... Files in red?history) . ... Auroral Currents . 25H. Birkeland Currents . ... As noted earlier Kristian Birkeland, reporting in 1903 on his expeditions to the auroral zone, proposed that magnetic disturbances accompanying the aurora were caused by large electric currents flowing down the length of auroral formations. ... In later years these currents became known as the auroral electrojets , and considerable debate ranged over their cause and the way their circuit might be completed. ...

... Space Research Institute . ... Launched in 2011. Hend (short for High Energy Neutron Detector) instrument onboard Mars Odyssey mission (NASA) to study Martian surface composition and to search for water ice on the surface and in the upper layer of the regolith in particular. ... Mars Express (ESA) mission for Mars remote sensing. ... BTN-M ?1 for BTN-Neutron experiment for fast and thermal neutron studies onboard Service Module within Russian Orbital Segment of International Space Station (ISS). ...

Ice Volcanoes Reshape Europa's Chaotic Surface . Ice-spewing volcanoes and the grinding and tearing of tectonic plates have reshaped the chaotic surface of Jupiter's frozen moon Europa, images from NASA's Galileo spacecraft reveal. ... Although the images do not show currently active ice volcanoes or geysers, they do reveal flows of material on the surface that probably originated from them, said Galileo imaging team member Dr. Ronald Greeley of Arizona State University, Tempe. ... Europa . ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,