The above process keeps the # of protons and the # of neutrons in the early Universe constant. This is extremely important and will result in a testable prediction later. Remember, a free neutron (one that is not bound in an atomic nucleus) will decay into a proton + electron (+ anti-neutrino) in about 900 seconds. ... During this epoch, the proton-to-neutron ratio is 1.0 . ... The Universe consists of protons, neutrons and electrons plus a photon background and a neutrino background. ...

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SPECTRUM ANALYZER OF MAGNETIC PHENOMENA SAMW . Spectrum analyzer allows onboard computation of electromagnetic waves spectra registered (observed) in the ionosphere and magnetosphere in the ELF/VLF frequency band. ... It consists of magnetic antenna, preamplifier, 16 bit sigma delta AD converter, DSP processor and telemetry interface. ... The channels of lower frequencies are averaged and transmitted with lower repetition rate so the telemetry volume is reduced. ... Dynamic range: 90 dB . ...

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... The FOC suffers from various types of background, the most important of which are thermal electrons, Cerenkov radiation from high energy particles, geocoronal emission lines, zodiacal light, and light scattered within HST from the bright Earth or Moon. ... From on-orbit measurements using the f /96 camera, the former background has been found to vary with solar zenith distance (ZD); see Sections 6.4, 6.5, and 7.0 of the FOC Instrument Handbook , version 7.0, for more details. ...

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• Sky Background
• Dark Backgrounds
• FOC Data Handbook

... Energetic magnetospheric ions are often unstable to the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) instability . ... generation of EMIC waves below the proton gyrofrequency , and . ... Depending on the local proton gyrofrequency, the frequency of the EMIC waves varies: in the magnetosphere we deal with the ULF range (more precisely 0.1-5 Hz), while in the auroral field lines we have ELF waves (tens or hundreds of Hz; see radio frequencies and flickering aurora ). ... Space Physics Text Book of Oulu ...

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• Frictional heating [Oulu]
• Space Physics Group of Oulu
• Plasma theories [Oulu]

... Archives . ... ArXiv] A Lecture Note, June 17, 2007 . ArXiv] Solar Cycle, June 18, 2007 . Jun 18th, 2007| 05:08 pm | ... One of arxiv/astro-ph preprints, arxiv/0706.1703v1 discusses correlation between galactic HI and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and reports no statistically significant correlation. ... Are these correlation studies truly statistical science? ... Therefore, I have been doubting what is so important about correlation in astronomy. ... Chandra Blog . ...

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• The AstroStat Slog background
• Charged Particle Subtraction
• The AstroStat Slog Blog Archive Another exciting news (with no use)

The efficiency of interaction of radiation with a particle and hence its optical properties depend on the particle chemical composition, size, shape, structure, etc. ... Particle size expressed in units of the wavelength of incident radiation, together with chemical composition, most strongly affects the optical properties of a scatterer. ... There are many methods to solve the light-scattering problem for a homogeneous spheroid (our survey of the light-scattering methods see here ). ...

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• Rayleigh-Debye-Gans approximation (RDG)
• Polarization properties (transmitted radiation)
• T-matrix method (EBCM)

... One important issue for the spectral analysis with X-ray detectors is the treatment of background for extended sources. ... To deal with the particle background (more or less constant outside proton flares), one should assign weights to the reference event list and extract images or spectra using the same spectral or spatial (in detector coordinates) selection as the source. The original spatial selection (on the source) is usually applied to sky coordinates (not detector coordinates). ...

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• Particle Background Rejection
• Background: motivation for developing this procedure

... Sagittarius Star Cloud . ... Stars come in all different colors. ... Most stars in the above Sagittarius Star Cloud are orange or red and relatively faint, as our Sun would appear. ... Stars like HD 82943 are main sequence G dwarf stars with temperatures and compositions similar to the Sun. Also like the Sun, HD 82943 is known to have at least two giant planets, but unlike gas giants in our solar system their orbits are not nearly circular and bring them closer to the parent star. ... April 2003 . ...

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... It should be recalled that most (99.99 percent) of the energy is dissipated by single radiopulsars in the form of relativistic particles and low-frequency electromagnetic waves which are not observable. ... This gives rise to an interesting analog of the classical reflection or heating effect (Lipunov, 1980[ 97 ]; Lipunov and Prokhorov, 1984[ 110 ]; Harding, 1991[ 64 ]; Lipunov and Nazin, 1994[ 119 ]). ... For close binary systems, -0.3 and the transformation coefficient may be several percent. ...

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• Art Gallery
• The Corotation Radius
• Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects

Next: Fitting of data Up: Extraction of Information Previous: Extraction of Information . For projects which perform statistical analysis on groups of objects, it is important to rely on an objective search method to extract them from the data frames. ... The simplest and fastest method is using a given level over a previously determined background value as the criterion to identify possible sources. ...

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• Introduction
• EBCCD tutorial background
• Important Message

. There may be security measures or other authentication procedures in use at your site that prevent you from using the rcp command to copy files from one host to another. Check with your local system administrator to find out what the situation is on your system.

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• Connecting commands together

What happens to a star heavier than five solar masses? ... Stars about ten solar masses probably behave like our five solar mass star until they reach the end of core-helium burning. ... The Crab nebula was formed after a massive explosion ripped a star apart in 1054. ... Today, the glowing outer layers of the star are still rushing away from a tiny star in the centre. ... An incredible explosion rips through the outer layers of the star, releasing colossal amounts of energy in a supernova explosion. ...

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• INTRODUCTION
• STFC Introductory Solar System Plasmas Summer School
• Background

... Would you say the space between your eyes and your hand is empty? ... This means it s completely empty, without a single particle of gas or speck of dust. ... However, while much of the Universe is a vacuum, there are patches which aren t. These are places where cosmic gas and dust that floats between the stars in a galaxy. ... But ISM material clumps together over time forming larger, heavier blobs of gas and dust until they make a big cloud in space, like the one in this photograph. ...

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• http://www.eso.org/~qc/admin/QC_Guide_for_Paranal_Missions.pdf
• Basic CCD image processing
• ESO - Why is Technology Transfer important for ESO

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2013 March 25 . Planck Maps the Microwave Background . ... Visible in all directions, this cosmic microwave background is a complex tapestry that could only show the hot and cold patterns observed were the universe to be composed of specific types of energy that evolved in specific ways. ... About APOD | ... A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC . ...

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• Intro
• Hands-on; Those Little Inset Bars
• Hands On; Transparency

... Primordial theory review : Dick Bond . Defects and the CMB review : Andy Albrecht . ... Gravitational wave contribution to CMB anisotropies : V.B. Lukash and E.V. Mikheeva . C_l from cosmic strings : Lloyd Knox . Some aspects of CMB anisotropies induced from topological defects : Mairi Sakellariadou . ... CMB anisotropies from scaling sources : Ruth Durrer . ... SZ observations I : Sarah Church . ... Holes in the microwave sky? ... Detecting cosmic strings in the CMB : James Robinson . ...

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• Relic radiolines of hydrogen at decimeter and meter wavelength band
• PPEUC Proceedings Home Page
• PPEUC Proceedings - Introduction

... L-Wide . ... Receiver History . ... Available Filters: . ... Use with e.g. filter 5) NOTE 2 1120-1220 3 1230-1470 4 1550-1820 5 1100-1800 6 1360-1470 7 1320 hipass NOTE 8 1180-1280 9 1280 hipass (ext Output unit. ... Consequently, the calibration for data collected using the hipass 1320 and the hipass 1370 filters only will be mis-calibrated (i.e. by using the opposite polarisation calibration data). ... It is now possible to select any bandpass filter that is not in the 1320 hipass band. ...

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• ABPP Home Page
• Cosmology / Relativity / Gravity Wave Astronomy
• Ionization and the Detection of Low HI Mass Galaxies

... Research . Projects . ... The name of the project APEX is a reduction from words " Active Plasma Experiments " . The core of the project are active experiments with injection of electron and (or) plasma beams from a board of the satellite with simultaneous registration of the phenomena, produced by interaction of injected beam with background plasma. ... Active experiments utilise modulated electron beam accelerator and source of modulated xenon plasma beam on the main spacecraft APEX. ...

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... The NATO "Science for Peace" Program , Project number SfP 973559 . ... Receiver devices based on superconducting Josephson junction dynamics provide easy and extremely sensitive way for measurements of contents of these molecules. ... Fast development of SQUIDs resulted in fabrication of number of devices for supersensitive physical experiments and production of sophisticated multichannel measurement systems used in medicine for magnetocardiography and neural investigations. ...

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• Philippe V. Komissinski
• Thin Film Oxide Electronics Laboratory. Equipment

Lessons learned from the Thirty Meter Telescope site testing Tony Travouillon Sebastian Els, Angel Otarola, Reed Riddle, Matthias Schoeck, Warren Skidmore TMT.XXX.PRE.05.0XX.DRF01 1 Introduction TMT and its Site testing. Important choice before going on site. ... Considerations during analysis of the data. TMT.XXX.PRE.05.0XX.DRF01 2 Some Background about the TMT Site Testing TMT is a 30m, segmented, RitcheyChretien telescope design. ... ASCA Cloud Cover Analysis So how do we do it in practice? ...

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Astronotes Armagh Planetarium's Stellar Blog! ... Stars . ... Space Flight . ... Search Results for ?stellar nursery? Posted on January 23, 2012 | 1 Comment The Universe is 13.75 billion years old.It is easy to say, but what does that mean in Earthly terms?Let?s squeeze the whole history of the Universe into a year! Continue Reading.. ... Posted on May 6, 2011 | ... The Hubble Space Telescope recently imaged NGC 2841 as part of an investigation into how new stars are created. ...

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• How do galaxies form? - New discovery from European Southern Observatory |
• V774104: a Dark World Putting a New Light on the Solar System? | Astronotes
• Red dwarfs: The most important stars in the Universe | Astronotes