The above process keeps the # of protons and the # of neutrons in the early Universe constant. This is extremely important and will result in a testable prediction later. Remember, a free neutron (one that is not bound in an atomic nucleus) will decay into a proton + electron (+ anti-neutrino) in about 900 seconds. ... During this epoch, the proton-to-neutron ratio is 1.0 . ... The Universe consists of protons, neutrons and electrons plus a photon background and a neutrino background. ...

... The FOC suffers from various types of background, the most important of which are thermal electrons, Cerenkov radiation from high energy particles, geocoronal emission lines, zodiacal light, and light scattered within HST from the bright Earth or Moon. ... From on-orbit measurements using the f /96 camera, the former background has been found to vary with solar zenith distance (ZD); see Sections 6.4, 6.5, and 7.0 of the FOC Instrument Handbook , version 7.0, for more details. ...

Understanding Europa's Radiation Environment and How it Influences Landing Site Characterization G.W. Patterson, L.M. Prockter, C. Paranicas Applied Physics Laboratory Introduction · The surface of Europa is weathered by charged and neutral particles, micrometeroids, and photons. ... Background · Criteria for characterizing potential landing sites [e.g., Figueredo et al., ... 2004) Background · Criteria for characterizing potential landing sites [e.g., Figueredo et al., ... Figueredo et al., ...

... One important issue for the spectral analysis with X-ray detectors is the treatment of background for extended sources. ... To deal with the particle background (more or less constant outside proton flares), one should assign weights to the reference event list and extract images or spectra using the same spectral or spatial (in detector coordinates) selection as the source. The original spatial selection (on the source) is usually applied to sky coordinates (not detector coordinates). ...

BACKGROUND . ... Electron bombarded silicon (EBS) gain makes the CCD interesting for keV electron detection. Ionizing particles absorbed in silicon create electron-hole pairs at the average rate of one per 3.64 eV incident energy. ... The variance in the number of electron-hole pairs created is given by the Fano factor for silicon (.1-.2) times the number of pairs created. When we use a CCD as a detector of ionizing particles, we would like to collect all of the electrons created. ...

... Research . Projects . ... The name of the project APEX is a reduction from words " Active Plasma Experiments " . The core of the project are active experiments with injection of electron and (or) plasma beams from a board of the satellite with simultaneous registration of the phenomena, produced by interaction of injected beam with background plasma. ... Active experiments utilise modulated electron beam accelerator and source of modulated xenon plasma beam on the main spacecraft APEX. ...

... Plasma sheet is the region of closed field lines in the equatorial magnetotail (however, see also plasmoids ). Plasma sheet is typically divided into plasma sheet proper, or central plasma sheet , and plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) , the latter being at higher latitudes adjacent to the tail lobes. ... This is evident both in storms time ring current and substorm time plasma sheet (including late growth and the expansion phases; see, e.g., Daglis et al., ... Res., ... J. Geophys. ...

Next: Error Determination Up: *qpspec* - Extraction of Previous: Spectral Extraction of Extended . Charged particles can be removed from the source and background spectra using the master veto (MV) rate. ... For example, if MV rate = 100, the following command will remove the charged particles in the background and source spectra before determining the net spectrum. xs > qpspec vign_corr=yes avg_mvr=100 . ...

One very important space mission has already provided definite answers about cosmology, the quest to understand the origin and fate of the Universe. ... Ground-based gravitational wave telescopes like LIGO and VIRGO now being completed; and space-based telescopes like LISA should open an entire new window on the Universe, by looking at the gravitational radiation being emitted by extremely large or compact sources, like double black holes, or coalescing neutron stars. ...

Next: Polarization efficiency: size/shape/orientation effects Up: Optical properties of cosmic Previous: The 2175? feature . To model the interstellar polarization one needs to calculate the forward-transmitted radiation for an ensemble of non-spherical aligned dust grains. ... Let non-polarized stellar radiation passes through a dusty cloud with a homogeneous magnetic field. ... The angle between the line of sight and the magnetic field is ( ). ... where the angle is connected with and ( ). ...

. JOINT SESSIONS ON COSMOLOGY AND PARTICLE PHYSICS . ELECTRON CENTENARY . Acknowledgements . Instructions for electronic submission . PPEUC was hosted by the High Energy Physics and Radio Astronomy Groups in the Cavendish Laboratory . This Web Site was made possible by a generous donation from Q Associates. Last update 2 July1997

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2013 March 25 . Planck Maps the Microwave Background . ... Visible in all directions, this cosmic microwave background is a complex tapestry that could only show the hot and cold patterns observed were the universe to be composed of specific types of energy that evolved in specific ways. ... About APOD | ... A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC . ...

Lessons learned from the Thirty Meter Telescope site testing Tony Travouillon Sebastian Els, Angel Otarola, Reed Riddle, Matthias Schoeck, Warren Skidmore TMT.XXX.PRE.05.0XX.DRF01 1 Introduction TMT and its Site testing. Important choice before going on site. ... Considerations during analysis of the data. TMT.XXX.PRE.05.0XX.DRF01 2 Some Background about the TMT Site Testing TMT is a 30m, segmented, RitcheyChretien telescope design. ... ASCA Cloud Cover Analysis So how do we do it in practice? ...

... In brief: the frequency-dependent radiative transfer equation is solved for a dust under assumption of spherically-symmetric geometry for its distribution taking into account particle size distribution and quantum heating effects for the very small dust particles. ... Table: Model parameters for IRAS04296+3429. ... parameter . ... hot dust shell) . ... The best fit to the spectral energy distribution of IRAS04296 is shown by heavy solid line (see Table2 for details concerning parameters of the model...

... The UK has a very vibrant solar system science community highly regarded internationally. ... The knowledge gained from such research has significant application to other STFC science areas, and indeed the science of other research councils. ... We therefore seek support to provide the 2012 Introductory Solar System Plasmas School, which will provide valuable training for the next generation of solar system scientists. ...

A limit on the ultra-high-energy neutrino flux from Centaurus A Justin Bray For the LUNASKA collaboration Clancy James, Ron Ekers, Chris Phillips, Paul Roberts, John Reynolds, Rebecca McFadden, Ray Protheroe, Jaime Alvarez-MuЯiz, Justin Bray Outline: · Ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays neutrinos · Detecting UHE neutrinos · The lunar Cherenkov technique · Observations with the ATCA · Observations with Parkes · ASKAP and the future ... Detection Geometry Neutrinos are penetrating.. ...

. A "radio phoenix" has been discovered using X-ray, radio, and optical data. This system contains the collision of two galaxy clusters located about 1.6 billion light years from Earth. The collision re-energized a regeneration of vast clouds of high-energy particles that primarily radiate at radio frequencies. Understanding how galaxy clusters grow over time, including through collisions, is important for cosmology. X-ray: NASA/CXC/Univ of Hamburg/F. de Gasperin et al; Optical: SDSS; Radio: NRAO/VLA

T he Siding Spring Survey (SSS) is a Near-Earth Object search program that utilises the 0.5-m Uppsala Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, N.S.W., Australia. ... The mission of the Siding Spring Survey is to contribute to the inventory of near-earth objects (NEOs), or more specifically, the potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs) and comets (PHOs) that may pose a threat of impact and thus harm to civilization. ... Based on the CSS Mission page . ... Siding Spring Survey Main Page . ...

NASA Mission to MAP the Universe . ... Credit Copyright: MAP Team , NASA Explanation: What is our universe made of? ... The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) is being designed inspect the universe's microwave background radiation in more detail then ever before. ... Astronomers have computed what bumps would be expected from several models of our universe, and comparing these results to MAP's data may yield a new understanding of the composition and structure of our universe . ...

... Thin Film Technology, . Solid State Physics - Superconductivity . ... P. V. Komissinski and G. A. Ovsyannikov, "Experimental observation of stimulation of superconductivity in niobium thin films", JEPT Lett., v. 61, p.587 (1995). ... F. Lombardi, Z. G. Ivanov, P. Komissinski, G. M. Fischer, P. Larsson and T. Claeson, "The influence of the top and the bottom grain boundaries on the current transport in YBCO step-edge Josephson junction", Applied Superconductivity v. 6, p. 437 (1998). ...