... Chapman and Ferraro (1931, 1932) were first to discuss the existence of a boundary to the Earth's magnetic field. During 1950's, as the concept of continuous solar wind emerged, it was obvious that such a feature should be a permanent feature of the magnetosphere . ... At this location, typically around 8 - 11 Re away on the Earth - Sun line, a large scale duskward (Chapman-Ferraro) current develops in the dayside magnetopause to cancel the Earth's field outside. ... Res., ...

New Images Hint at Wet and Wild History For Europa . Chunky ice rafts and relatively smooth, crater-free patches on the surface of Jupiter's frozen moon Europa suggest a younger, thinner icy surface than previously believed, according to new images from Galileo's spacecraft released today. ... These features, which lend credence to the idea of hidden, subsurface oceans, also are stirring up controversy among scientists who disagree about the age of Europa's surface. ... Europa . ...

... gradients dependencies on solar wind parameters and IMF; . ... fate of thermal plasma at the dayside magnetopause. velocity-dispersed injections of the thermal and superthermal ions from LLBL at cusp and cleft (lowest energy VDIS-2 events); . ... outer cusp processes, role of outer cusp indentation, plasma entry (laminar reconnection, turbulent diffusion, others), role of turbulent boundary layer; . how is the magnetosheath plasma heated near magnetopause and cusp? . ... cusp/cleft wave emissions. ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,