The Earth's magnetosphere global structure is conditioned by the interaction of the Solar wind and Earth's magnetic field. ... Many various magnetospheric models are available in the NSSDC . ... Fairfield D. H., Average and unusual location of the Earth's magnetopause and bow shock, J. Geophys. ... Stasiewicz K., Polar Cusp Topology and Position as a Function of Interplanetary Magnetic Field and Magnetic Activity: Comparison of a Model with Viking and other Observations, J. Geophys. ...

... While the substorm related cross-tail current disruption and the formation of the SCW take place in the near-Earth tail, <15 Re, the observed high speed plasma flows indicate that important substorm processes occur at about 20-30 Re. ... Phase 1 . ... Ballooning models. ... For example, the disappearance of some dayside convection vortices at substorm expansion phase (Greenwald et al., 1996) is not easily explained by current substorm models, where the onset is considerd to be very localized. ......

Gaspra . ... On October 29, 1991, Galileo came within 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) of Gaspra. ... These two color views of the asteroid Gaspra were produced by combining three images taken through violet, green, and infrared filters by the Galileo spacecraft on October 29, 1991, from a distance of about 16,000 kilometers (10,000 miles). ... The earliest view (upper left) was taken 5 hours, 45 minutes before closest approach when the spacecraft was 164,000 kilometers (102,000 miles) from Gaspra. ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,