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- -





() ­
, , ,
.. 1859 (G.R.Kirchhoff)


:
1. 1 , ; 2. , , ; 3. (*) , , .
(*) ,



( [M.Planck, 1900; A.Einstein, 1916] )

( , T ) =

2hc
5

2

1 hc 2 -1 exp kT

1

T -

-

c - h = 6.63 10 k = 1.38 10
-34

- / -

-23


1 2

2




-


[W.Wien, 1893]
(, T )d = 2hc 5
2



1 hc exp -1 kT

d

(, T )d = { T} =


F()
5

d

d F( ) = 0 max 5 d -3 max = 2.898 10 [ K ] -



max

T=

max


-
[J.Stefan, 1879; L.Boltzmann, 1884]

( , T ) =


2hc
5

2



1 hc exp -1 kT
4


E = (, T )d = T
0

=

2 k
5 2

4 3

15c h

= 5.67 10 2 4 K
-8



, 1 , « »

,
,

:



=

, <1
0.8 0.94-0.96 0.93-0.99

E = T

4









: q " ": 0.3-1.3 ( ) q 1.5-1.8 ( ) q 2.0-2.6 ( ) q 7.0-15.0 ( ) q 0.5 10 (. )






: 1. 2.


­
,

A = /

0

- 0 ; - , .

A 0 .3


(%)
() () () 2-10 6-18 14-18 7-25 10-20 35-45 20-70 30-70 40-60 75-95




(S0) , , r=1 . . (149.6 ·109). 2

S0 1367 /

S 0 < 0 . 01 % S 0 < 0 .1 %

-

Q ~ 0.1 /


2

- 11 -

0.1




L8 = S0 4r 3.84 10
2 26

T=5770 K

,

L = S0 R
L / L8 = R

2
2

1.75 10
17

/ 4r 4.4 10
2

-10


q 30- . q 1,5 , 1 .


( ! )
~ 1 r
2









r = r
, !!!



2

3



e = c / a = 0.0167 r r


F

1

=

a+c a -c

=

1+ e 1- e
2

1.017

2a

2
F
2







1+ = 1-

e 1.034 e

4



(/2)


(/2): ,





( )
,

M=1 = 1.1
+

«» «» ~250 ~10 = 16.4 = 77

M=0.55 = 0.5


q ( ­ «») , 5 : , , .


(190-120 . ..)­ ,


q «»


(1769-1859 .) ­ , , , , ,


q . , , . ­ , , .

(1846-1903 .)
­ ,


q ­ q , «-» (~30 ) q , - q


"Does the Flap of a Butterfly's Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?"

(1917-2008) --
, , ,


: 0.0007-0.0658 100 400 .

: 22.1-24.5 41 .

: 23 . ( ­ )



1. : 0.0007-0.0658 100 400 . 2. : 22.1-24.5 41 . 3. : 23 . ( ­ )

(1879-1958 .) ,


Q() =" "+" "+" "


1 ( t )





Q(1 ( t )) = Q()


« » (65oN) 1 .

!




150 00 0 000


r

S

-

= 4R

2 8

S S

-

= R

2 2

= 4R


:

1) E = T 2
4

2)

t

=0


L8 = T8 S 8 = L
8

4

- 2 2

= T8 (4R
4 2 8

4

2 8

)
?! 288 K

R

4r 4 = T S T = T8 R

= T8 R
-

R

2 2

r 4 = T ( 4R


2

)

8 (1 - A) =
8

2r T8 = 5770 K

(1 - A)

1/ 4

255 K -18 C
o

A 0.3
8

R 8 = 6.96 10

r = 149.6 10
9


! ( )


8 (1 - A) = T = T8



8 (1 - A ) = B 288 K 15 o C
A 0.3
9



R8 1- A 2r B
8

1/ 4

B <1

T8 = 5770 K

B 0.6

R 8 = 6.96 10

r = 149.6 10


A(T ), B(T )


-
A~0.3

B=

69 115

= 0.6


«»

«»





?

2 :
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ( )

20 000 ( ) 220 . 450-550 .

280 PPM 180 PPM 1900 PPM 7500 PPM