Apollo 16 Summary . ... Crew John W. Young, commander . ... Charles M. Duke, Jr., lunar module pilot . ... Apollo 16 rover ride . ... The Lunar Module Pilot, Charlie Duke, had served with distinction as CapCom during the Apollo 11 landing. ... Like the Apollo 15 crew, Young and Duke had been through training as a back-up crew for a landing mission (Apollo 13) and, so, for their own mission were able to spend about forty percent of their time training for the surface operations. ...

... Spacecraft . ... To space by cannon? Finally, the deep space explorers --spacecraft which break away from the Earth's gravity . ... The "Luna" series of the USSR conducted 7 soft landing of unmanned probes, two of them with wheeled robotic "Lunokhods," and two of those missions returned samples to Earth. Others spacecraft have visited the major planets of the Solar system. ... The Mariner series have explored Venus and Mars--and Mariner 10 even reached Mercury, for three separate encounters! ...

Why do people want to explore Mars? At the present time Mars topography is known sufficiently well to make a Martian map; we cannot distinguish yet the settlements of the inhabitants of this planet, but sooner or later we probably will be able to achieve this as well.. ... US spacecraft "Mariner-4" performed the first successful flyby and transmitted to the Earth twenty one photos of Mars' surface. ... It is supposed that large subsurface ice reservoirs or liquid water exist on Mars. ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,