòäàÛåï ÔáÚàÛÝàáÔ×àÛ× 24-è em-cáÓîåÛÜ åáÞïÝá ÞáÙàáÜ ÛÖ×àåÛçÛÝÒéÛ×Ü ÒÖãáàÒ, ÝÒÝ ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ ÛÞÛ ßñáàÒ. ?×ãáòåàáäåÛ à×âãÒÔÛÞïàáÜ ÛÖ×àåÛçÛÝÒéÛÛ, áâã×Ö×Þ×ààî× ÖÞò ÒÖãáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ ä êÛäÞáß ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè êÒäåÛé à× ß×à×× åã×è, Ò åÒÝÙ× âáÞæê×ààî× ÛÚ ÖãæÕÛè äááÓãÒÙ×àÛÜ Ô×ãáòåàáäåÛ âã×ÖäåÒÔÞ×àî Ô åÒÓÞ. 3. ?


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äãÒÔà×àÛÛ ä äáÔã×ß×ààáÜ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒÞïàáÜ å×èàÛÝáÜ Ô×ãáòåàáäåÛ à×âãÒÔÛÞïàáÜ ÛÖ×àåÛçÛÝÒéÛÛ ÒÖãáàÒ ÝÒÝ ðÞ×ÝåãáàÒ ÛÞÛ ßñáàÒ, Ph3e , Ph3m $ 0,2, ÝÒÙæåäò áÕãáßàîßÛ, àá ò, å×ß à× ß×à××, ßáÕæ âáÝÒÚÒåï, êåá ÔáÚàÛÝàáÔ×àÛ× 24-è em-äáÓîåÛÜ à×ÞïÚò áÓíòäàÛåï åáÞïÝá ðåÛß. Ááðåáßæ æÝÒÚÒàÛ× àÒ äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛ× àáÔáÕá òÔÞ×àÛò ÓîÞá ÖáäåÒåáêàá äÛÞïàîß ü à× Ó×ääâáãàîß, àá, å×ß à× ß×à××, äÛÞïàîß. ?áÔá× òÔÞ×àÛ× äáäåáòÞá Ô åáß, êåá äæì×äåÔáÔÒÞ âáäÞ×ÖáÔÒå×ÞïàîÜ åòÙ×ÞîÜ Þ×âåáà, àáÔîÜ åòÙ×ÞîÜ Þ×âåáà ä ãÒäâÒÖáß " MÐ 3 eÐ ne Y Ð Ð n M 3 m "m X ?áò ÝÒàÒÖäÝÒò Þ×ÝéÛò ÚÒÝÒàêÛÔÒÞÒäï äÞ×ÖæñìÛßÛ ÔîÔáÖÒßÛ: 1) ?× àÒÜÖ×àá áÓîêàáÕá áÓíòäà×àÛò ÖÞò ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒààîè em-äáÓîåÛÜ. 2) ?Ûâáå×ÚÒ á åáß, êåá ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒààî× emäáÓîåÛò òÔÞòñåäò ã×ÚæÞïåÒåáß áÓãÒÚáÔÒàÛò âÒãî àáÔîè êÒäåÛé, ÝÒÙÖÒò ßÒääáÜ áÝáÞá 2 ?ð?, äáÕÞÒäæ×åäò âáêåÛ äá Ôä×ßÛ ÖÒààîßÛ. ÄáÞïÝá ãÒäâã×Ö×Þ×àÛ× âá ycoll ÔîÕÞòÖÛå à×äÝáÞïÝá ÚÒÕÒÖáêàá. 3) Áã×ÖâáÞáÙ×àÛ× á åáß, êåá ßî åÒÝÙ× ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒÞÛ ××- Û mm-äáÓîåÛò áå ãÒäâÒÖÒ ðåÛè àáÔîè êÒäåÛé, ×ì× âãáÔ×ãò×åäò. Ñ ×ì× à× ßáÕ áâã×Ö×ÞÛåï åáêàá ÛäåáêàÛÝ em-äáÓîåÛÜ: Þ×âåáàî, ß×Úáàî ÛÞÛ ÓáÚáàî. ?á ò, âáßàñ, äÛÞïàá âáÖáÚã×ÔÒÞ, êåá ÛäåáêàÛÝáß òÔÞòÞÛäï åòÙ×Þî× Þ×âåáàî. ?Ò ÖáÝÒÚÒå×ÞïäåÔá ðåáÕá æëÞá ×ì× ÖÔÒ ÕáÖÒ. Á×ãÔÒò âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛò: " ÅàÒä à×å áÓîêàáÕá áÓíòäà×àÛò ÖÞò ðåÛè äáÓîåÛÜ". ? å×ê×àÛ× 1974 Õ. ßî àÒÓÛãÒÞÛ ÖÒààî× âá e eÐ ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ âãÛ Ôä× ÓáÞïë×ß ÝáÞÛê×äåÔ× ãÒÚÞÛêàîè ðà×ãÕÛÜ, Û âãÛ ÝÒÙÖáÜ ðà×ãÕÛÛ àÒÓÞñÖÒÞäò äÛÕàÒÞ ÒàáßÒÞïàîè em-cáÓîåÛÜ (ãÛä. 8). ÄÒÝÛß áÓãÒÚáß, ò Û ßáÛ Ý áÞÞ ×ÕÛ â á ð Ýä â×ã Ûß ×à åæ M ar k I Ô ä × Ó áÞ× × Û Óá Þ×× æÓ×ÙÖÒÞÛäï Ô ã×ÒÞïàáäåÛ em-cáÓîåÛÜ Û Ô áåäæåäåÔÛÛ äåÒàÖÒãåàáÕá áÓíòäà×àÛò. ?ÒëÒ æÔ×ã×ààáäåï ×ì× Ô á Ú ã á ä Þ Ò â á ä Þ × Ö á Ó Ò Ô Þ × à Û ò Ý Ö × å × Ý åá ã æ ä â × é Û Ò Þ ï à á Ü äÛäå×ßî ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛÛ ßñ áàáÔ (ãÛä. 9Ò), àÒÚÔÒààáÜ "ßñáààÒò ÓÒëàò". ?ñáààÒò ÓÒëàò ÓîÞÒ ÚÒÖæßÒàÒ Û âáäåãá×àÒ ?ÒããÛ Æ×ÞïÖßÒàáß. Çáåò ßî à× ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒÞÛ äáÓîåÛò åÛâÒ, âã×ÖäåÒÔÞ×ààáÕá àÒ ãÛä. 9Ó Ô àÒë×Ü â×ãÔáÜ âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛÛ, ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛò à×äÝáÞïÝÛè äáÓîåÛÜ âáÖáÓàîè ðåáßæ Ö×ÜäåÔáÔÒÞÒ êã×ÚÔîêÒÜàá æäâáÝÒÛÔÒñì×. ?ÒÝáà×é, Ô Ö×ÝÒÓã× 1975 Õ., ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãî Mark I áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒÞÛ äåÒåïñ [39], áÚÒÕÞÒÔÞ×ààæñ "ÃÔÛÖ×å×ÞïäåÔá Ô âáÞïÚæ ÒàáßÒÞïàáÕá ãáÙÖ×àÛò Þ×âåáàáÔ Ô e eÐ ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ".

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ÂÛä. 8. Ã×ê×àÛ× ÖÞò em-äáÓîåÛÜ, âáÞæê×ààá× ä âáßáìïñ Ö×å×ÝåáãÒ Mark I àÒ SPEAR. ?×ÞÛêÛàÒ ä×ê×àÛò à× âáâãÒÔÞ×àÒ àÒ ÒÝä×âåÒàä. ÁáÞæê×àá 86 äáÓîåÛÜ âãÛ ÔîêÛäÞ×ààáß çáà× Ô 22 äáÓîåÛò (ÛÚ [39]).

ÁáäÞ×ÖàÛÜ âÒãÒÕãÒç ÕÞÒäÛÞ: " ?î âãÛëÞÛ Ý ÚÒÝÞñê×àÛñ, êåá ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒààî× em-äáÓîåÛò à×ÞïÚò áÓíòäàÛåï àÛ áÓãÒÚáÔÒàÛ×ß, àÛ ãÒäâÒÖáß ÞñÓáÜ ÛÚÔ×äåàáÜ Ô àÒäåáòì×× Ôã×ßò êÒäåÛéî, àÛ ã×ÚæÞïåÒåáß Ö×ÜäåÔÛò ÞñÓáÕá ÛÚ èáãáëá âáàòåîè ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛÜ, Ýáåáãî× Óî äåÒàÖÒãåàîß áÓãÒÚáß âãÛÔáÖÛÞÛ Ý âãÛäæåäåÔÛñ × Û m Ô Ýáà×êàáß äáäåáòàÛÛ. ÄÒÝÛ× äáÓîåÛò ßáÙàá áÓíòäàÛåï áÓãÒÚáÔÒàÛ×ß Û ãÒäâÒÖáß âÒãî àáÔîè êÒäåÛé, ÝÒÙÖÒò ÛÚ Ýáåáãîè Ûß××å ßÒääæ ß×ÙÖæ 1,6 Û 2,0 ?ð?/c2 ". ?î ×ì× à× ÓîÞÛ ÕáåáÔî æåÔ×ãÙÖÒåï, êåá ßî áÓàÒãæÙÛÞÛ àáÔîÜ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîÜ Þ×âåáà, àá ÓîÞÛ ÕáåáÔî ÚÒòÔÛåï, êåá àÒëÞÛ êåá-åá àáÔá×. ÉåáÓî âáÖê×ãÝàæåï ðåæ à×áâã×Ö×Þ×ààáäåï, Ô à×Ýáåáãîè àÒëÛè äåÒåïòè 1975 û 1977 ÕÕ. ò áÓáÚàÒêÒÞ àáÔæñ êÒäåÛéæ ÓæÝÔáÜ "u" áå äÞáÔÒ unknown (à×ÛÚÔ×äåàÒò). ?ßò t ÓîÞá âã×ÖÞáÙ×àá ßà× Á×åãáäáß ÂÒâÛÖÛäáß (Petros Rapidis), ÝáåáãîÜ åáÕÖÒ ÓîÞ ÒäâÛãÒàåáß Û ãÒÓáåÒÞ äá ßàáÜ Ô àÒêÒÞ× 1970-è ÕÕ. àÒÖ e-m âãáÓÞ×ßáÜ [17]. ?æÝÔÒ t ü áå Õã×ê×äÝáÕá triton (åã×åÛÜ) ü åã×åÛÜ ÚÒãòÙ×ààîÜ Þ×âåáà. ÄÒÝÛß áÓãÒÚáß, Ô 1975 Õ. ê×ã×Ú ÖÔ×àÒÖéÒåï Þ×å âáäÞ× àÒêÒÞÒ àÒëÛè ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛÜ çÛÚÛÝÛ Þ×âåáàáÔ Ô SLAC× ðåÛ ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛò âãÛà×äÞÛ âÞáÖî. ?á ßî ×ì× ÖáÞÙàî ÓîÞÛ ÖáÝÒÚÒåï ßÛãæ, êåá äÛÕàÒÞ áå em-äáÓîåÛÜ äåÒåÛäåÛê×äÝÛ ÚàÒêÛß Û ßî ÖáÞÙàî ÓîÞÛ æÓ×ÖÛåï ä×Óò, êåá emäáÓîåÛò âáòÔÛÞÛäï áå ãÒäâÒÖÒ âÒãî åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàáÔ.

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ÂÛä. 9. (Ò) ?×å×Ýåáã Mark I ä ßñáààáÜ ÓÒëà×Ü: 1 ü ßñáààîÜ çÛÞïåã, 2 ü ßñáààî× ÛäÝãáÔî× ÝÒß×ãî, 3 ü òãßá ßÒÕàÛåÒ, 4 ü ÞÛÔà×Ôî× äê×åêÛÝÛ, 5 ü åãÛÕÕ×ãàî× äê×åêÛÝÛ, 6 üÝáßâ×àäÛãæñìÛÜ äáÞ×àáÛÖ, 7 ü ßáàÛåáã äÔ×åÛßáäåÛ, 8 ü âæêáÝ, 9 ü âãáÔáÞáêàî× ÛäÝãáÔî× ÝÒß×ãî, 10 ü åáãé×Ôî× ÝÒß×ãî, 11 ü âãáâáãéÛáàÒÞïàî× ÝÒß×ãî, 12 ü âæêÝáÔîÜ äê×åêÛÝ. (Ó) ÀÖàá ÛÚ â×ãÔîè em äáÓîåÛÜ, âáÞæê×ààîè ä ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒàÛ×ß ßñààáÜ ÓÒëàÛ. ?ñáà ÖÔÛÙ×åäò ÔÔ×ãè ê×ã×Ú ßñáààîÜ Ö×å×Ýåáã, Ò ðÞ×Ýåãáà ü ÔàÛÚ. ÉÛäÞÒ 13 Û 113 ÖÒñå áåàáäÛå×Þïàá× ÝáÞÛê×äåÔá ðà×ãÕÛÛ ðÞ×ÝåãáßÒÕàÛåàáÕá ÞÛÔàò, ÔîÖ×Þ×ààáÜ ßñáàáß Û ðÞ×Ýåãáàáß. Ê×äåï ÝÔÒÖãÒåàîè åáê×Ý âáÝÒÚîÔÒñå âáÞáÙ×àÛ× âãáÖáÞïàîè âáÖÖ×ãÙ×Ý ßÒÕàÛåáäåãÛÝåàáÜ ÛäÝãáÔáÜ ÝÒß×ãî, âãÛß×àò×ßáÜ ÖÞò ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛÛ åã×ÝáÔ.

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àáÔæñ å×èàÛÝæ ü ðÞ×Ýåãáà-âáÚÛåãáààîÜ ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ã. É×å Ô× ãåá×, æ àÒä ÓîÞ èáã áëÛÜ ß ×åáÖ ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛ Û L LÐ ãáÙÖ×àÛò, Ò Ûß×ààá, âáÛäÝ em-äáÓîåÛÜ Ó×Ú çáåáàáÔ. Áòåá×, æ ß×àò ÓîÞÛ æß×Þî×, àÒèáÖêÛÔî× Û å×ãâ×ÞÛÔî× ÝáÞÞ×ÕÛ. Ñ äêÛåÒñ, êåá ðåÛ äÞÒÕÒ×ßî× ÖáÞÙàî âãÛäæåäåÔáÔÒåï Ô ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒÞïàáÜ ãÒÓáå×: ëÛãáÝÛÜ ç ã á à å Û ä â × é Û ÒÞ ïà î × ß× å á Ö î Û ä ä Þ × Ö á ÔÒ à ÛÜ , à á Ôî × å×èàáÞáÕÛÛ Û â×ãÔáÝÞÒääàî× ÝáÞÞ×ÕÛ. ?áà×êàá, Ô Ýáàé× ÝáàéáÔ, Ôä× ÓæÖ×å ÚÒÔÛä×åï áå ðÞ×ß×àåÒ æÖÒêÛ. ÅÖÒêÒ äáâæåäåÔáÔÒÞÒ ßà× ÖÔÒÙÖî. ?á-â×ãÔîè, åòÙ×ÞîÜ Þ×âåáà äæì×äåÔáÔÒÞ Ô ÖÛÒâÒÚáà× ðà×ãÕÛÜ ÝáÞÞÒÜÖ×ãÒ SPEAR. ?á-Ôåáãîè, Ö×å×Ýåáã Mark I ÓîÞ ÖáäåÒåáêàá èáãáë ÖÞò ÛÖ×àåÛçÛÝÒéÛÛ em-äáÓîåÛÜ Û ÖáÝÒÚÒå×ÞïäåÔÒ Ûè äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò.

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1349

ÅàáßÒÞïàî× ßñáààî× äáÓîåÛò
Á×ãÔîß äÔÛÖ×å×ÞïäåÔáß Ô âáÞïÚæ t, à× äÔòÚÒààîß ä emäáÓî åÛò ßÛ, äåÒ ÞÒ Ö×ß áàäå ãÒéÛò äæì ×äåÔ áÔÒ àÛò Ò àáßÒÞïàîè m-ÒÖãáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ: e eÐ 3 mÖ ÒÖãáàî + âáå×ãòààÒò ðà×ãÕÛò Ô åã×è ãÒÚÞÛêàîè ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒè. Á×ãÔá× Û áê×àï Ù×ÞÒààá× âáÖåÔ×ãÙÖ×àÛ× äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ßñáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ âãÛëÞá ÛÚÔà× Ô 1976 Õ. áå ÖãæÕáÕá ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒ àÒ SPEAR [40]. ÃåÒåïò ÓîÞÒ áÚÒÕÞÒÔÞ×àÒ "Åàáß ÒÞ ïà á× ã áÙ Ö×à Û× ß ñáà áÔ Ôî ä áÝá Ü ðà ×ãÕ ÛÛ Ô × ×Ð ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛòè âãÛ 4,8 ?ð?". Å ß×àò Ô ÝÒãåáå×Ý× ×äåï ßÒå×ãÛÒÞ âá ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåæ Mark I áå 3 Ûñàò 1976 Õ., âáÖÕáåáÔÞ×ààîÜ ?ÒãÛ Æ×ÞïÖßÒàáß, Ô Ýáåáãáß áÓäæÙÖÒñåäò m-äáÓîåÛò, âáÞæê×ààî× ä âáßáìïñ ÛÖ×àåÛçÛéÛãæñì×Ü ÓÒëàÛ Ö×å×ÝåáãÒ Mark I (ãÛä. 9Ò). ?Þò ÖÒààîè, àÒÓãÒààîè âãÛ ðà×ãÕÛÛ ÓáÞïë× 5,8 ?ð?, áà áÓàÒãæÙÛÞ äÞ×Öæñì××: "ÁáäÞ× âáâãÒÔÝÛ àÒ à×âãÒÔÛÞïàæñ ÛÖ×àåÛçÛÝÒéÛñ êÒäåÛé ðåáå áÓãÒÚ×é ÖÒààîè äáÖ×ãÙÛå 8 ×mäáÓîåÛÜ Û 17 m-ÒÖãáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ. ÄÒÝÛß áÓãÒÚáß, ×äÞÛ ÒÝä×âåÒàä ÖÞò ÒÖãáàáÔ âãÛÓÞÛÚÛå×Þïàá åÒÝáÜ Ù×, ÝÒÝ ÖÞò ðÞ×ÝåãáàáÔ, Û áÓÒ ÒàáßÒÞïàîè äÛÕàÒÞÒ âãáÛäèáÖòå ÛÚ áÖàáÕá Û åáÕá Ù× ÛäåáêàÛÝÒ, åáÕÖÒ ä ÓáÞïëÛßÛ áëÛÓÝÒßÛ áåàáäÛå×ÞïàÒò Ô×ãáòåàáäåï ãÒäâÒÖÒ Ô áÖÛà ÚÒãòÙ×ààîÜ ÒÖãáà âãÛÓÞÛÚÛå×Þïàá Ô ÖÔÒ ãÒÚÒ ÓáÞïë× á å à á ä Û å × Þ ï à á Ü Ô× ã á ò å à á ä å Û ã Ò ä â Ò Ö Ò Ô ð Þ × Ý å ã á à . Ï å á âãÒÝåÛê×äÝÛ äáÔâÒÖÒ×å ä å×ß, êåá ßáÙàá áÙÛÖÒåï ÖÞò ãÒäâÒÖÒ åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ". Ïåá ÚÒÝÞñê×àÛ× ÓîÞá áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒàá Ô äåÒåï× "?àÝÞñÚÛÔàá× áÓãÒÚáÔÒàÛ× ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ßñáàáÔ Ô e eÐ ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ" [41]. ?ÒÛÓáÞ×× âãÛòåàá× âáÖåÔ×ãÙÖ×àÛ× âãÛëÞá ÛÚ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒ PLUTO, âáåáßæ êåá áàá ÓîÞá âáÞæê×àá Ô ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àå× àÒ e eÐ àÒÝáâÛå×Þïàáß ÝáÞïé× DORIS. ? 1977 Õ. ÝáÞÞÒÓáãÒéÛò PLUTO áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒÞÒ äåÒåïñ "ÀÓãÒÚáÔÒàÛ× ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ßñáàáÔ Ô e eÐ ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ ÝÒÝ äÔÛÖ×å×ÞïäåÔá Ô âáÞïÚæ åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàáÔ" [42]. ÂÛäæàáÝ 10 ÔÚòå ÛÚ ðåáÜ äåÒåïÛ. ?×å×Ýåáã PLUTO åÒÝÙ× áåàáäÛÞäò Ý Ö×å×ÝåáãÒß, â×ã×ÝãîÔÒñìÛß ÓáÞïëáÜ å×Þ×äàîÜ æÕáÞ, Û âáðåáßæ Ôâ×ãÔî× ßî ßáÕÞÛ Ôä×äåáãáàà× áÓäæÖÛåï ÛäÝæääåÔá Û å×èàáÞáÕÛñ âáÛäÝÒ t ä à×ÚÒÔÛäÛßîßÛ ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãÒßÛ, àÒëÛßÛ ÖãæÚïòßÛ ?ÛàãÛê×ß ?×Ü×ãáß (Hinrich Meyer) Û ÏãÛÝáß áãßÒàáß (Eric Lohrman) ÛÚ ÝáÞÞÒÓáãÒéÛÛ PLUTO. ÁáäÞ× áÓàÒãæÙ×àÛò m-ÒÖãáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ ò âãÛáÓã×Þ æÔ×ã×ààáäåï Ô äÔá×Ü âãÒÔáå× Û Ô åáß, êåá t òÔÞò×åäò âáäÞ×ÖáÔÒå×Þïàîß åòÙ×Þîß Þ×âåáàáß. ÀÖàÒÝá áäåÒÔÒÞÛäï Ôáâãáäî, Ýáåáãî× à×áÓèáÖÛßá ÓîÞá ãÒäâæåÒåï: Ôä× ×ì× åãæÖàá ÓîÞá âãáÖ×ßáàäåãÛãáÔÒåï äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛ× ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ×-ÒÖãáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ, à×áÓèáÖÛßá ÓîÞá ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒåï áäàáÔàî× ÒÖãáààî× ÝÒàÒÞî ãÒäâÒÖÒ tÐ 3 nt pÐ Y tÐ 3 nt rÐ X 17 18

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ÅàáßÒÞïàî× ðÞ×Ýåãáààî× äáÓîåÛò
?Þò Ö×ßáàäåãÒéÛÛ äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ðÞ×Ýåãáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ e eÐ 3 eÖ ÒÖãáàî + âáå×ãòààÒò ðà×ãÕÛò ÓîÞá à×áÓèáÖÛßá æÞæêëÛåï ðÞ×Ýåãáààæñ ÛÖ×àåÛçÛÝÒéÛ ñ Ö× å× Ý å áãá Ô . à æ ì × äå Ô ×à àá × âãá ÖÔ Û Ù ×à Û× Ô ð å áß àÒâãÒÔÞ×àÛÛ ÓîÞá ÖáäåÛÕàæåá Ô àáÔáß Ö×å×Ýåáã× DELCO [43, 44]. ? ÖáÝÞÒÖe "?Úß×ã×àÛ× âãòßáÕá ãáÙÖ×àÛò ðÞ×ÝåãáàáÔ Ö×å×Ý åáãáß D E LC O àÒ SP EAR" àÒ ?ÒßÓæãÕäÝáÜ Þ×âåáà-çáåáààáÜ Ýáàç×ã×àéÛÛ Ô 1977 Õ.

?ÛãÝÓÛ äÝÒÚÒÞ: "ÃãÒÔà×àÛ× äáÓîåÛÜ, Ûß×ñëÛè åáÞïÝá ÖÔÒ àÒÓÞñ ÖÒ×ßîè åã×ÝÒ (ÛÚ Ýáåáãîè åáÞïÝá áÖÛà òÔÞò×åäò ðÞ×Ýåãáàáß), ä ÕÛâáå×ÚáÜ åòÙ×ÞáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ à× âãÛÔáÖÛå Ý âãáåÛÔáã×êÛñ. ÅÞïå×ãàÒåÛÔàî× ÕÛâáå×Úî ×ì× à× ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàî". ?×å×Ýåáã Mark I åÒÝÙ× ÓîÞ æäáÔ×ãë×àäåÔáÔÒà äÛÞÒßÛ äáåãæÖàÛÝáÔ Õãæââî ? ÛÚ SLACÒ Û Õãæââî ?×ãÝÞ××ÔäÝáÜ ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ âáÖ ãæÝáÔáÖäåÔáß ÅàÙ×Þî ?ÒãÓÒãá-?ÒÞåÛ×ãÛ (Angela Barbaro-Galtieri). ?×Ýáåáãî× ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãî ÛÚ Õãæââî Mark I ÚÒàòÞÛäï âáäåãá×àÛ×ß Ö×å×ÝåáãÒ Mark II. ?î áÓáãæÖáÔÒÞÛ Mark I äå×àáÜ ÛÚ Ö×å×ÝåáãáÔ ðÞ×ÝåãáßÒÕàÛåàîè ÞÛÔà×Ü, äÖ×ÞÒààîè ÛÚ äÔÛàéáÔáÕá äå×ÝÞÒ (ãÛä. 11). Ïåá âãÛÔ×Þá Ý âáòÔÞ×àÛñ ÔÒÙàáÜ äåÒåïÛ, áÚÒÕÞÒÔÞ×ààáÜ "ÏÞ×Ýåãáà-ßñáààá× Û ðÞ×Ýåãáà-ÒÖãáààá× ãáÙÖ×àÛ× Ô e eÐ äåáÞÝàáÔ×àÛòè" [45]. ? ÒààáåÒéÛÛ ÓîÞá àÒâÛäÒàá: "?î ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãá-


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ÀÖàáÜ ÛÚ âãáÓÞ×ß àÒ âæåÛ Ý áÓàÒãæÙ×àÛñ ßáÖ ãÒäâÒÖÒ ÛÚ (19Ò) Û (20Ò) Ô 1977 û 1979 ÕÕ. òÔÞòÞÒäï àÛÚÝÒò ðçç×ÝåÛÔàáäåï ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛÛ çáåáàáÔ Ô â×ãÔîè Ö×å×ÝåáãÒè. ?äÞÛ Ô (20Ò) çáåáàî à× ã×ÕÛäåãÛãæñåäò, åá ßáÙàá â×ã×âæåÒåï ãÒäâÒÖî ä p Û r. ?×ãáòåàá, â×ãÔá× ãÒÚÖ×Þ×àÛ× ðåÛè ãÒäâÒÖáÔ ÓîÞá ÖáäåÛÕàæåá ä âáßáìïñ äå×àî Ö×å×ÝåáãáÔ ÛÚ äÔÛàéáÔáÕá äå×ÝÞÒ Mark I. ?Ò ?ÒßÓæãÕäÝáÜ Ýáàç×ã×àéÛÛ ÅàÙ×ÞÛàÒ ?ÒãÓÒãá-?ÒÞåÛ×ãÛ âáÝÒÚÒÞÒ [47], êåá BtÐ 3 nt pÐ 0Y44 Ö 0Y37 X BtÐ 3 nt rÐ Ááäå×â×ààá ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒåáãî ãÒÚáÓãÒÞÛäï ä ðçç×ÝåÛÔàáäåïñ ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛÛ çáåáàáÔ Ô äÔáÛè ðÝäâ×ãÛß×àåÒè. ?ãáß× åáÕá, Ô äåãáÜ ÔäåæâÛÞÛ àáÔî× Ö×å×Ýåáãî (åÒÝÛ×, ÝÒÝ Mark II) ä æÞæêë×ààáÜ ðçç×ÝåÛÔàáäåïñ ã×ÕÛäåãÒéÛÛ çáåáàáÔ. ? àÒë×Ü ÝáÞÞÒÓáãÒéÛÛ ?×ÜÞ Ç×àäáà (Gail Hanson) Ô ßÒå×ãÛÒÞ× ÖÞò Ôàæåã×àà×Õá âáÞïÚáÔÒàÛò áå 7 ßÒãåÒ 1978 Õ. â×ãÔîß âáÝÒÚÒÞ, êåá BtÐ 3 nt pÐ Ô×ÞÛÝÒ. ? å×ê×àÛ× ÕáÖÒ ãÒäâÒÖ tÐ 3 nt pÐ ÓîÞ ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒà, Û ÛÚß×ã×àÒ ×Õá áåàáäÛå×ÞïàÒò Ô×ãáòåàáäåï àÒ Ö×å×ÝåáãÒè PLUTO, DELCO, äå×à× ÛÚ äÔÛàéáÔáÕá äå×ÝÞÒ Mark I Û àÒ àáÔáß Ö×å×Ýåáã× Mark II. ?ÒãÛ Æ×ÞïÖßÒà áÓí×ÖÛàÛÞ ã×ÚæÞïåÒåî ðåÛè ÛÚß×ã×àÛÜ (åÒÓÞ. 4) Ô áÓÚáã× âá çÛÚÛÝ× e eÐ ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ àÒ ÇIÇ ?×ÙÖæàÒãáÖàáÜ Ýáàç×ã×àéÛÛ âá çÛÚÛÝ× ÔîäáÝÛè ðà×ãÕÛÜ [48]. Çáåò äã×Öà×× ÚàÒê×àÛ× âá ã×ÚæÞïåÒåÒß ÛÚ åÒÓÞ. 4 àÒ ÖÔÒ äåÒàÖÒãåàîè áåÝÞáà×àÛò àÛÙ×, ê×ß äáÔã×ß×ààá× ÚàÒê×àÛ× áåàáäÛå×ÞïàáÜ Ô×ãáòåàáäåÛ ãÒäâÒÖÒ 11Y 1 Ö 0Y 2 %, ãÒäâÒÖ tÐ 3 nt pÐ ÓîÞ áÓàÒãæÙ×à. ? 1979 Õ. âáòÔÛÞÒäï â×ãÔÒò âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛò âá BtÐ 3 nt rÐ . ?áÞÞÒÓáãÒéÛò DASP àÒ e eÐ àÒÝáâÛå×Þïàáß ÝáÞïé× DORIS âáÞæêÛÞÒ 24 Ö 9 % [49], Ò ÝáÞÞÒÓáãÒéÛò Mark II âáÞæêÛÞÒ 20Y 5 Ö 4Y 1 % [50]. ?Úß×ã×àÛò ÓîÞÛ ÖáÔáÞïàá ÕãæÓîßÛ, àá ã×ÚæÞïåÒåî ä åáêàáäåïñ 20 % äáÔâÒÖÒÞÛ ä áé×àÝáÜ (20Ô). ÃáÔã×ß×ààá× ÚàÒê×àÛ× ãÒÔàá 24Y 8 Ö 0Y 2 %.
ÄÒÓÞÛéÒ 4. ÂÒÚÞÛêàî× ÛÚß×ã×àÛò áåàáäÛå×ÞïàáÜ Ô×ãáòåàáäåÛ B (Ô %) ÖÞò ãÒäâÒÖÒ tÐ 3 nt pÐ Ô Ýáàé× 1978 Õ. (ÛÚ [48]) ÏÝäâ×ãÛß×àå ?áÖÒ ãÒäâÒÖÒ ÉÛäÞá äáÓîåÛÜ % 200 32 18 142 27 Æáà % 70 9 7 46 10 9Y 9Y 8Y 8Y 8Y BtÐ 3 nt pÐ 3 0 0 0 2 Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö 1Y 2Y 3Y 1Y 2Y 0 9 2 1 0 Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö 3Y 2Y 1Y 1Y 1Y 8 5 3 5 5

ÂÛä. 11. ?äâáÞïÚæ×ßîÜ àÒ SPEAR Ö×å×Ýåáã Mark I, æäáÔ×ãë×àäåÔáÔÒààîÜ ÖáÓÒÔÞ×àÛ×ß "äå×àî ÛÚ äÔÛàéáÔáÕá äå×ÝÞÒ" ÖÞò áÓàÒãæÙ×àÛò ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ðÞ×Ýåãáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ: 1 ü Ó×åáààîÜ âáÕÞáåÛå×Þï, 2 ü äÔÛàéáÔá× äå×ÝÞá, 3 ü äÛäå×ßÒ äÔÛàéáÔîè äå×ÝáÞ, 4 ü òãßá ßÒÕàÛåÒ, 5 ü ÝÒåæëÝÒ, 6 ü ßñáààî× ÛäÝãáÔî× ÝÒß×ãî, 7 ü âæêáÝ, 8 ü ÛäÝãáÔî× ÝÒß×ãî, 9 ü ÞÛÔà×Ôî× äê×åêÛÝÛ, 10 ü éÛÞÛàÖãÛê×äÝÛ× ÛäÝãáÔî× ÝÒß×ãî.

ÔÒÞÛ ÒàáßÒÞïàî× em- Û e-ÒÖãáààî× äáÓîåÛò Ô e eÐ 3 t tÐ ä âáäÞ×ÖæñìÛß ãÒäâÒÖáß tÖ Ô Þ×âåáàî Û ÒÖãáàî. ? âã×ÖâáÞáÙ×àÛÛ, êåá äæì×äåÔæ×å åáÞïÝá áÖÛà ÛäåáêàÛÝ ðåÛè äáÓîåÛÜ, ßî ÛÚß×ãÛÞÛ áåàáäÛå×Þïàæñ Ô×ãáòåàáäåï ðåÛè ãÒäâÒÖáÔ: Bt 3 ene nt 22Y 4 Ö 5Y 5 % Û Bt 3 h + à×ÜåãÒÞïàî× êÒäåÛéî = 45 Ö 19 %".

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? Þ×âåáà-çáåáààáÜ Ýáàç×ã×àéÛÛ 1977 Õ. Ô ?ÒßÓæãÕ× ò ßáÕ äááÓìÛåï Ô "ÀÓÚáã× ãáÙÖ×àÛò åòÙ×Þîè Þ×âåáàáÔ Ô e eÐ ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ" [46], êåá: Ò) Ôä× ÒàáßÒÞïàî× em-, ex-, eeÛ mm-äáÓîåÛò, âáÞæê×ààî× Ô e eÐ ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ, äáÕÞÒäæñåäò ä ÕÛâáå×ÚáÜ äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò ÚÒãòÙ×ààáÕá Þ×âåáàÒ, t, ä ßÒääáÜ 1Y 9 Ö 0Y 1 ?ð? cÐ2 ; Ó) ðåÛ ÖÒààî× à×ÞïÚò áÓíòäàÛåï ãÒäâÒÖÒßÛ áêÒãáÔÒààîè êÒäåÛé; Ô) ßàáÕÛ× áÙÛÖÒ×ßî× ßáÖî ãÒäâÒÖÒ t ÚÒã×ÕÛäåãÛãáÔÒàî; áê×àï ÔÒÙàîÜ Ôáâãáä ü äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛ× ãÒäâÒÖÒ tÐ 3 nt pÐ . ?Úæê×àÛ× ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ßñáààîè Û ÒàáßÒÞïàîè ðÞ×Ýåãáààîè äáÓîåÛÜ âáÝÒÚÒÞá, êåá ÖÞò âáÞàáÜ äæßßÒãàáÜ Ô×ãáòåàáäåÛ ãÒäâÒÖÒ t Ô ÒÖãáàî, å.×. ÖÞò âáÞàáÜ Ô×ãáòåàáäåÛ âáÞæÞ×âåáààáÕá ãÒäâÒÖÒ, âáÞæêÒ×åäò âãÛÓÞÛÚÛå×Þïàá âãÒÔÛÞïàá× ÚàÒê×àÛ×. ?á ×äÞÛ t Ö×ÜäåÔÛå×Þïàá âáäÞ×ÖáÔÒå×ÞïàîÜ åòÙ×ÞîÜ Þ×âåáà, åáÕÖÒ ÖáÞÙàî äæì×äåÔáÔÒåï ÖÔ× áäàáÔàî× ßáÖî âáÞæÞ×âåáààáÕá ãÒäâÒÖÒ: tÐ 3 nt pÐ Û tÐ 3 nt rÐ . ÀåàáäÛå×Þïàæñ Ô×ãáòåàáäåï ãÒäâÒÖÒ tÐ 3 nt pÐ 19a

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? Ýáàéæ 1979 Õ. ã×ÚæÞïåÒåî Ôä×è âáÖåÔ×ãÙÖ×ààîè ÛÚß×ã×àÛÜ àÒèáÖÛÞÛäï Ô äáÕÞÒäÛÛ ä ÕÛâáå×ÚáÜ, êåá t òÔÞò×åäò Þ×âåáàáß, áÓãÒÚáÔÒààîß ä âáßáìïñ ÛÚÔ×äåàáÕá ðÞ×ÝåãáßÒÕàÛåàáÕá ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛò, Û âá ÝãÒÜà×Ü ß×ã× Ô äÔáÛè áäàáÔàîè ÝÒàÒÞÒè ãÒäâÒÖÒ×åäò Ô äáÕÞÒäÛÛ äá äåÒàÖÒãåàáÜ å×áãÛ×Ü äÞÒÓîè ÔÚÒÛßáÖ×ÜäåÔÛÜ. ?Ò ðåáß ë×äåàÒÖéÒåÛÞ×åàòò ÛäåáãÛò 1963 û 1979 ÕÕ. áåÝãîåÛò tÞ×âåáàÒ Û âáÖåÔ×ãÙÖ×àÛò ðåáÕá áåÝãîåÛò ÚÒÝÒàêÛÔÒ×åäò.

åáß, êåáÓî áàÛ áÓãÒìÒÞÛ ß×àïë× ÔàÛßÒàÛò àÒ å×áã×åÛê×äÝÛ× çÛÚÛê×äÝÛ× ÛÖ×Û ßá×Õá âáÝáÞ×àÛò. ? Ýáàé× ÝáàéáÔ, ×äÞÛ æ ßá×Õá âáÝáÞ×àÛò ×äåï Ö×ÜäåÔÛå×Þïàá èáãáëÛ× å×áã×åÛê×äÝÛ× ÛÖ×Û, áàÛ ÓæÖæå ã×ÒÞÛÚáÔÒàî àÒßÛ Ù×.

(Á×ã×ÔáÖ ä ÒàÕÞ. Ã.?. Ã×ß×àáÔÒ)

ÃâÛäáÝ ÞÛå×ãÒåæãî
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