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© M.H. Shulman, 2011 (shulman@dol.ru) Can the Universe not be a black hole? (March 30, 2011. Updated: April 11, 2011)
The statement that our Universe is black hole is argued in the paper. The statement consequences are discussed.

1. Introduction The standard cosmological model (SCM) supposes that our Universe is specified by flat geometry and (geometrically) open metrics 1 . Particularly, this means that the Universe special volume is not limited, i.e., infinite. Meanwhile, a number of the Universe features leads to the idea that it is a black hole. As I know, the eminent American physicist John Archibald W heeler was first who came to this idea. Author of the paper [Smolin, 1994] informs about it and writes: It may then be conjectured that each black hole of our universe leads to such a creation of a new universe and that, correspondingly, the big bang in our past is the result of the formation of a black hole in another universe. Several authors also consider similar ideas just now2. I came to independently while I developed since 1993 the model of the Universe main and unique phenomenon determining the time course. So far hypothesis is admissible (like SCM and other models). However, just the alternative models: Universe cannot not be a black hole. 2. Why the Universe must be a black hole Let us start from the physical argumentation . Any material body is specified by gravitational radius RG=2MG/c2 (where M is the body mass, G is the gravity constant, c is velocity of light). Geometrical radius R of a (spherical) body is usually much more than RG; however, it is not the case of a black hole, where RG R. Furthermore, let us consider the infinite Universe having a given (average) density and infinite mass. W e can select a virtual sphere having a very small radius R. If we increase our sphere radius, we increase its mass M (and its gravitation radius RG respectively) proportionally to the cube of geometrical radius . Hence, the geometrical radius R is proportional to the cube root from the mass M. This dependence nonlinearity means that at some critical value (that depends on selected density ) the gravitational radius inevitably will become more than the sphere geometrical radius (see Fig. 1), i.e., the sphere will collapse to a black hole where the critical density cr ~ (RG)-2 will be equal to the given density . Thus, the Universe cannot be infinite due to the inevitable collapse. such the concept expansion as the I stated that this now I exclude all

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The flat Universe idea is not immediately deduced f rom the observ ed data, as one often believes. In f act, such the picture is deduced f rom the SCM with the cosmological constant what can be disputed. This problem is considered in details in my work [Shulman, 2010]. 2 Particularly, in the recent work [Poplawsky, 2011] a concrete scenario of the Universe birth f rom a black hole is considered.


Figure 1. Gravitational radius (RG) and geometrical one (R) dependence from mass M at a given density =const

Let us now consider our Universe that has average density near 10-29 g/sm3. In the tab. 1 you can see the calculation results of the ratio (/cr) which shows different astrophysical object proximity to the collapse state. Table 1 Ratio (/cr) for different astrophysical objects Ob je c t Earth Sun Milky W ay Universe Mass M ( kg ) 61024 21030 31042 ~ 1053 Radius R (m) 6 1 0 6 7 1 0 8 ~ 1019 ~ 1026 Gravitational radius RG (m) 1 0 -2 3 1 0 3 ~1015 ~ 1026 (/cr) = (RG/R) ~ 10 ~ 10 ~ 10 ~1
26 16 12 3

It follows from this table that our The geometrical argumentation SCM departs from certain observed Universe is spatially infinite and has f is given in the famous book [Greene,

Universe is in fact in the collapse state. leads to the same conclusion. As I noted above, data interpretation and supposes that expanding lat geometry. The typical description of that model 2004], chapter 8:

"... if the universe is spatially infinite, there was already an infinite spatial expanse at the moment of the big bang... In this setting, the big bang did not take place at one point; instead, the big bang eruption took place everywhere on the infinite expanse. Comparing this to the conventional 'single -dot' beginning, it is as though there were many big bangs, one at each point of the infinite spatial expanse. After the bang(s), space swelled, but its overall size didn't increase since something already infinite can't get any bigger. W hat did increase are the separations between objects like galaxies (once they formed). " However, as I believe, the Greene's logics is admissible for any time moment excluding the initial one. At this time point all the distances should be equal to zero. But it means in a space having the metrics that the Bing Bang happened just in a single spatial point, not everywhere. In spite of such the common model the evolving Universe is usually depicted as having a certain size and closed geometry at each time moment (see typical picture with Universe 2D representation in Fig. 2):


Figure 2. The Universe evolution picture (Illustration from website http://bccp.lbl.gov/cosmology.html)

Of course, there are many arguments to advance of SCM with non-zero cosmological constant and the Universe flat geometry that are based on the interpretation of the observe data. The work that was made by cosmologists to build this interpretation is great and is worthy of the great respect as well as some kind of a "truth presumption". But not of the naked faith. To date I analyzed many such the arguments and (as I believe) showed that the alternative cosmological model gives the more satisfactory predictions than SCM (see [Shulman, 2006 ­ 2011] and the other authors works that appear regularly in the ArXiv). The more, the time course phenomenon itself can be naturally explained by the irreversible black hole expansion. 3. Universe evolution and thermodynamics SCM supposes that our Universe is: geometrically open, i.e., it has flat metrics (zero curvature radius) and infinite volume; thermodynamically isolated, i.e., does not exchange energy or matter with some environment; hence, the energy and matter conservation law should be valid in it .

In the previous Section we argued that our Universe must be a black hole, i.e., it is geometrically closed, has a positive curvature and finite volume. But a black hole also cannot be thermodynamically isolated since it absorbs energy and matter from outside and irreversibly expands just due to that process. The Universe isolated model leads to a number of difficulties when one tries to explain the real observed picture (particularly, the general equilibrium absence) . Because of that the modern cosmology refers to the General Relativity were the whole W orld has to be considered as a system in alternative gravitation field (not as isolated one) for which the Second Law of thermodynamics may do not be accomplished ([Landau and Lifshitz, 1976]). The Universe "black hole" model concretizes this thesis in a sense. On the one hand, energy comes from external environment. On the other hand, in our Universe the supermassive black holes in the center of galaxies exist that can be considered as


power energy absorbers3. Thus, the Universe turns out to be the open thermodynamic system. There are the reasons to believe that the input entropy flow is less than the output one. Due to that the Universe entropy decreases, not increases. Just due to that a continuous differentiation of the Universe structure happens during 14 billion years of its evolution (. [Shulman, 2009]). Acknowledgments I sincerely thank Gary Raffel for our collaboration, fruitful discussions and pointing out to the book of Brian Greene. References [Egan and Lineweaver, 2009] Ch. Egan and Ch. Lineweaver. A larger estimate of the entropy of the universe. ArXiv:0909.3983v1 [astro-ph.CO] 22 Sep 2009. [Greene, 2004] Brian R. Greene. The fabric of the cosmos: space, time and the texture of reality. Random House, Inc., New York, 2004. [Landau and Lifshitz, 1976] L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz. Statisical Physics, part 1. The course of the Physics Theoric, v. 5. Moscow, "Nauka", 1976 (in Russian). [Poplawski, 2011] Nikodem J. Poplawski. On the mass of the Universe born in a black hole. ArXiv:1103.4192v1 [astro-ph.CO] 22 Mar 2011 [Shulman, 2006] M.H.Shulman. Paradoxes, Logics, and Physical Nature of Time. Available at: http://www.ti meorigin21.narod.ru/rus_time/Origin.pdf (in Russian) [Shulman, 2007] Cosmology: a New Approach. Available at: http://www.ti meorigin21.narod.ru/eng_time/Cosmology.pdf (English version) http://www.ti meorigin21.narod.ru/rus_time/New_approach.pdf (Russian version) [Shulman, 2009] M.H. Shulman. Time, entropy, and Universe. Available at: http://www.ti meorigin21.narod.ru/eng_time/Time_and_entropy_eng.pdf (English vers.) http://www.ti meorigin21.narod.ru/rus_time/Time_and_entropy_rus.pdf (Russian version) [Shulman, 2010] M.H. Shulman. Universe expansion and main spectral peak of CMB. Available at: http://www.ti meorigin21.narod.ru/eng_time/Main_peak_eng.pdf (English version) http://www.ti meorigin21.narod.ru/rus_time/Main_peak_rus.pdf (Russian version) [Shulman, 2011] M.H. Shulman. Time origin and Universe uniform expanding. Available at: http://timeorigin21.narod.ru/rus_time/Universe_expansion_rus.pdf (Russian version) http://timeorigin21.narod.ru/eng_time/Universe_expansion_eng.pdf (English version) [Smolin, 1994] Lee Smolin. The fate of black hole singularities and the parameters of the standard models of particle physics and cosmology, arXiv:gr -qc/9404011v1 7 Apr 1994 . [Weinberg, 1972] W einberg S., Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and applications of the General Theory of Relativity, John W iley and Sons, Inc., 1972.

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These supermassiv e black holes bring a dominant contribution into the Universe total entropy. As it is shown in the paper [Egan and Lineweaver, 2009], this contribution is 20 orders more than the rest of the Univ erse entropy. The event horizon absolute temperature of these black holes is practically equal to zero (knowingly less than 2.72 K).