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STRUCTURE and reticulation analysis of genetic diversity in Prunus scoparia populations Noormohammadi Z.1*, Sheidai M.2, Mahdavipoor Z.2, Mehdigholi K.
1- Biology Department, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU), Poonak, Tehran, Iran. 2-Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 3- Botany Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran * marjannm@yahoo.com
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Abstract Almond tree (Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus, or Amygdalus communis) is a small deciduous tree of the genus Prunus, in subfamily Prunoideae of Rosaceae. The tree is a native of southwest Asia which grows in Iran and Afghanistan and throughout the Turano-Iranian area. Iran and Anatolia are the centers of origin for several Amygdalus species considered by some as potential subspecies or ecotype (Browicz and Zohary1996, Kester and Gradziel 1996, Etemadi and Asadi 1999; Ghahreman and Attar 1999), diverged from parental species and adapted to different environmental conditions. The endemic forms occur in Iran either in the form of small, thorny bushes (sub-genus lycioides) or of taller, tree-likes shrubs which grow in colonies (subgenus spartioides and the colonies of Amygdalus scoparia on the southwestern flank of the Zagros) (Zohary 1963, Ladizinsky 1999). The present study considers genetic diversity analysis of 3 P. scoparia populations by using nuclear ISSR markers and tries to reveal genetic distinctness versus admixture of these populations. Three populations studied differed significantly in their molecular characteristics, allele polymorphism and expected heterozygosity and also showed isolation by distance. AMOVA test showed significant genetic difference among 3 populations (p<0.01) and revealed that 48% of total genetic variation is due to among populations variation, while 52% is due to within population variation. This result shows the occurrence of intra as well as inter population
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genetic difference in P. scoparia. Coalescence analysis of molecular data was performed to obtain different gene trees which were later on retained on species tree. Among different tree topologies produced the best tree with 0 deep coalescence and 0 gene duplication/extinction which shows complete agreement between gene tree and species/population tree was selected. Bayesian model-based clustering showed a good separation of populations at k = 3, while reticulation and coalescence analyses revealed horizontal gene transfer and gene exchange among populations. References: A. Ghahreman, F. Attar (1999) Biodiversity of Plant Species in Iran.Vol.1, Publication of Tehran University. D.E. Kester, T.M. Gradziel (1996) Almonds. In: J. Janick and J.N. Moore (eds) Fruit Breeding. Jonh Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, pp. 1-97. G. Ladizinsky (1999) On the origin of almond. Genetic Resources Crop Evolution 46:143-147 K. Browicz, D. Zohary (1996) The genus Amygdalus L. (Rosaceae): Species relationships, distribution and evolution under domestication, Genetic Resources Crop Evolution, 43: 229-247 M. Zohary (1963) On the Geobotanical Structure of Iran. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, Section D, Botany, vol. II D, Supplement, Passim, esp. pp. 35-38 N. Etemadi, E. Asadi (1999). Study the wild species of almond and their distribution in ChaharmahalBakhtiari province. Proc. First National Conference on Almond. Shahrekord (Iran), August, 24-27

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