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Sites homologous to heli tron fam ily and their polymorphism in mamma l genomes Anto n V. Pheop hilo v, N.V. Ba rd uko v, T.T. Gla zko, V.I. Gla zko
Ru ssia n S tate Ag ra ria n Un iversity MAA n a med a fter K.A . Ti mirya zev, Ru ssia , Mo sco w, Timirya zevsk a ya str. 4 9 , cnbt@timacad.ru

The d iver s it y o f ge no me e le me nt s and t he ir po lymorp his m a llo ws resea rc her s best cho ice o f co nser ved a nd var iab le spec tra fo r po lyloc i ge no t yp ing ( ge no me sca nning). I n case of us ing a no nymo us seq ue nces ( DNA fra gme nts fla nked b y s hor t inve rted rep ea ts us ed as pr ime r in PCR) o ne ca n co mpa re d iffere nt DNA marker s on e xa mp le o f t he sa me ob ject a nd a lso co mpa re t he sa me mark er o n e xa mp le o f d iffere nt objec ts. That a llows inves t iga t io n patter ns o f d ist r ib ut io n a nd po lymo rp his m o f d iffe re nt marker t ype s, st ud ying re lat io ns o f the ir va r iab il it y wit h p hylo ge ny feat ur es o f d iffe re nt a nima l gro ups. He litro n fla nks are co ns ider ed as a ne w t ype o f DN A marke rs whic h is s uitab le for suc h s ur ve ys. He litro ns be lo ng to DNA tr a nsposo n fa mily a nd ut il ize a uniq ue rep l ica t io n mec ha nis m ca lled ro lling- c ir c le. O n a 5 '- end t here is TC d inuc leo t ide a nd o n a 3'- e nd t here are CTRR nuc leot ides, a lso in 3 '- regio n t he re is o fte n a seq ue nce capab le to for m DNA ha irp ins. These mob ile e le me nts us ua lly inser t in AT d inuc leot ide a nd t he n ma y crea te t he ir no na uto no mo us cop ie s, whic h d iffer b y inter ior nuc leo t ide seq ue nc e. I t ha s bee n s ho wed t hat he lit ro ns ma y capt ur e DN A fra gme nts wit ho ut d is t inguis hing its int ro n- exo n st r uct ur e a nd carr y t he m to ne w p laces in ge no me (Do ng Y. et al., 2011). It t ur ned o ut t hat ma ny mob ile e le me nts descr ibed ear lie r now are co ns ider ed to be lo ng to he lit ro n fa mi ly, for e xa mp le Aie, At hE1, Bas ho a nd ATREP e le me nt s fo und in Arab idopsi s t haliana. Moreo ver, sea rc h in ge no me seq ue nces a llo wed find ing he lit ro ns in lo ts o f euka r yotes : fungi, p la nts a nd a nima ls. I n catt le a nd horse ge no mes we fo und pre se nce o f certa in fra gme nts wit h ho mo lo gy to 3'- e nds o f he litro ns. The n we co nstr uc ted a pr imer ho mo lo go us to ra t her co ns er ved fra gme nt o f he lit ro n fa milie s He lig lor ia A a nd He lig lor ia B obser ved in a nima ls.

Us ing o f t hat s eq ue nce as PCR pr ime r in cat t le, musk o xe n a nd hor ses a llo wed a n achie ve me nt o f po lyloc i spec tra o f DNA fra gme nts fla nked b y its inver ted repe at. Those spectra co nta ined a mp lico ns fro m 100 to 2000 bp, a nd in to ta l t here we re abo ut 20 a mp lico ns in e ver y specte r wit h spec ie a nd br eed spec ific fea t ures. We a lso obse r ved a mp lico ns o f t he sa me le ngt h in spect ra acq uired fro m d iffere nt spec ies. M usk o xe n pro vid ed d iffere nce s in spectra a ccord ing to hab itat a nd a lso d iffe re nces b et wee n mode r n a nd a nc ie nt ind ivid ua ls. Data acq uired e vide nce t hat ma mma lia n ge no me s conta in nuc leot id e seq ue nces ho mo lo go us to he lit ro n fra gme nts in d iffere nt s tra nds o n s ho rt d is ta nces. These s eq ue nces can be ut il ized as PCR pr imer s pro vid ing po lymorp hic po lyloc i a mp lif icat io n spect ra, a nd that ca n be used for inve st igat ion o f ge ne poo ls o f var io us or ga nis ms as we ll as ot her k nown DNA ma rkers.

1. J. Tho ma s et a l. (2010) Per va s ive Hor izo nta l Tra ns fe r o f Ro ll ing- C irc le Tra nsposo ns a mo ng Anima ls, Genome Bio l. Ev ol., 2 :656664. 2. P.A. Novick et a l. (2010 ) The Evo lut io n a nd Dive rs it y o f DNA Tra nspo so ns in t he Ge no me o f t he Lizard Ano lis caro line ns is, Genome Biol. Ev ol., 3 :114. 3. L. Yang, J. L. Be nne t ze n (2009) Str uc t ure - based d isco ver y a nd descr ip t io n o f p la nt a nd anima l He lit ro ns, PNAS, 106-31 :1283212837. 4. Y. Do ng e t a l. (2011) St r uct ura l c ha racte r iza t io n o f he litro ns a nd t he ir s tepwise cap t ur ing of ge ne fra gme nt s in t he ma ize ge no me, BMC Genomics, 12 :609.