The above process keeps the # of protons and the # of neutrons in the early Universe constant. This is extremely important and will result in a testable prediction later. Remember, a free neutron (one that is not bound in an atomic nucleus) will decay into a proton + electron (+ anti-neutrino) in about 900 seconds. ... During this epoch, the proton-to-neutron ratio is 1.0 . ... The Universe consists of protons, neutrons and electrons plus a photon background and a neutrino background. ...

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• Thermodynamics

... The FOC suffers from various types of background, the most important of which are thermal electrons, Cerenkov radiation from high energy particles, geocoronal emission lines, zodiacal light, and light scattered within HST from the bright Earth or Moon. ... From on-orbit measurements using the f /96 camera, the former background has been found to vary with solar zenith distance (ZD); see Sections 6.4, 6.5, and 7.0 of the FOC Instrument Handbook , version 7.0, for more details. ...

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• FOC Data Handbook
• Dark Backgrounds
• Thermal/Sky Backgrounds GPI Data Pipeline 1.0 documentation

SPECTRUM ANALYZER OF MAGNETIC PHENOMENA SAMW . Spectrum analyzer allows onboard computation of electromagnetic waves spectra registered (observed) in the ionosphere and magnetosphere in the ELF/VLF frequency band. ... It consists of magnetic antenna, preamplifier, 16 bit sigma delta AD converter, DSP processor and telemetry interface. ... The channels of lower frequencies are averaged and transmitted with lower repetition rate so the telemetry volume is reduced. ... Dynamic range: 90 dB . ...

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... One important issue for the spectral analysis with X-ray detectors is the treatment of background for extended sources. ... To deal with the particle background (more or less constant outside proton flares), one should assign weights to the reference event list and extract images or spectra using the same spectral or spatial (in detector coordinates) selection as the source. The original spatial selection (on the source) is usually applied to sky coordinates (not detector coordinates). ...

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• Particle Background Rejection
• Background: motivation for developing this procedure

... Sagittarius Star Cloud . ... Stars come in all different colors. ... Most stars in the above Sagittarius Star Cloud are orange or red and relatively faint, as our Sun would appear. ... Stars like HD 82943 are main sequence G dwarf stars with temperatures and compositions similar to the Sun. Also like the Sun, HD 82943 is known to have at least two giant planets, but unlike gas giants in our solar system their orbits are not nearly circular and bring them closer to the parent star. ... April 2003 . ...

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... Posts tagged ?background? ... Probability density functions are another way of summarizing the consequences of assuming a Gaussian error distribution when the true distribution is Poisson. We can compute the posterior probability of the intensity of a source , when some number of counts are observed in a source region, and the background is estimated using counts observed in a different region. ... In both cases a background of 200 counts collected in an area 40x the source area is used. ...

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• The AstroStat Slog Blog Archive [ArXiv] Correlation Studies, June 12, 2007
• Charged Particle Subtraction
• The AstroStat Slog Blog Archive Another exciting news (with no use)

... We start investigating the results from a non-magnetized (isotropic) plasma, before including the external magnetic field so important for space physics. ... propagating above the electron plasma frequency, w(pe) (reflection point for the waves) . note that, for very high frequencies, both phase and group velocities are equal to light velocity c, and we have electromagnetic wave in free space: even the electrons are unable to respond to the rapidly oscillating electric field! . ...

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• Plasma theories [Oulu]
• Plasma sheet and PSBL [Oulu]
• Frictional heating [Oulu]

. Here is an applet. It has two parameters -- speed and message. Its alignment is ABSMIDDLE. Here is an applet. It has two parameters -- speed and message. Its alignment is ABSMIDDLE. Here is an another instance of the same applet, but it has a different speed and a different message. Its alignment is RIGHT. Here is an another instance of the same applet, but it has a different speed and a different message. Its alignment is RIGHT. The Java source for the applet.

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• Introduction
• Detecting and Identifying Arc Lines
• Removal of particle hits

. There may be security measures or other authentication procedures in use at your site that prevent you from using the rcp command to copy files from one host to another. Check with your local system administrator to find out what the situation is on your system.

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• Connecting commands together

... It should be recalled that most (99.99 percent) of the energy is dissipated by single radiopulsars in the form of relativistic particles and low-frequency electromagnetic waves which are not observable. ... This gives rise to an interesting analog of the classical reflection or heating effect (Lipunov, 1980[ 97 ]; Lipunov and Prokhorov, 1984[ 110 ]; Harding, 1991[ 64 ]; Lipunov and Nazin, 1994[ 119 ]). ... For close binary systems, -0.3 and the transformation coefficient may be several percent. ...

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• Art Gallery
• Calculation of Binary Neutron Star Coalescence Rates
• The Corotation Radius

... Would you say the space between your eyes and your hand is empty? ... This means it s completely empty, without a single particle of gas or speck of dust. ... However, while much of the Universe is a vacuum, there are patches which aren t. These are places where cosmic gas and dust that floats between the stars in a galaxy. ... But ISM material clumps together over time forming larger, heavier blobs of gas and dust until they make a big cloud in space, like the one in this photograph. ...

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• http://www.eso.org/~qc/admin/QC_Guide_for_Paranal_Missions.pdf
• ESO - Why is Technology Transfer important for ESO
• Growing Galaxies Gently | ESO

Next: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Up: R CORONAE BOREALIS STARS Previous: R CORONAE BOREALIS STARS . R Coronae Borealis stars, or RCB stars, are an important class of variable star. ... They can change regularly or irregularly. ... RCB stars are best known because of their irregular `fades'. ... The fades are caused by enormous clouds of dust which cover a large part of the star's surface. ... As well as irregular fades, the light output from RCBs goes up and down by a few per cent every 40 days or so. ...

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• STFC Introductory Solar System Plasmas Summer School
• Introduction
• Important parts of the kernel