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­
() , ()






= (p, T, ...)

= ( p)




= (p)


g


T1

>

T2

() !




= (p, T, ...)
g
T1 >



T2

() !





Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis French, Mathematics, Physics 1792-1843

F



rr = 2m[v в ]


­
() , ()
: :

=
:

=




= ( p, T, ...)




= ( p, T, e) = ( p, T, s)






p=

mR Vµ

T=

R µ

T R a T


8.31 R Ra = µ 0.029

287


p = R a T =

p R aT



.. p = 101325 T = 273.16 K

1.29 /

3


p a = a R a T
= a + w = p


a

e = w R w T
e = p-e RaT + e R wT
e p

R aT

+

R wT



e R p p 1 - a 1- = RT RaT p R w a
e ~ 10
3

1 - 0.38

e p

<< 1




q q q ­ , q

eS = A exp ( t ) A = 611 Pa = 0.067 C
o -1




= (p, T, s)
= 1 + 10 (1 s + 2 T - 3 s T - 4 T + 5 p
-3 2

)

[ / ]

3

1 = 0.82 2 = 0.0689 3 = 0.0039 4 = 0.00918 5 = 4.5 10
-3

s T p

[/ ] [ C]
o oo o

[]




= (p, T, s)
- 48 (!!!)


() « »







-1.33 oC 24.7
()





< 917 /3 999.8 /3 ()





:
4 186 / 332 400 / 2 256 200 /

q ­ q q





­
(. stratum + facere ) , , , etc.









z

F

F = mg

g
mg






z

F

F > mg

g
mg






z
mg

F

F < mg

g




z

F

g
mg

F = mg





z
F

g

F < mg
mg






z

F

g

mg

F > mg





z

< 0 , T < T0 0 , T0 > 0 , T > T0

p




d dz


d d dp = = dz s dp s dz


d =1 dp c 2 s d dz

dp dz
2

= -g

=-


g c







d

d < dz dz

d
s

d = dz dz

d
s

d > dz dz

s

d dz


=-

g c
2

d dz


s


z

()
z : 1. 2.

z0+z z
0

0




V && = Vg( z && = g ( z
d dz

m && = F - mg z


-





-




)

)

/





= 0 +

z



d = 0 + z dz s

g d d && - - z = 0 z dz dz s


g d d && - - z = 0 z dz dz s && + N z = 0 z
2



g d 2 N =- dz

2

d - dz s g 2

/ N ~ 10 - 10
-4 -1

g d N =- + dz c


&& + N z = 0 z
2

g d g N= - + 2 dz c


N ­

z( t ) = A sin( N t ) + B cos( N t )
N ­


z( t ) = A exp( N t ) + B exp(- N t )










, , g


z
d

T1


= T =

T2 - T1 d

z

= - T
T
2

T ( z) = -

T2 - T1 d

z + T2

z
T

0

T

1

T2

­


=

T2 - T1 d

z

F = g V
2

U=

2g T2 - T1 9

z ~

z U

d

z r

F = FS
FS = 6 r U
2


z ~

d

g (T2 - T1 ) r

?


z ~

d g (T2 - T1 ) r
2

?
4

T ~

r

2



T

=

g (T2 - T1 ) r d
g (T2 - T1 ) d





z

r~d
3

Ra =

?





1 1 1 T2 - T1 ~ 10
-7 o

C C
!

T2 - T1 ~ 10

-1 o o

T2 - T1 ~ 100 C




2 a=










(/2): ,






George Hadley, 1735



( 100 /) «» 2-






























,

r = C



rr V V, 0.0025





1995 . 2000 . ­ 30 .





q : « 1951 . (!) - (8000 ), 150200 , 1.5/»

(1922­1958)

q , . 1958. q «»


176 .. ( «»)


1959 . « » ( )
75 ­ 400 , 1.2 /, 200-250 .

1959-1960 . «» ( )
100-400 , 1 /, 200-300


(« »)