The WFPC2 CCDs are thick, front-side illuminated devices, with a format of 800x800, 15x15 ? m multi-pinned phase (MPP). MPP allows CCD exposure with the total inversion of all phases. The Si-SiO 2 interface, at the surface of the CCD, is pinned at the substrate potential, directing signal charge away from the Si-SiO 2 interface states towards the buried n-channel. Figure 4.1 shows a schematic which illustrates the principle of MPP (modified from Janesick et al. ... 800 800 . ...

... Anticipated Radiation Effects . ... Various radiation effects can be anticipated, based on similarities to other CMOS devices. ... Total dose radiation effects in CMOS devices can be divided into two broad classes: charge trapping and interface state generation. ... When interface states are located in a depletion region, they act as sources of dark current. Increased dark current is expected to be the dominant radiation effect in active pixel sensors, leading to increased shot noise. ...

Журнал ПОВЕРХНОСТЬ публикует оригинальные статьи и обзоры по наиболее актуальным проблемам изучения поверхностных явлений. ... Редакция журнала 'Поверхность. ... Англоязычная версия журнала Journal of Surface Investigation . X-Ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques выходит 6 раз в год . The Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques ( Poverkhnost '. ... X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques is abstracted and/or indexed in (Impact Factor 0.359): . ...

... Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) are currently by far the most widely used type of detector in astronomy. ... After a brief introduction to the VLT Control System, the VLT CCD Detectors Control Software is presented. The VLT Control System is a distributed system consisting of a set of UNIX Workstations, dedicated to high level operations, such as coordination of sub-system activities and interface to the users, and VME-based Local Control Units (LCU), dedicated to the control of sub-systems hardware. ...

... One of these factors is how the client application uses VDPAU; i.e. the number of surfaces allocated for buffering, order of operations, etc. ... At a bare minimum, the application must allocate one video surface for each reference frame that the stream can use (2 for MPEG or VC-1, a variable stream-dependent number for H.264) plus one surface for the picture currently being decoded. However, if this minimum number of surfaces is used, performance may be poor. ... Performance Levels . ...

... An array of vertical electrodes is formed over the silicon surface and horizontal charge transfer columns are defined by implanted channel stop regions in the wafer surface. ... The array operates as follows: when an image is focussed onto the CCD, photons which penetrate the electrode structure generate electron-hole pairs in the underlying silicon substrate, and the signal charges are stored in the potential wells beneath the electrode structure (gates). ...

... These states can rapidly acquire charge as the potential well fills. ... The movement of electrons creates a drift component caused by the lateral electric field (this is a reflection of variations in the surface potential). ... This leads to two problems 1. if the voltage on gate one is reduce too slowly then the potential well under the gate retains charge 2. if reduced too quickly, majority carriers will return from the bulk to the surface and recombine causing a serious loss of charge. ...

Understanding Europa's Radiation Environment and How it Influences Landing Site Characterization G.W. Patterson, L.M. Prockter, C. Paranicas Applied Physics Laboratory Introduction · The surface of Europa is weathered by charged and neutral particles, micrometeroids, and photons. ... Background · Criteria for characterizing potential landing sites [e.g., Figueredo et al., ... 2004) Background · Criteria for characterizing potential landing sites [e.g., Figueredo et al., ... Figueredo et al., ...

... The only event-driven pieces of software were the user interface Hermes, the display server GIDS and the GDS server. ... Event-driven tasks are fundamentally different from procedural tasks. ... Using this event handling, a collection of routines has been built, which allows the programmer to construct a graphical user interface for a task. ... These are the events associated with user input keywords and one other event which is generated when a task is resumed after it was pausing. ...

... Science . ... Science Users Information > Observing Facilities > Instrumentation Development > VLT/Instrument Interfaces . ... APEX Visitor Instrument . ... The interfaces between the VLT Unit Telescopes and the scientific instruments to be operated at the VLT Cassegrain, Nasmyth and Coudц© foci are well defined. ... Interface and numerous other relevant information for instrument builders is available in the "Requirements for Scientific Instruments on the VLT Unit Telescopes" , ESO doc. no. ...

The technical memorandum: A Kernel Programming Interface for Precision Time Signals (PostScript) describes a proposed programming interface for external precision time signals, such as the pulse-per-second (PPS) signal generated by some radio clocks and cesium oscillators. ... The hardware to do this requires only a serial port and a modem control lead, such as the data carrier detect (DCD) lead, which can be driven by an external source via a level converter/pulse generator. ...